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==Constitutional monarchy in Quebec==
==Constitutional monarchy in Quebec==
{{main|Monarchy in the Canadian provinces}}
{{main|Monarchy in the Canadian provinces}}
The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in [[Quebec]] in the same way [[Monarchy in the Canadian provinces#Constitutional role|it does in all of Canada's other provinces]], being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Cox| first=Noel| title=Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence| journal=Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law| volume=9| issue=3| pages=12| publisher=Murdoch University| location=Perth| date=September 2002| url=http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n3/cox93.html| accessdate=17 May 2009}}</ref> It is thus the foundation of the [[Executive Council of Quebec|executive]], [[National Assembly of Quebec|legislative]], and [[Quebec Superior Court|judicial]] branches of the [[Politics of Quebec|province's government]].<ref name=PCO>{{cite book| last=Privy Council Office| authorlink=Privy Council Office (Canada)| title=Accountable Government: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State{{spaced ndash}}2008| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2008| location=Ottawa| page=49| url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=publications&doc=ag-gr/2008/ag-gr-eng.htm| isbn=978-1-100-11096-7| accessdate=17 May 2009}} {{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> The {{Canadian monarch, current|—since 6 February 1952,}}—is represented and {{Canadian monarch, current|genderp=*}} duties carried out by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]], whose direct participation in governance is limited by the [[Convention (norm)#Government|conventional]] stipulations of [[constitutional monarchy]], with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected [[National Assembly of Quebec|parliamentarians]], the [[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]] generally drawn from amongst them, and the [[Court system of Canada|judges]] and [[Justice of the Peace#Canada|justices of the peace]].<ref name=MacLeod16/> The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a [[nonpartisan]] safeguard against the abuse of power.<ref name=MacLeod16 /><ref>{{Cite journal| last=Roberts| first=Edward| authorlink=Edward Roberts (Canadian politician)| title=Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times| journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review| volume=23| issue=1| publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association| page=15| location=Ottawa| year=2009| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/32/1/32n1_09e_Roberts.pdf| accessdate=21 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2008| p=20}}</ref> This arrangement began with the 1867 [[Constitution Act, 1867|British North America Act]] and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 16th century,<ref name=BNA /> making Quebec the oldest continuously monarchical territory in [[North America]]. However, though Quebec has a separate government headed by the {{Canadian monarch, current|title=*}}, as a province, Quebec is not itself a kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Forsey| first=Eugene| author-link=Eugene Forsey| publication-date=31 December 1974| contribution=Crown and Cabinet| editor-last=Forsey| editor-first=Eugene| editor-link=Eugene Forsey| title=Freedom and Order: Collected Essays| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=McClelland & Stewart Ltd.| isbn=978-0-7710-9773-7| ref=harv}}</ref>
The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in [[Quebec]] in the same way [[Monarchy in the Canadian provinces#Constitutional role|it does in all of Canada's other provinces]], being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Cox| first=Noel| title=Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence| journal=Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law| volume=9| issue=3| pages=12| publisher=Murdoch University| location=Perth| date=September 2002| url=http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n3/cox93.html| accessdate=17 May 2009}}</ref> It is thus the foundation of the [[Executive Council of Quebec|executive]], [[National Assembly of Quebec|legislative]], and [[Quebec Superior Court|judicial]] branches of the [[Politics of Quebec|province's government]].<ref name=PCO>{{cite book|last=Privy Council Office |authorlink=Privy Council Office (Canada) |title=Accountable Government: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State{{spaced ndash}}2008 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |year=2008 |location=Ottawa |page=49 |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=publications&doc=ag-gr/2008/ag-gr-eng.htm |isbn=978-1-100-11096-7 |accessdate=17 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090924193323/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca:80/index.asp?lang=eng |archivedate=24 September 2009 }}</ref> The {{Canadian monarch, current|—since 6 February 1952,}}—is represented and {{Canadian monarch, current|genderp=*}} duties carried out by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]], whose direct participation in governance is limited by the [[Convention (norm)#Government|conventional]] stipulations of [[constitutional monarchy]], with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected [[National Assembly of Quebec|parliamentarians]], the [[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]] generally drawn from amongst them, and the [[Court system of Canada|judges]] and [[Justice of the Peace#Canada|justices of the peace]].<ref name=MacLeod16/> The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a [[nonpartisan]] safeguard against the abuse of power.<ref name=MacLeod16 /><ref>{{Cite journal| last=Roberts| first=Edward| authorlink=Edward Roberts (Canadian politician)| title=Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times| journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review| volume=23| issue=1| publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association| page=15| location=Ottawa| year=2009| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/32/1/32n1_09e_Roberts.pdf| accessdate=21 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2008| p=20}}</ref> This arrangement began with the 1867 [[Constitution Act, 1867|British North America Act]] and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 16th century,<ref name=BNA /> making Quebec the oldest continuously monarchical territory in [[North America]]. However, though Quebec has a separate government headed by the {{Canadian monarch, current|title=*}}, as a province, Quebec is not itself a kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Forsey| first=Eugene| author-link=Eugene Forsey| publication-date=31 December 1974| contribution=Crown and Cabinet| editor-last=Forsey| editor-first=Eugene| editor-link=Eugene Forsey| title=Freedom and Order: Collected Essays| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=McClelland & Stewart Ltd.| isbn=978-0-7710-9773-7| ref=harv}}</ref>


