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On 24 December 2014, the Islamic Front factions in the [[Aleppo Governorate]] formed the [[Levant Front]] alliance with other armed groups in northern Syria.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Levant Front: Can Aleppo’s Rebels Unite? |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=57605 |date=26 December 2014|accessdate=30 January 2015 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref> In 2015, [[Salafist]] [[Ahrar ash-Sham]] – a major component of the Islamic Front alliance – joined with jihadi groups under the [[Army of Conquest]] operations room umbrella, successfully campaigning against the Syrian Arab Army in the northern districts from March to September 2015. The group however continued nominal membership of the Islamic Front alliance, despite its more jihadist orientation.
On 24 December 2014, the Islamic Front factions in the [[Aleppo Governorate]] formed the [[Levant Front]] alliance with other armed groups in northern Syria.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Levant Front: Can Aleppo’s Rebels Unite? |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=57605 |date=26 December 2014|accessdate=30 January 2015 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref> In 2015, [[Salafist]] [[Ahrar ash-Sham]] – a major component of the Islamic Front alliance – joined with jihadi groups under the [[Army of Conquest]] operations room umbrella, successfully campaigning against the Syrian Arab Army in the northern districts from March to September 2015. The group however continued nominal membership of the Islamic Front alliance, despite its more jihadist orientation.


The Islamic Front want to transform Syria into an Islamic state after they overthrow the government of President Bashar. An anonymous spokesman for the group stated that it would not have ties with the [[Syrian National Coalition]],<ref name="AP22Nov">{{cite news|url=http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Syrian+activists+least+rebels+have+died+battle+army+base/9199491/story.html |title=Series of Syrian Muslim rebel brigades say they've unified under name of the 'Islamic Front'|work=Edmonton Journal|agency=Associated Press|date=22 November 2013|accessdate=22 November 2013}}{{dead link|date=September 2015}}</ref> although a member of the political bureau of the group, Ahmad Musa, has stated that he hopes for recognition by the [[Syrian National Council]] in line with what he suggests "the Syrian people want. They want a revolution and not politics and foreign agendas."<ref name="AJE22Nov">{{cite web |url= http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/11/major-syrian-rebel-groups-join-forces-20131122141129975421.html |title=Major Syrian rebel groups join forces|publisher=Al Jazeera English |last=Atassi |first=Basma |date=22 November 2013|accessdate=7 December 2013}}</ref> Despite non-recognition of the authority of the [[National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|Syrian National Coalition]], the Islamic Front is aligned with other [[Syrian opposition]]-affiliated groups under the [[Syrian Revolutionary Command Council]].
The Islamic Front want to transform Syria into an Islamic state after they overthrow the government of President Bashar. An anonymous spokesman for the group stated that it would not have ties with the [[Syrian National Coalition]],<ref name="AP22Nov">{{cite news|url=http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Syrian+activists+least+rebels+have+died+battle+army+base/9199491/story.html |title=Series of Syrian Muslim rebel brigades say they've unified under name of the 'Islamic Front' |work=Edmonton Journal |agency=Associated Press |date=22 November 2013 |accessdate=22 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140105165402/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Syrian+activists+least+rebels+have+died+battle+army+base/9199491/story.html |archivedate=January 5, 2014 }}</ref> although a member of the political bureau of the group, Ahmad Musa, has stated that he hopes for recognition by the [[Syrian National Council]] in line with what he suggests "the Syrian people want. They want a revolution and not politics and foreign agendas."<ref name="AJE22Nov">{{cite web |url= http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/11/major-syrian-rebel-groups-join-forces-20131122141129975421.html |title=Major Syrian rebel groups join forces|publisher=Al Jazeera English |last=Atassi |first=Basma |date=22 November 2013|accessdate=7 December 2013}}</ref> Despite non-recognition of the authority of the [[National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|Syrian National Coalition]], the Islamic Front is aligned with other [[Syrian opposition]]-affiliated groups under the [[Syrian Revolutionary Command Council]].


