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'''Bibliography'''
'''Bibliography'''
* {{cite book |first=Krishna Narain |last=Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |first=Krishna Narain |last=Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Yadava |first=Ganga Prasad |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 |ref=harv }}


{{Rajput Groups of India}}
{{Rajput Groups of India}}

Revision as of 23:34, 18 May 2016

Chauhan
Ruled in Nadol, Jalor, Dhundhar, Ajmer, Delhi, Haryana, Neemrana, Hadoti,[1][full citation needed] Godwar
Territories: Ajmer (7th century - 1365)
Ranthambore (1236–1301)
Princely States: Tulsipur (7th century - 1857), Mainpuri, Devagadh, Ambliara State, Bhaddaiyan Raj, Bundi,[1] Sirohi,[1] Kotah[1]
Prithvi Raj Chauhan

Chauhan, Chouhan , Chohan is an Indian caste. In the medieval period, some people associated with it ruled parts of Northern India and one, Prithviraj Chauhan, was the king of Delhi.

Myth of origin

Before the 10th century, the Chauhans claimed descent from Surya (the Sun).[2] Prithviraj Raso, an epic poem by Chand Bardai (c. 1149–1200), introduced a legend according to which the progenitor of Chauhans arose from a sacrificial fire pit on Mount Abu. The legend goes like this: Vishwamitra, Vashistha, Agastya and other great sages once began a major sacrificial ceremony on Mount Abu. The ritual was interrupted by miscreant daityas (demons). To get rid of these demons, Vashistha created three heroes (the progenitors of three Rajput clans) from the sacrificial fire pit. These were Parihar (Pratiharas, Chaluk (Chalukyas of Gujarat or Solanki), and Parmar (Paramara).[3][4] These heroes were unable to defeat the demons. So, the sages prayed again, and this time a fourth warrior appeared: Chahuvan (Chauhan). This fourth hero slayed the demons.[4]

The legend mentioned in Prithviraj Raso is an adaption of an earlier Paramara legend, in which only the progenitor of the Paramaras is conjured from the fire pit by Vashistha. Chand Bardai may have extended this legend to include the Chauhans and two to other dynasties to foster unity among the Rajput dynasties, because his patron Prithviraj Chauhan was facing Muslim invasions at the time. Over the next few centuries, Chauhans and some other Rajput clans adopted this myth in favour of their original legends.[5] The subsequent Rajput bardic accounts describe the Chauhans as one of the four Agnikula (or Agnivanshi) Rajput clans, who claim to have originated from the fire-pit (agnikunda) at Mount Abu. These claims of supernatural origin are clearly improbable and unacceptable to the modern mind. However, these have numerous variants and give rise to the Chauhans claiming to be a clan of the Agnivanshi dynasty.[6]

Ethnographic status

Denzil Ibbetson, an administrator of the British Raj, classified the Chauhans as a tribe rather than as a caste. He believed, like Nesfield, that the society of the Northwest Frontier Provinces and Punjab in British India did not permit the rigid imposition of an administratively-defined caste construct as his colleague, H. H. Risley preferred. According to Ibbetson, society in Punjab was less governed by Brahmanical ideas of caste, based on varna, and instead was more open and fluid. Tribes, which he considered to be kin-based groups that dominated small areas, were the dominant feature of rural life. Caste designators, such as Jat and Rajput, were status-based titles to which any tribe that rose to social prominence could lay a claim, and which could be dismissed by their peers if they declined. Susan Bayly, a modern anthropologist, considers him to have had "a high degree of accuracy in his observations of Punjab society ... [I]n his writings we really do see the beginnings of modern, regionally based Indian anthropology."[7]

History

The Chauhans were historically a powerful group in the region now known as Rajasthan. For around 400 years from the 7th century AD their strength in Sambhar was a threat to the power-base of the Guhilots in the south-west of the area, as also was the strength of their fellow Agnivanshi clans.[8] They suffered a set-back in 1192 when their leader, Prithviraj Chauhan, was defeated at the Battle of Tarain but this did not signify their demise.[9] The kingdom broke into the Satyapura and Devda branches after the invasion of Qutbu l-Din Aibak in 1197.[10]

The earliest Chauhan inscription are the Hansot Plates.[11]

Notable people

  • Vasudeva started the dynasty in the 6th century, with the capital located in Ahichatra. The dynasty assumed the title of Maharaja during the reign of Vakpatiraja (917-944 AD). His son Simharaja declared independence from the Pratiharas. His son Vigraharaja (971-998 AD) conquered Gujarat.[12]
  • Aryaraja led Chauhans[13] who captured the commander of the Paramara forces in his "aggressive imperial policy", and founded the city of Ajayameru (Ajmer). His son Anroraja (1135-1150) defeated a Muslim invasion by Bahram Shah.[12]
  • Vigraharaja IV (1150-1164 AD) extended the kingdom while defending incursions by the Muslims of Ghazni under Bahram Shah and Khusrau Shah. He also composed Harikeli Nataka and built the Sarasvati Mandir temple, Adhai-din-ka-Jhonpra, in Ajmer.[14]
  • Prithviraj (1178-1192 AD) fought the Chandellas, Chalukyas and the Gahadavalas, besides Muhammad Ghori in the Battles of Tarain.[14]
  • Gugga, a warrior, minor king and Nāga demigod[15]
  • Hammir Dev Chauhan, ruler of Ranathambore

See also

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Page 51, Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana By C. S. Bayley
  2. ^ Seth 1978, p. 10-13.
  3. ^ Yadava 1982, p. 33.
  4. ^ a b Seth 1978, p. 5.
  5. ^ Seth 1978, pp. 13–15.
  6. ^ Gupta, R. K.; Bakshi, S. R., eds. (2008). Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: The Heritage Of Rajputs. Vol. 1. Sarup & Sons. p. 7. ISBN 978-8-17625-841-8. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  7. ^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-0-52179-842-6.
  8. ^ Gupta, R. K.; Bakshi, S. R., eds. (2008). Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: The Heritage Of Rajputs. Vol. 1. Sarup & Sons. p. 95. ISBN 978-8-17625-841-8. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  9. ^ Gupta, R. K.; Bakshi, S. R., eds. (2008). Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: The Heritage Of Rajputs. Vol. 1. Sarup & Sons. p. 100. ISBN 978-8-17625-841-8. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  10. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 28. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  11. ^ Sharma, Dasharatha : "Early Chauhan Dynasties" (1959) by S.Chand & Co. Page 14.
  12. ^ a b Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 26. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  13. ^ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 209. ISBN 978-81-269-0027-5.
  14. ^ a b Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  15. ^ Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (2004). Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus Publishing. p. 330. ISBN 978-8-17387-161-0. Retrieved 17 October 2012.

Bibliography

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