A viceregal suite in the André-Laurendeau building in [[Quebec City]] is used both as an office and official event location by the lieutenant governor, the sovereign, and other members of the [[Monarchy of Canada#Canadian Royal Family|Canadian Royal Family]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/histoire/bureau-en.html| last=Office of the Lieutenant Gouverneur of Quebec| title=History > Office > The Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec| publisher=Éditeur officiel du Québec| accessdate=5 July 2009}}</ref> The viceroy resides in a separate home provided by the provincial Crown and the {{Canadian monarch, current|title=*}} and {{Canadian monarch, current|genderp=*}} relations reside at a hotel when in Quebec.
A viceregal suite in the André-Laurendeau building in [[Quebec City]] is used both as an office and official event location by the lieutenant governor, the sovereign, and other members of the [[Monarchy of Canada#Canadian Royal Family|Canadian Royal Family]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/histoire/bureau-en.html| last=Office of the Lieutenant Gouverneur of Quebec| title=History > Office > The Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec| publisher=Éditeur officiel du Québec| accessdate=5 July 2009}}</ref> The viceroy resides in a separate home provided by the provincial Crown and the {{Canadian monarch, current|title=*}} and {{Canadian monarch, current|genderp=*}} relations reside at a hotel when in Quebec.
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| date=30 October 2009| publisher=CBC| accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref>
| date=30 October 2009| publisher=CBC| accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref>


The province's [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereigntist]] political party, the [[Parti Québécois]] (PQ), has pushed for reforms: at a [[Constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional conference]] held in [[Ottawa]] in February 1968, delegates from Quebec indicated that a provincial president might suit the province better than the Queen and a [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec|lieutenant governor]], but the proposal was not accepted.<ref>{{Cite web| last=Michener| first=Roland| authorlink=Roland Michener| title=The Empire Club of Canada Speeches 1970-1971| url=http://speeches.empireclub.org/details.asp?SpeechID=562&FT=yes| accessdate=10 February 2009| origyear=19 November 1970| year=1971| publisher=The Empire Club Foundation| location=Toronto| pages=130–149}}</ref> In an interview in 1971, the then leader of the PQ, [[René Lévesque]], when asked if there would be any role for the monarchy in an independent Quebec, responded: "Are you joking? Why? I have great respect for the Queen... but what the hell part should monarchy have in Quebec?"<ref>{{cite news| url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-74-870-5019/people/rene_levesque/clip6| title=Politics > Parties & Leaders > René Lévesque's Separatist Fight > René, The Queen and the FLQ| publisher=CBC| accessdate=5 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Queen won't be at Quebec City's big birthday bash| publisher=CBC| date=10 December 2007| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2007/12/10/qc-queenquebec1210.html?ref=rss| accessdate=5 July 2009| deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=September 2013|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> [[University of Toronto]] professor Richard Toporoski held the theory that a [[Sovereignty|sovereign]], not independent, Quebec would still be under the sovereignty of the {{Canadian monarch, current|title=*}}: "...the real problem of the Quebec bill is not separation from Canada: Quebec has said that it wishes to preserve common elements—Canadian currency (issued officially by whom?—the Queen of Canada), for example, and the possibility of Quebec [[citizen]]s being Canadian citizens (and who are Canadian citizens?—subjects of the Queen)."<ref>{{cite journal| last=Toporoski| first=Richard| title=A Subject Speaks: Separation & The Crown| journal=Monarchy Canada| volume=April 1996| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=1996| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/quebec.htm| accessdate=5 July 2009| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071008092408/http%3A//www.monarchist.ca/mc/quebec.htm| archivedate=8 October 2007| deadurl=yes}}</ref>
The province's [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereigntist]] political party, the [[Parti Québécois]] (PQ), has pushed for reforms: at a [[Constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional conference]] held in [[Ottawa]] in February 1968, delegates from Quebec indicated that a provincial president might suit the province better than the Queen and a [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec|lieutenant governor]], but the proposal was not accepted.<ref>{{Cite web| last=Michener| first=Roland| authorlink=Roland Michener| title=The Empire Club of Canada Speeches 1970-1971| url=http://speeches.empireclub.org/details.asp?SpeechID=562&FT=yes| accessdate=10 February 2009| origyear=19 November 1970| year=1971| publisher=The Empire Club Foundation| location=Toronto| pages=130–149}}</ref> In an interview in 1971, the then leader of the PQ, [[René Lévesque]], when asked if there would be any role for the monarchy in an independent Quebec, responded: "Are you joking? Why? I have great respect for the Queen... but what the hell part should monarchy have in Quebec?"<ref>{{cite news| url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-74-870-5019/people/rene_levesque/clip6| title=Politics > Parties & Leaders > René Lévesque's Separatist Fight > René, The Queen and the FLQ| publisher=CBC| accessdate=5 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Queen won't be at Quebec City's big birthday bash |publisher=CBC |date=10 December 2007 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2007/12/10/qc-queenquebec1210.html?ref=rss |accessdate=5 July 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20080619034318/http://www.cbc.ca:80/canada/montreal/story/2007/12/10/qc-queenquebec1210.html?ref=rss |archivedate=19 June 2008 }}</ref> [[University of Toronto]] professor Richard Toporoski held the theory that a [[Sovereignty|sovereign]], not independent, Quebec would still be under the sovereignty of the {{Canadian monarch, current|title=*}}: "...the real problem of the Quebec bill is not separation from Canada: Quebec has said that it wishes to preserve common elements—Canadian currency (issued officially by whom?—the Queen of Canada), for example, and the possibility of Quebec [[citizen]]s being Canadian citizens (and who are Canadian citizens?—subjects of the Queen)."<ref>{{cite journal| last=Toporoski| first=Richard| title=A Subject Speaks: Separation & The Crown| journal=Monarchy Canada| volume=April 1996| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=1996| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/quebec.htm| accessdate=5 July 2009| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071008092408/http%3A//www.monarchist.ca/mc/quebec.htm| archivedate=8 October 2007| deadurl=yes}}</ref>