==History==
==History==
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* [[Kurdish Islamic Front]]
* [[Kurdish Islamic Front]]


The Syrian Islamic Front tweeted that it had disbanded and its component groups would hereby operate under the Islamic Front.<ref>{{cite web|title=Syrian Islamic Front on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/S_IslamicFront |accessdate=28 November 2013}}</ref> Not all groups in the Syrian Islamic Liberation Front joined the Islamic Front, although many of the key leaders of the SILF did.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The Syrian Islamic Liberation Front announced its dissolution on 26 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of the Islamic Front for the liberation of Syria |url= http://syrialiberationfront.net/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |publisher=Syrian Islamic Liberation Front |accessdate=4 December 2013}}{{dead link|date=September 2015}}</ref>
The Syrian Islamic Front tweeted that it had disbanded and its component groups would hereby operate under the Islamic Front.<ref>{{cite web|title=Syrian Islamic Front on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/S_IslamicFront |accessdate=28 November 2013}}</ref> Not all groups in the Syrian Islamic Liberation Front joined the Islamic Front, although many of the key leaders of the SILF did.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The Syrian Islamic Liberation Front announced its dissolution on 26 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement of the Islamic Front for the liberation of Syria |url=http://syrialiberationfront.net/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |publisher=Syrian Islamic Liberation Front |accessdate=4 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20131216044518/http://syrialiberationfront.net:80/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |archivedate=December 16, 2013 }}</ref>


The leadership of the Islamic Front at the time of its founding was announced as Shura Council Leader: Ahmed Abu Issa (Suqour al-Sham), Deputy Shura Council Leader: Abu Omar Hreitan (Liwa al-Tawhid), General Secretary: Sheikh Abu Rateb (Liwa al-Haqq), Sharia Office: Abul-Abbas al-Shami (Ahrar ash-Sham), Political Office: Hassan Abboud (Ahrar ash-Sham) and Military Office: Zahran Alloush (Jaysh al-Islam)<ref name="ceip22Nov">{{cite web|url=http://carnegie-mec.org/syriaincrisis/index.cfm?fa=53679&lang=en&postCommentStatus=1&reloadFlag=1|title=Say Hello to the Islamic Front|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|date=22 November 2013|accessdate=19 May 2014}}{{dead link|date=September 2015}}</ref>
The leadership of the Islamic Front at the time of its founding was announced as Shura Council Leader: Ahmed Abu Issa (Suqour al-Sham), Deputy Shura Council Leader: Abu Omar Hreitan (Liwa al-Tawhid), General Secretary: Sheikh Abu Rateb (Liwa al-Haqq), Sharia Office: Abul-Abbas al-Shami (Ahrar ash-Sham), Political Office: Hassan Abboud (Ahrar ash-Sham) and Military Office: Zahran Alloush (Jaysh al-Islam)<ref name="ceip22Nov">{{cite web|url=http://carnegie-mec.org/syriaincrisis/index.cfm?fa=53679&lang=en&postCommentStatus=1&reloadFlag=1 |title=Say Hello to the Islamic Front |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=22 November 2013 |accessdate=19 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140519055312/http://carnegie-mec.org/syriaincrisis/index.cfm?fa=53679&lang=en&postCommentStatus=1&reloadFlag=1 |archivedate=May 19, 2014 }}</ref>


A Liwa al-Tawhid member said the old names "will disappear and the groups will now melt {{sic}} into the new merger. There will be no such thing as Liwa al-Tawhid." The head of the group's Consultative Council, [[Amad Essa al-Sheikh]], said the group sought "a paradigm shift in the armed rebellion by closing ranks and mobilising them to become the real alternative to the dying regime." He added that the group would cooperate with what it called "loyal fighters" in the country, including the [[Free Syrian Army]] (FSA).<ref name="AJE22Nov"/> However on 3 December 2013 they withdrew from the command of the FSA and criticized its leadership.<ref name="7DecReuters">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/07/us-syria-crisis-fsa-idUSBRE9B607S20131207 |title=Syrian Islamists seize Western-backed rebel bases: monitoring group|publisher=Reuters|date=7 December 2013|accessdate=12 December 2013|first1=Alexander|last1=Dziadosz|first2=Dasha|last2=Afanasieva}}</ref> On 6 December 2013, fighters from the Islamic Front seized several FSA bases and depots at the Bab al-Hawa crossing.<ref name="7DecReuters"/> This caused conflict between the two groups that lasted until later in December 2013.<ref name="7DecReuters"/>
A Liwa al-Tawhid member said the old names "will disappear and the groups will now melt {{sic}} into the new merger. There will be no such thing as Liwa al-Tawhid." The head of the group's Consultative Council, [[Amad Essa al-Sheikh]], said the group sought "a paradigm shift in the armed rebellion by closing ranks and mobilising them to become the real alternative to the dying regime." He added that the group would cooperate with what it called "loyal fighters" in the country, including the [[Free Syrian Army]] (FSA).<ref name="AJE22Nov"/> However on 3 December 2013 they withdrew from the command of the FSA and criticized its leadership.<ref name="7DecReuters">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/07/us-syria-crisis-fsa-idUSBRE9B607S20131207 |title=Syrian Islamists seize Western-backed rebel bases: monitoring group|publisher=Reuters|date=7 December 2013|accessdate=12 December 2013|first1=Alexander|last1=Dziadosz|first2=Dasha|last2=Afanasieva}}</ref> On 6 December 2013, fighters from the Islamic Front seized several FSA bases and depots at the Bab al-Hawa crossing.<ref name="7DecReuters"/> This caused conflict between the two groups that lasted until later in December 2013.<ref name="7DecReuters"/>

Revision as of 16:30, 26 February 2016

Not to be confused with Islamic Coalition (Syria).
Islamic Front
الجبهة الإسلامية
al-Jabhat al-Islāmiyyah
LeadersAhmed Abu Issa[1]
Zahran Alloush  †
Hassan Abboud
Abul-Abbas al-Shami
Abu Rateb
Abu Omar Hreitan
Dates of operation22 November 2013–Present
Group(s)
Headquarters
Active regionsSyria
IdeologySunni Islamism[3]
Part of
Allies
OpponentsState opponents

 Syria

Non-state opponents

Syrian-affiliated groups

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[10]
Battles and warsSyrian Civil War
Websitehttps://twitter.com/islamic_front

The Islamic Front (Arabic: الجبهة الإسلامية, al-Jabhat al-Islāmiyyah) is a Sunni Islamist rebel group involved in the Syrian Civil War,[1] which was formed by the merger of seven separate groups on 22 November 2013.[13] The merger was achieved by expanding the preceding Syrian Islamic Front alliance. The group is widely seen as backed and armed by Saudi Arabia.[14][15][16]

On 24 December 2014, the Islamic Front factions in the Aleppo Governorate formed the Levant Front alliance with other armed groups in northern Syria.[17] In 2015, Salafist Ahrar ash-Sham – a major component of the Islamic Front alliance – joined with jihadi groups under the Army of Conquest operations room umbrella, successfully campaigning against the Syrian Arab Army in the northern districts from March to September 2015. The group however continued nominal membership of the Islamic Front alliance, despite its more jihadist orientation.

The Islamic Front want to transform Syria into an Islamic state after they overthrow the government of President Bashar. An anonymous spokesman for the group stated that it would not have ties with the Syrian National Coalition,[18] although a member of the political bureau of the group, Ahmad Musa, has stated that he hopes for recognition by the Syrian National Council in line with what he suggests "the Syrian people want. They want a revolution and not politics and foreign agendas."[19] Despite non-recognition of the authority of the Syrian National Coalition, the Islamic Front is aligned with other Syrian opposition-affiliated groups under the Syrian Revolutionary Command Council.

History

Founding

File:Islamic front formation, nov 2013.jpg
Video released on 22 November 2013 showing the formation of the Islamic Front. Ahmed Abu Issa (center) speaking

After three months of protests in 2011, many Salafist Islamist prisoners managed to be released from Sednaya Prison, including Zahran Alloush and Hassan Aboud. They formed their own Islamist groups and took up arms against the Syrian Government. Many of them became leaders of Islamist groups in the Islamic Front such as Jaysh al-Islam and Ahrar ash-Sham.

On 22 November 2013, seven Islamist groups agreed to a pact that would dissolve the groups individually and lead to the formation of the Islamic Front. The groups were:

The Syrian Islamic Front tweeted that it had disbanded and its component groups would hereby operate under the Islamic Front.[22] Not all groups in the Syrian Islamic Liberation Front joined the Islamic Front, although many of the key leaders of the SILF did.[citation needed] The Syrian Islamic Liberation Front announced its dissolution on 26 November 2013.[23]

The leadership of the Islamic Front at the time of its founding was announced as Shura Council Leader: Ahmed Abu Issa (Suqour al-Sham), Deputy Shura Council Leader: Abu Omar Hreitan (Liwa al-Tawhid), General Secretary: Sheikh Abu Rateb (Liwa al-Haqq), Sharia Office: Abul-Abbas al-Shami (Ahrar ash-Sham), Political Office: Hassan Abboud (Ahrar ash-Sham) and Military Office: Zahran Alloush (Jaysh al-Islam)[24]