Sovereigntists have also been against the presence of members of the [[Monarchy of Canada#Canadian Royal Family|Canadian Royal Family]] in Quebec. At the height of the [[Quiet Revolution]], the Quebec press reported that extreme separatists were plotting to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II during her upcoming 1964 tour of the province,<ref>{{Citation| last=Speaight| first=Robert| title=Vanier, Soldier, Diplomat, Governor General: A Biography| publisher=William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd.| year=1970| location=London| isbn=978-0-00-262252-3}}</ref><ref name=CRHT1>{{cite web| url=http://www.crht.ca/LibraryShelf/CourageoftheQueen.html| title=Courage of the Queen| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=22 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Dubois| first=Paul| title=Demonstrations Mar Quebec Events Saturday| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| page=1| date=12 October 1964| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498| accessdate=6 March 2010}}</ref> as well as to kidnap [[Premier of Quebec|Premier]] [[Jean Lesage]]'s son, should the Queen come to Quebec.<ref>{{Citation| last=Pape| first=Gordon| title=Kidnap Threat Made Against Lesage's Son| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| page=1| date=12 October 1964| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498| accessdate=24 February 2010}}</ref> Despite fears for the monarch's safety and talk of cancelling the trip, the Queen arrived as planned and,<ref name=CRHT1 /> in a speech delivered to the Legislative Assembly on 10 October, in both French and English,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Toporoski |first=Richard |title=Can the Queen Grant Royal Assent in a Provincial Legislature?: No |journal=Canadian Monarchist News |volume=Fall-Winter 2005 |issue=24 |page=19 |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |location=Toronto |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/AutumnWinter_2005_CMN.pdf |accessdate=5 July 2009 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090326043230/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/AutumnWinter_2005_CMN.pdf |archivedate=26 March 2009 }}</ref> spoke of Canada's two "complementary cultures" and the strength of Canada's two founding peoples; she stated: "I am pleased to think that there exists in our Commonwealth a country where I can express myself officially in French... Whenever you sing [the French words of] '[[O Canada]]' you are reminded that you come of a proud race."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.crht.ca/DiscoverMonarchyFiles/QueenElizabethII.html| title=Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=5 July 2009| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5mYNpdRLO| archivedate=1 May 2010| deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://archives.cbc.ca/society/monarchy/clips/236/| title=Society > The Monarchy > 1964 Quebec visit - speech| publisher=CBC| accessdate=5 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| last=Pape| first=Gordon| title=Queen Joins Call for Constitution's Need of Updating| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| page=1| date=12 October 1964| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498| accessdate=24 February 2010| ref=harv}}</ref> Still, as her motorcade passed through Quebec City, the route was lined with Quebecers showing their backs to the monarch;<ref name=CBCTruncheon>{{cite news| url=http://archives.cbc.ca/400d.asp?id=1-69-70-192&wm6=1| title=Society > The Monarchy > Truncheon Saturday| publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation| accessdate=22 February 2010}}</ref> others booed her and shouted separatist slogans.<ref name=Gazz>{{Citation| last=Pape| first=Gordon| title=Queen Joins Call for Constitution's Need of Updating| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| page=1| date=12 October 1964| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498| accessdate=24 February 2010}}</ref> Though the protesters were the minority in the crowds gathered to see the Queen (the ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'' reporting that those who opposed the visit were students numbering in the hundreds<ref>{{Cite news| last=Bantey| first=Bill| title=Queen Ends Visit After Receiving Invitation To View Quebec's Progress At Later Date| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| page=1| date=12 October 1964| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498| accessdate=24 February 2010}}</ref>) the provincial police violently dispersed those demonstrators who took to marching through the streets,<ref name=Gazz /> arresting 36, including some who had been there to show loyalty to the Queen.<ref name=CBCTruncheon />
Sovereigntists have also been against the presence of members of the [[Monarchy of Canada#Canadian Royal Family|Canadian Royal Family]] in Quebec. At the height of the [[Quiet Revolution]], the Quebec press reported that extreme separatists were plotting to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II during her upcoming 1964 tour of the province,<ref>{{Citation| last=Speaight| first=Robert| title=Vanier, Soldier, Diplomat, Governor General: A Biography| publisher=William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd.| year=1970| location=London| isbn=978-0-00-262252-3}}</ref><ref name=CRHT1>{{cite web| url=http://www.crht.ca/LibraryShelf/CourageoftheQueen.html| title=Courage of the Queen| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=22 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Dubois| first=Paul| title=Demonstrations Mar Quebec Events Saturday| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| page=1| date=12 October 1964| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498| accessdate=6 March 2010}}</ref> as well as to kidnap [[Premier of Quebec|Premier]] [[Jean Lesage]]'s son, should the Queen come to Quebec.<ref>{{Citation| last=Pape| first=Gordon| title=Kidnap Threat Made Against Lesage's Son| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| page=1| date=12 October 1964| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498| accessdate=24 February 2010}}</ref> Despite fears for the monarch's safety and talk of cancelling the trip, the Queen arrived as planned and,<ref name=CRHT1 /> in a speech delivered to the Legislative Assembly on 10 October, in both French and English,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Toporoski |first=Richard |title=Can the Queen Grant Royal Assent in a Provincial Legislature?: No |journal=Canadian Monarchist News |volume=Fall-Winter 2005 |issue=24 |page=19 |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |location=Toronto |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/AutumnWinter_2005_CMN.pdf |accessdate=5 July 2009 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090326043230/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/AutumnWinter_2005_CMN.pdf |archivedate=26 March 2009 }}</ref> spoke of Canada's two "complementary cultures" and the strength of Canada's two founding peoples; she stated: "I am pleased to think that there exists in our Commonwealth a country where I can express myself officially in French... Whenever you sing [the French words of] '[[O Canada]]' you are reminded that you come of a proud race."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.crht.ca/DiscoverMonarchyFiles/QueenElizabethII.html| title=Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=5 July 2009| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5mYNpdRLO| archivedate=1 May 2010| deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://archives.cbc.ca/society/monarchy/clips/236/| title=Society > The Monarchy > 1964 Quebec visit - speech| publisher=CBC| accessdate=5 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| last=Pape| first=Gordon| title=Queen Joins Call for Constitution's Need of Updating| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| page=1| date=12 October 1964| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498| accessdate=24 February 2010| ref=harv}}</ref> Still, as her motorcade passed through Quebec City, the route was lined with Quebecers showing their backs to the monarch;<ref name=CBCTruncheon>{{cite news| url=http://archives.cbc.ca/400d.asp?id=1-69-70-192&wm6=1| title=Society > The Monarchy > Truncheon Saturday| publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation| accessdate=22 February 2010}}</ref> others booed her and shouted separatist slogans.<ref name=Gazz>{{Citation| last=Pape| first=Gordon| title=Queen Joins Call for Constitution's Need of Updating| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| page=1| date=12 October 1964| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498| accessdate=24 February 2010}}</ref> Though the protesters were the minority in the crowds gathered to see the Queen (the ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'' reporting that those who opposed the visit were students numbering in the hundreds<ref>{{Cite news| last=Bantey| first=Bill| title=Queen Ends Visit After Receiving Invitation To View Quebec's Progress At Later Date| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| page=1| date=12 October 1964| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498| accessdate=24 February 2010}}</ref>) the provincial police violently dispersed those demonstrators who took to marching through the streets,<ref name=Gazz /> arresting 36, including some who had been there to show loyalty to the Queen.<ref name=CBCTruncheon />


Lévesque later sent a letter to [[Buckingham Palace]] asking the Queen to refuse [[Prime Minister of Canada]] [[Pierre Trudeau]]'s advice that she open the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in [[Montreal]], though she did not oblige the premier, as he was out of his jurisdiction in offering advice to the sovereign on a federal matter.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-74-870-5019/people/rene_levesque/clip6| title=Politics > Parties & Leaders > René Lévesque's Separatist Fight > René, The Queen and the FLQ| publisher=CBC| accessdate=5 July 2009}}</ref> The premier at the time, [[Robert Bourassa]], who had first pushed Trudeau to ask the Queen to attend, eventually himself became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be with sovereigntists.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Heinricks| first=Geoff| year=2000| publication-date=2001| contribution=Trudeau and the Monarchy| contribution-url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2001/opinion.htm| periodical=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Winter/Spring 2000-01| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/new/cmn.html| accessdate=5 July 2009| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070905223003/http%3A//www.monarchist.ca/new/cmn.html| archivedate=5 September 2007| deadurl=yes}}</ref> In 2002, Premier [[Bernard Landry]] directed the [[Executive Council of Quebec|executive council]] and lieutenant governor not to recognise [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II#Canada|Elizabeth's golden jubilee]], in protest of the Queen's signing of the [[Constitution Act, 1982]];<ref>{{cite journal| last=Phillips| first=Stephen| title=Republicanism in Canada in the reign of Elizabeth II: the dog that didn't bark| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Summer 2004| issue=22| pages=19–20| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2004/Sum04PDFRepublicanism.pdf| accessdate=10 February 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> separatist demonstrators met the Queen when she entered [[Gatineau]] that year.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Queen begins final leg of Jubilee tour| publisher=CBC| date=13 October 2002| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2002/10/12/queen_sat021012.html| accessdate=9 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title="It means something to be a Canadian": Queen| publisher=CBC| date=13 October 2002| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2002/10/13/queen_speech021013.html| accessdate=9 May 2007}}</ref> PQ members of the National Assembly of Quebec also complained in 2006 about federal intervention into a provincial affair and separatists threatened demonstrations after both the city and provincial governments mused about inviting the Queen or another member of the Royal Family to attend the festivities marking the quatercentenary of the founding of Quebec City,<ref>{{cite news| title=Queen not on the list for Quebec City birthday bash | publisher=CTV| date=12 October 2007| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/mobile/CTVNews/20071210/harper_queen_071210/20071210/?vs=&pr=1| accessdate=17 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Canadian Press| title=Quebec City's 400th birthday stays under radar| publisher=CTV| date=26 December 2007| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071226/QuebecCity_400thbirthday_071226/20071226?hub=Canada| accessdate=17 February 2009}}</ref> as had been done a century prior. Though it was met with dissatisfation from some officials in Quebec, but with support from 64% of polled individuals in the province,<ref>{{Cite journal| contribution=La Ville de Québec dans le contexte du 400e| page=19| place=Montréal| date=24 December 2007| publisher=UNI Marketing| url=http://www.unimarketing.ca/Sondages/RapQc24-12-07.pdf| accessdate=2016-01-02|title=La Ville de Québec dans le contexte du 400e|language=fr|trans-title=Quebec City in the context of the 400th| ref=harv}}</ref> the federal government advised neither the sovereign nor any other Royal Family member to attend, instead sending Governor General [[Michaëlle Jean]] to preside over the fête.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Patriquin| first=Martin| date=7 July 2008| contribution=Not Everyone's Happy about Quebec's Birthday Party| contribution-url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0013258| editor-last=Marsh| editor-first=James Harley| title=Maclean's Magazine > Not Everyone's Happy about Quebec's Birthday Party | periodical=The Canadian Encyclopedia| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada| url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=HomePage&Params=A1| accessdate=16 March 2009| ref=harv}}</ref> The [[Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society]]<nowiki/> and [[Réseau de Résistance du Québécois]] (RRQ) mounted demonstrations and threw eggs at [[Canadian Forces|Canadian soldiers]] during the visit of [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] and [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], to the [[The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada|Black Watch Regiment]] in Montreal, on [[Remembrance Day]], 2009,<ref name=CBCCharles /> requiring the intervention of riot police.<ref name=CTVCharles /><ref>{{Citation| last=Gabbatt| first=Adam| title=Quebec nationalists interrupt Prince Charles tour| newspaper=The Guardian| date=11 November 2009| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/11/prince-charles-visit-quebec-protest| accessdate=7 March 2011| location=London}}</ref> The RRQ mounted similar, though less violent, protests when [[Prince William, Duke of Cambridge|Prince William]] and [[Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge]], visited [[Montreal]] and [[Quebec City]] in 2011.<ref name=GazWill />