A Liwa al-Tawhid member said the old names "will disappear and the groups will now melt [sic] into the new merger. There will be no such thing as Liwa al-Tawhid." The head of the group's Consultative Council, Amad Essa al-Sheikh, said the group sought "a paradigm shift in the armed rebellion by closing ranks and mobilising them to become the real alternative to the dying regime." He added that the group would cooperate with what it called "loyal fighters" in the country, including the Free Syrian Army (FSA).[19] However on 3 December 2013 they withdrew from the command of the FSA and criticized its leadership.[25] On 6 December 2013, fighters from the Islamic Front seized several FSA bases and depots at the Bab al-Hawa crossing.[25] This caused conflict between the two groups that lasted until later in December 2013.[25]

Background

The merger followed the death of Liwa al-Tawhid's military leader, Abdul Qader Saleh, from wounds a week earlier following an air strike in Aleppo, where he was meeting other leaders.[3] A group member, Adil Fistok, said the merger planning was in the works for seven months; Fistok stated that "One of the major obstacles we faced was the lust for power by some leaders. But eventually everyone made concessions in order to make this project happen." According to him, the primary challenge was a lack of money and weapons.[19] It has been estimated by Charles Lister of IHS Jane's that the total number of fighters the Islamic Front has may be up to 45,000.[1]

Later events

In December 2013, the Islamic Front seized the FSA headquarters, along with key supply warehouses in Atmeh, as well as the nearby border crossing with Turkey at Bab al-Hawa. FSA Chief-of-Staff Brigadier General Salim Idris fled via Turkey to Doha, Qatar, during the assault.[26] However, the FSA denied that Idris had left Syria, and said that the Islamic Front was asked to help the FSA fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[27] The FSA confirmed on 13 December 2013 that the Islamic Front had obtained machine guns and ammunition that were not supposed to be in the possession of the Islamists.[28] Later that month, however, the Islamic Front and the Free Syrian Army reconciled.[29]

By early 2014, the Islamic Front had condemned the actions of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant; and some factions within the alliance attacked it.[30] Several Islamic Front brigades, including Suqour al-Sham and Ahrar ash-Sham, developed internal divisions on how to or even whether to confront the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[12] On 9 September 2014, Hassan Abboud, the Islamic Front's political leader, and Abu Abdulmalek al-Sharei, the head of the Islamic Front's Sharia Council, were killed along with many other senior Ahrar ash-Sham commanders, when a bomb went off as a high-level meeting was going on near an ammunition dump in Idlib province.[2][31]

The Islamic Front and Ahrar ash-Sham in particular have received weapons from Turkey according to German intelligence.[32][33]

Objectives

The Islamic Front released its charter on the Internet in late November 2013, outlining its aims and objectives, although the document avoided providing a clear vision of the future.[34] The Islamic Front's charter rejects the concepts of representative democracy and secularism, instead seeking to establish an Islamic state ruled by a Majlis-ash-Shura and implementing sharia. It acknowledges the ethnic and religious minorities that live in Syria, while also welcoming the foreign fighters who have joined the anti-Assad forces and rejecting non-military means of ending the civil war.[34] One member of the political assembly of the group has stated that the Islamic Front could accept Syria as a democracy, as long as sharia is "sovereign".[35] The Islamic Front said it aspires “to establish an independent state where God’s merciful law is sovereign and where the individuals of this state enjoy justice and a dignified life.”[36]

Jaysh al-Islam released a video showing the execution of ISIS members and showed a Jaysh al-Islam Sharī'ah official named Shaykh Abu Abd ar-Rahman Ka'ka (الشيخ أبو عبد الرحمن كعكة) gave a speech condemning "those who want (ISIS) to achieve" (وما الذي يريدون أن يحققوه), as "of the Madhhab of the Khawarij" (إنه مذهب الخوارج), "madhhab of hypocrisy" (مذهب النفاق), "madhhab of Abdullah ibn Saba' the Jew, who are joined with those under the banner of the dogs of (hell) fire "(مذهب عبد الله بن سبأ اليهودي إنه الإنضمام تحت لواء كلاب أهل النار).[37] ِIn Northern Aleppo Ahrar ash-Sham beheaded an ISIS member.[38][39]