Lévesque later sent a letter to [[Buckingham Palace]] asking the Queen to refuse [[Prime Minister of Canada]] [[Pierre Trudeau]]'s advice that she open the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in [[Montreal]], though she did not oblige the premier, as he was out of his jurisdiction in offering advice to the sovereign on a federal matter.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-74-870-5019/people/rene_levesque/clip6| title=Politics > Parties & Leaders > René Lévesque's Separatist Fight > René, The Queen and the FLQ| publisher=CBC| accessdate=5 July 2009}}</ref> The premier at the time, [[Robert Bourassa]], who had first pushed Trudeau to ask the Queen to attend, eventually himself became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be with sovereigntists.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Heinricks| first=Geoff| year=2000| publication-date=2001| contribution=Trudeau and the Monarchy| contribution-url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2001/opinion.htm| periodical=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Winter/Spring 2000-01| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/new/cmn.html| accessdate=5 July 2009| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070905223003/http%3A//www.monarchist.ca/new/cmn.html| archivedate=5 September 2007| deadurl=yes}}</ref> In 2002, Premier [[Bernard Landry]] directed the [[Executive Council of Quebec|executive council]] and lieutenant governor not to recognise [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II#Canada|Elizabeth's golden jubilee]], in protest of the Queen's signing of the [[Constitution Act, 1982]];<ref>{{cite journal|last=Phillips |first=Stephen |title=Republicanism in Canada in the reign of Elizabeth II: the dog that didn't bark |journal=Canadian Monarchist News |volume=Summer 2004 |issue=22 |pages=19–20 |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |location=Toronto |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2004/Sum04PDFRepublicanism.pdf |accessdate=10 February 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090708032249/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2004/Sum04PDFRepublicanism.pdf |archivedate=8 July 2009 }}</ref> separatist demonstrators met the Queen when she entered [[Gatineau]] that year.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Queen begins final leg of Jubilee tour| publisher=CBC| date=13 October 2002| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2002/10/12/queen_sat021012.html| accessdate=9 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title="It means something to be a Canadian": Queen| publisher=CBC| date=13 October 2002| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2002/10/13/queen_speech021013.html| accessdate=9 May 2007}}</ref> PQ members of the National Assembly of Quebec also complained in 2006 about federal intervention into a provincial affair and separatists threatened demonstrations after both the city and provincial governments mused about inviting the Queen or another member of the Royal Family to attend the festivities marking the quatercentenary of the founding of Quebec City,<ref>{{cite news| title=Queen not on the list for Quebec City birthday bash | publisher=CTV| date=12 October 2007| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/mobile/CTVNews/20071210/harper_queen_071210/20071210/?vs=&pr=1| accessdate=17 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Canadian Press| title=Quebec City's 400th birthday stays under radar| publisher=CTV| date=26 December 2007| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071226/QuebecCity_400thbirthday_071226/20071226?hub=Canada| accessdate=17 February 2009}}</ref> as had been done a century prior. Though it was met with dissatisfation from some officials in Quebec, but with support from 64% of polled individuals in the province,<ref>{{Cite journal| contribution=La Ville de Québec dans le contexte du 400e| page=19| place=Montréal| date=24 December 2007| publisher=UNI Marketing| url=http://www.unimarketing.ca/Sondages/RapQc24-12-07.pdf| accessdate=2016-01-02|title=La Ville de Québec dans le contexte du 400e|language=fr|trans-title=Quebec City in the context of the 400th| ref=harv}}</ref> the federal government advised neither the sovereign nor any other Royal Family member to attend, instead sending Governor General [[Michaëlle Jean]] to preside over the fête.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Patriquin| first=Martin| date=7 July 2008| contribution=Not Everyone's Happy about Quebec's Birthday Party| contribution-url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0013258| editor-last=Marsh| editor-first=James Harley| title=Maclean's Magazine > Not Everyone's Happy about Quebec's Birthday Party | periodical=The Canadian Encyclopedia| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada| url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=HomePage&Params=A1| accessdate=16 March 2009| ref=harv}}</ref> The [[Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society]]<nowiki/> and [[Réseau de Résistance du Québécois]] (RRQ) mounted demonstrations and threw eggs at [[Canadian Forces|Canadian soldiers]] during the visit of [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] and [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], to the [[The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada|Black Watch Regiment]] in Montreal, on [[Remembrance Day]], 2009,<ref name=CBCCharles /> requiring the intervention of riot police.<ref name=CTVCharles /><ref>{{Citation| last=Gabbatt| first=Adam| title=Quebec nationalists interrupt Prince Charles tour| newspaper=The Guardian| date=11 November 2009| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/11/prince-charles-visit-quebec-protest| accessdate=7 March 2011| location=London}}</ref> The RRQ mounted similar, though less violent, protests when [[Prince William, Duke of Cambridge|Prince William]] and [[Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge]], visited [[Montreal]] and [[Quebec City]] in 2011.<ref name=GazWill />


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 12:25, 19 February 2016

King in Right of Quebec
Provincial
Coat of arms of Quebec
Incumbent
Charles III
King of Canada (Reine du Canada)
since 8 September 2022
Details
StyleHis Majesty
First monarchQueen Victoria
Formation1 July 1867

By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canada's monarchy operates in Quebec as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy and constitution.[1] As such, the Crown within Quebec's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Quebec (Template:Lang-fr),[2] Her Majesty in Right of Quebec (Template:Lang-fr),[3] or the King in Right of Quebec (Template:Lang-fr).[4] The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in Quebec specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec,[1] whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.[5]

Constitutional monarchy in Quebec

Main article: Monarchy in the Canadian provinces

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Quebec in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole.[6] It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government.[7] The Canadian monarch—since 6 February 1952, King Charles III—is represented and his duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace.[5] The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.[5][8][9] This arrangement began with the 1867 British North America Act and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 16th century,[1] making Quebec the oldest continuously monarchical territory in North America. However, though Quebec has a separate government headed by the King, as a province, Quebec is not itself a kingdom.[10]

A viceregal suite in the André-Laurendeau building in Quebec City is used both as an office and official event location by the lieutenant governor, the sovereign, and other members of the Canadian Royal Family.[11] The viceroy resides in a separate home provided by the provincial Crown and the King and his relations reside at a hotel when in Quebec.