Views

Democracy

Hassan Aboud condemned democracy in an interview with Al-Jazeera, saying that Democracy is people governing people, according to rules they please, We say that we have a divine system whose law is Allah's for his creatures and his slaves who he appointed as viceregents on this Earth.[40] (الديمقراطية هي أن تحكم الناس بالناس وفق ما يرتئون له من أحكام، نحن نقول بأن لدينا نظاماً ربانياً شرعه الله لخلقه وعباده وهو استخلفنا في هذه الأرض)[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Leading Syrian rebel groups form new Islamic Front". BBC. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  2. ^ a b "Syria rebels name slain leader's replacement". Al Jazeera English. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Syria Islamist rebel factions merge: Spokesman". AFP. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  4. ^ Michael Weiss (8 January 2014). "Has sahwa hit the fan in Syria?". NOW News. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  5. ^ "The Levant Front: Can Aleppo's Rebels Unite?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  6. ^ "Aleppo: Syria's Stalingrad?". National Interest. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  7. ^ "Factbox: Syria's rebel groups". Reuters. 9 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  8. ^ "Freedom, Human Rights, Rule of Law: The Goals and Guiding Principles of the Islamic Front and Its Allies". Democratic Revolution, Syrian Style. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  9. ^ "Clashes renewed between Islamist groups near Syria's Hasaka". ARA News. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  10. ^ "Syria rebels unite and launch new revolt, against jihadists". AFP. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  11. ^ Richard Hall (9 January 2014). "Factbox: Syria's rebel groups". Reuters.
  12. ^ a b "Front to Back". Foreign Policy.
  13. ^ "Six Islamist factions unite in largest Syria rebel merger". Reuters. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  14. ^ Syrian FSA fades in shadow of Saudi-backed opposition front, Al-Monitor, 11 December 2013
  15. ^ Syria’s Saudi jihadist problem, Daily Beast, 16 December 2013
  16. ^ Al-Qaeda and ISIS: The Renunciation of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, Al Akhbar, 4 February 2014
  17. ^ "The Levant Front: Can Aleppo's Rebels Unite?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 26 December 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  18. ^ "Series of Syrian Muslim rebel brigades say they've unified under name of the 'Islamic Front'". Edmonton Journal. Associated Press. 22 November 2013. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b c Atassi, Basma (22 November 2013). "Major Syrian rebel groups join forces". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  20. ^ a b c "Islamists forge Syria's rebel alliance". MSN NZ. 23 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  21. ^ a b c d e "A Power Move by Syria's Rebel Forces". Institute for the Study of War. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  22. ^ "Syrian Islamic Front on Twitter". Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  23. ^ "Statement of the Islamic Front for the liberation of Syria". Syrian Islamic Liberation Front. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Say Hello to the Islamic Front". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 22 November 2013. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ a b c Dziadosz, Alexander; Afanasieva, Dasha (7 December 2013). "Syrian Islamists seize Western-backed rebel bases: monitoring group". Reuters. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  26. ^ "Top U.S.-backed Commander in Syria Run Out, U.S. Officials Say". The Wall Street Journal. 12 December 2013.
  27. ^ "Syrian rebels deny reports top commander forced to flee". Reuters. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  28. ^ Vinograd, Cassandra (13 December 2013). "Syria rebels: Islamic militants nabbed our weapons". Associated Press. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  29. ^ Dick, Marlin (17 December 2014). "FSA alliance pushes back against Islamic Front". Daily Star. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  30. ^ Lund, Aron (8 January 2014). "Pushing Back Against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: The Islamic Front". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  31. ^ "Syria's Ahrar al-Sham Leadership Wiped Out in Bombing". Carnegie Endowment of International Peace. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  32. ^ "Gab die Linke der PKK geheime Regierungsdokumente?". DIE WELT.
  33. ^ "Peter R. Neumann". Twitter.
  34. ^ a b "New rebel alliance wants Syria as 'Islamic State'". AFP news agency. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  35. ^ "Assad destroyed Syria and manipulated the population: Rebel leader". ARA News. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  36. ^ Lund, Aron (January 17, 2014). "The Politics of the Islamic Front, Part 4: The State". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  37. ^ Sam Prince. "WATCH: Men in Orange Jumpsuits Execute ISIS With Shotguns". Heavy.com.
  38. ^ "Sakir Khader". Twitter.
  39. ^ "Ibn Nabih". Twitter.
  40. ^ John Rossomando. "IPT Exclusive: Jihad-Supporting Imam Raised Millions on U.S. Fundraising Tour". The Investigative Project on Terrorism.
  41. ^ "حسان عبود.. سلسلة رموز المعارضة المسلحة ج1". aljazeera.net.
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