Royal associations

Further information: Royal tours of Canada

Those in the Royal Family perform ceremonial duties when on a tour of the province; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service, only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Quebec Crowns in their respective councils.[12] Monuments around Quebec mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event.[13] Further, Quebec's monarchical status is illustrated by royal names applied regions, communities, schools, and buildings, many of which may also have a specific history with a member or members of the Royal Family; for example, Quebec has at least seven distinct features named for Queen Victoria, including the second largest area in Canada and Grand lac Victoria at the head of the Ottawa River, south of Val-d'Or.[14] Gifts are also sometimes offered from the people of Quebec to a royal person to mark a visit or an important milestone; for instance, Queen Elizabeth II was in 1955 given the puck with which Maurice Richard scored his 325th career goal—thereby setting a new record—during a game against the Chicago Blackhawks on 8 November 1952.[15]

Associations also exist between the Crown and many private organizations within the province; these may have been founded by a Royal Charter, receive a royal prefix, and/or be honoured with the patronage of a member of the Royal Family. Examples include the Royal Montreal Curling Club, which is under the patronage of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and received its royal designation from King George V in 1924,[16] and McGill University, which was originally constituted as the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning through royal charter by King George III in 1801, before being reconstituted as a university by George IV in 1827.

The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign hisself, his image (in portrait or effigy) thus being used to signify government authority.[17] A royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Further, though neither the monarch nor his viceroy form a part of the constitutions of Quebec's honours, the latter do stem from the Crown as the fount of honour; unlike in all of Canada's other provinces, however, the insignia do not bear any royal emblems. Quebec lawyers may be appointed Queen's Counsel.[18]

Quebec sovereignty

See also: Debate on the monarchy in Canada

Advocates of independence or sovereignty for Quebec are generally hostile to the Crown in Quebec, regarding it not as a distinct and essential part of the province's national structure—"the last bulwark of democracy," as former Liberal Quebec premier Daniel Johnson, Jr. put it[19]—but as a federal institution involved in Quebec affairs.[20][21] Most of those in the sovereignty movement also do not recognise the Canadian monarchy, referring to it instead still as the "British monarchy" or "English Crown".[22][23][24] Some sovereignists ask that Canada's royals apologise for acts such as the Great Upheaval in the mid 18th century (which the Crown recognised in 2003[25][26]) and the patriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982.[27] In 2009, the Société St-Jean Baptiste's Montreal chapter asked Prince Charles to apologise for what it said was the Royal Family's role in the "cultural genocide of francophones in North America over the last 400 years".[28]

The province's sovereigntist political party, the Parti Québécois (PQ), has pushed for reforms: at a constitutional conference held in Ottawa in February 1968, delegates from Quebec indicated that a provincial president might suit the province better than the Queen and a lieutenant governor, but the proposal was not accepted.[29] In an interview in 1971, the then leader of the PQ, René Lévesque, when asked if there would be any role for the monarchy in an independent Quebec, responded: "Are you joking? Why? I have great respect for the Queen... but what the hell part should monarchy have in Quebec?"[30][31] University of Toronto professor Richard Toporoski held the theory that a sovereign, not independent, Quebec would still be under the sovereignty of the King: "...the real problem of the Quebec bill is not separation from Canada: Quebec has said that it wishes to preserve common elements—Canadian currency (issued officially by whom?—the Queen of Canada), for example, and the possibility of Quebec citizens being Canadian citizens (and who are Canadian citizens?—subjects of the Queen)."[32]

Sovereigntists have also been against the presence of members of the Canadian Royal Family in Quebec. At the height of the Quiet Revolution, the Quebec press reported that extreme separatists were plotting to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II during her upcoming 1964 tour of the province,[33][34][35] as well as to kidnap Premier Jean Lesage's son, should the Queen come to Quebec.[36] Despite fears for the monarch's safety and talk of cancelling the trip, the Queen arrived as planned and,[34] in a speech delivered to the Legislative Assembly on 10 October, in both French and English,[37] spoke of Canada's two "complementary cultures" and the strength of Canada's two founding peoples; she stated: "I am pleased to think that there exists in our Commonwealth a country where I can express myself officially in French... Whenever you sing [the French words of] 'O Canada' you are reminded that you come of a proud race."[38][39][40] Still, as her motorcade passed through Quebec City, the route was lined with Quebecers showing their backs to the monarch;[41] others booed her and shouted separatist slogans.[42] Though the protesters were the minority in the crowds gathered to see the Queen (the Montreal Gazette reporting that those who opposed the visit were students numbering in the hundreds[43]) the provincial police violently dispersed those demonstrators who took to marching through the streets,[42] arresting 36, including some who had been there to show loyalty to the Queen.[41]

Lévesque later sent a letter to Buckingham Palace asking the Queen to refuse Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau's advice that she open the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, though she did not oblige the premier, as he was out of his jurisdiction in offering advice to the sovereign on a federal matter.[44] The premier at the time, Robert Bourassa, who had first pushed Trudeau to ask the Queen to attend, eventually himself became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be with sovereigntists.[45] In 2002, Premier Bernard Landry directed the executive council and lieutenant governor not to recognise Elizabeth's golden jubilee, in protest of the Queen's signing of the Constitution Act, 1982;[46] separatist demonstrators met the Queen when she entered Gatineau that year.[47][48] PQ members of the National Assembly of Quebec also complained in 2006 about federal intervention into a provincial affair and separatists threatened demonstrations after both the city and provincial governments mused about inviting the Queen or another member of the Royal Family to attend the festivities marking the quatercentenary of the founding of Quebec City,[49][50] as had been done a century prior. Though it was met with dissatisfation from some officials in Quebec, but with support from 64% of polled individuals in the province,[51] the federal government advised neither the sovereign nor any other Royal Family member to attend, instead sending Governor General Michaëlle Jean to preside over the fête.[52] The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society and Réseau de Résistance du Québécois (RRQ) mounted demonstrations and threw eggs at Canadian soldiers during the visit of Prince Charles and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, to the Black Watch Regiment in Montreal, on Remembrance Day, 2009,[27] requiring the intervention of riot police.[23][53] The RRQ mounted similar, though less violent, protests when Prince William and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, visited Montreal and Quebec City in 2011.[22]

History

Main article: History of monarchy in Canada

Prince George, Prince of Wales, was present for the celebration of Quebec City's tercentenary in 1908,[54] The events were popular with Quebec residents, leading Prime Minister of Canada Wilfrid Laurier to opine that Quebecers were "monarchical by religion, by habit, and by the remembrance of past history."[55] Into the 1960s and 1970s, however, Quebec nationalism grew and created an atmosphere in which the Canadian monarchy was a target of anti-federal, anti-English sentiment.[21] Exactly 60 years later, however, Premier Daniel Johnson mused about making Quebec a federated republic.[56]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Victoria (29 March 1867). "Constitution Act, 1867". III.9, V.58. Westminster: Queen's Printer. Retrieved 15 January 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Sparling v. Quebec, [1988 2 S.C.R. 1015] (Supreme Court of Canada 15 December 1988).
  3. ^ Committee for the Equal Treatment of Asbestos Minority Shareholders v. Her Majesty in Right of Quebec, Ontario Securities, [2001 2 S.C.R. 132, 2001 SCC 37] (Supreme Court of Canada 7 June 2001).
  4. ^ Oujé-Bougoumou Cree Nation v. Canada, T-3007-93, 5.24, 5.25, 5.30 (Federal Court of Canada 1 December 1999).
  5. ^ a b c MacLeod, Kevin S. (2008). A Crown of Maples (PDF) (1 ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1.
  6. ^ Cox, Noel (September 2002). "Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence". Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. 9 (3). Perth: Murdoch University: 12. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  7. ^ Privy Council Office (2008). Accountable Government: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State – 2008. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-100-11096-7. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Roberts, Edward (2009). "Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times" (PDF). Canadian Parliamentary Review. 23 (1). Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: 15. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  9. ^ MacLeod 2008, p. 20
  10. ^ Forsey, Eugene (31 December 1974). "Crown and Cabinet". In Forsey, Eugene (ed.). Freedom and Order: Collected Essays. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7710-9773-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  11. ^ Office of the Lieutenant Gouverneur of Quebec. "History > Office > The Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec". Éditeur officiel du Québec. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  12. ^ Palmer, Sean; Aimers, John (2002), The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: $1.10 per Canadian (2 ed.), Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada, archived from the original on 19 June 2008, retrieved 15 May 2009
  13. ^ "Royal Statues". Canadian Royal Heritage Trust. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  14. ^ Rayburn, Alan. "Victoria". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
  15. ^ The Royal Collection. "e-Gallery > Exhibitions > Queen & Commonwealth > Gifts > Ice hockey puck". Queen's Printer. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  16. ^ "Founded in 1807, The Royal Montreal Curling Club is the oldest active athletic club in North America". The Royal Montreal Curling Club. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  17. ^ MacKinnon, Frank (1976), The Crown in Canada, Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute, p. 69, ISBN 978-0-7712-1016-7
  18. ^ Elizabeth II (1 October 2008). "An Act respecting the Ministère de la Justice". 16. Quebec City: Éditeur officiel du Québec. Retrieved 5 July 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  19. ^ Jackson, Michael D. (2007). "The Crown in Today's Federal State" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Autumn-Winter 2007 (27). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2009. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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