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Between 1678 and 1764 the Spanish policy of ''Tributo de sangre'' (Blood tribute) was in effect, by which for every ton of cargo shipped from the Spanish colonies in the Americas to Spain, 5 Canarian families were sent to populate the colonies. The number of families sent to the Americas, however, often exceeded this figure. The first wave of Canarian emigration seems to have occurred in 1695 when Juan Fernández Franco de Medina, the new [[Governor of Puerto Rico]], arrived with 20 Canarian families.<ref>[http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/educacion/culturacanaria/emigracion/La_emigracion_canaria.htm Emigration to Puerto Rico]</ref> This was followed by others in 1714, 1720, 1731, and 1797. Between 1720 and 1730, some 176 Canarian families, totaling 882 persons, emigrated to Puerto Rico, more than half of them consisting of married couples and their children, while the rest eventually found partners in Puerto Rico.
Between 1678 and 1764 the Spanish policy of ''Tributo de sangre'' (Blood tribute) was in effect, by which for every ton of cargo shipped from the Spanish colonies in the Americas to Spain, 5 Canarian families were sent to populate the colonies. The number of families sent to the Americas, however, often exceeded this figure. The first wave of Canarian emigration seems to have occurred in 1695 when Juan Fernández Franco de Medina, the new [[Governor of Puerto Rico]], arrived with 20 Canarian families.<ref>[http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/educacion/culturacanaria/emigracion/La_emigracion_canaria.htm Emigration to Puerto Rico]</ref> This was followed by others in 1714, 1720, 1731, and 1797. Between 1720 and 1730, some 176 Canarian families, totaling 882 persons, emigrated to Puerto Rico, more than half of them consisting of married couples and their children, while the rest eventually found partners in Puerto Rico.


The ''Tributo de sangre'' was forbidden in 1764, but poverty and overpopulation in the Canary Islands still caused many Canarians to emigrate to Puerto Rico and other parts of Latin America. After the Spanish American colonies won their independence (1811–1825), most Canarian immigrants went to Cuba and Puerto Rico, the only remaining Spanish possessions in the Americas, where their labor was exploited to replace that of slaves, who had been liberated with the abolishment of slavery. Following the [[Spanish–American War]] of 1898, Canarian immigration to the Americas continued. Successive waves of Canary Island immigration came to Puerto Rico, where entire villages were formed of relocated islanders.<ref>[http://www.canaryislandsusa.com/en/Demographics.aspx www.canaryislandsusa.com]</ref>
The ''Tributo de sangre'' was forbidden in 1764, but poverty and overpopulation in the Canary Islands still caused many Canarians to emigrate to Puerto Rico and other parts of Latin America. After the Spanish American colonies won their independence (1811–1825), most Canarian immigrants went to Cuba and Puerto Rico, the only remaining Spanish possessions in the Americas, where their labor was exploited to replace that of slaves, who had been liberated with the abolishment of slavery. Following the [[Spanish–American War]] of 1898, Canarian immigration to the Americas continued. Successive waves of Canary Island immigration came to Puerto Rico, where entire villages were formed of relocated islanders.<ref>[http://www.canaryislandsusa.com/en/Demographics.aspx www.canaryislandsusa.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224103802/http://www.canaryislandsusa.com/en/Demographics.aspx |date=2012-02-24 }}</ref>


Between 1891–95, Canary emigration to Puerto Rico was over 600 immigrants, with these being official figures; if unrecorded or concealed immigration were taken into account, the numbers would be much larger.<ref>[http://www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/Canary.htm The Spanish of the Canary Islands]</ref> Canarian emigration to Puerto Rico in the 19th century is estimated at 2,733 people, mostly peasants desiring to farm their own land, who tended to settle in Puerto Rico in families or groups of families related to each other.<ref name="Mayanarios">[http://www.mayaguezsabeamango.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=607:las-raices-islenas-de-mayagueez&catid=51:historias&Itemid=78 Las raíces isleñas de Mayagüez] (The Island Roots of Mayagüez) by Federico Cedó Alzamora, Official Historian of Mayagüez.</ref>
Between 1891–95, Canary emigration to Puerto Rico was over 600 immigrants, with these being official figures; if unrecorded or concealed immigration were taken into account, the numbers would be much larger.<ref>[http://www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/Canary.htm The Spanish of the Canary Islands]</ref> Canarian emigration to Puerto Rico in the 19th century is estimated at 2,733 people, mostly peasants desiring to farm their own land, who tended to settle in Puerto Rico in families or groups of families related to each other.<ref name="Mayanarios">[http://www.mayaguezsabeamango.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=607:las-raices-islenas-de-mayagueez&catid=51:historias&Itemid=78 Las raíces isleñas de Mayagüez] (The Island Roots of Mayagüez) by Federico Cedó Alzamora, Official Historian of Mayagüez.</ref>

Revision as of 12:20, 15 April 2017

For Island Chumash, see Cruzeño language.
Isleño
Islander
Total population
Canarian diaspora
unknown
Regions with significant populations
Venezuela Venezuela42,671-600,000[1][2]
 Cuba30,400-900,000[1]
Argentina Argentina2,390[1]
 United States37,008[3]
 Uruguay628[4]
 Brazil620[4]
 Dominican Republicunknown
 Mexicounknown (by ancestry), 1,600 (by birth)[5]
 Peruunknown
 Puerto Ricounknown
Languages
Spanish, English
Religion
Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Spanish, Portuguese

Isleño (Spanish pronunciation: [izˈleɲo], pl. isleños) is the Spanish word meaning "islander." The term was applied to the Canary Islanders to distinguish them from Spanish mainlanders known as "peninsulars" (Spanish: peninsulares). The Isleños are the inhabitants of the Canary Islands, and by extension the descendants of Canarian settlers and emigrants to present-day Louisiana, Texas, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, and other parts of the Americas. In these places, the name, which formerly referred to a general category of people, now refers to the specific cultural identity of Canary Islanders or their descendants throughout Latin America and in Louisiana, where they are still called isleños. Another name for Canary Islander in English is "Canarian." In Spanish, an alternative is canario or isleño canario.

The term isleño is still used in Latin America, at least in those countries which had large Canarian populations, to distinguish a Canary Islander from a peninsular (continental Spaniard). By the early 19th century there were more people of Canarian extraction in the Americas than in the Canary Islands themselves, and the number of descendants of those first immigrants is exponentially larger than the number who originally migrated. The Americas were the destination of most Canarian immigrants, from their discovery by Europeans in the 15th century until the 20th century, when substantial numbers went to the Spanish colonies of Ifni, Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea in Africa during the first half of the century. Beginning in the 1970s, they began to emigrate to other European countries, although emigration to the Americas did not end until the early 1980s.

The cultures of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and Uruguay partially have all been influenced by Canarian culture, as have the dialects of Spanish spoken in all but Uruguay. Although almost all descendants of Canary Islanders who emigrated to the Americas from the 16th to the 20th century are incorporated socially and culturally within the larger populations, there remain a few communities that have preserved at least some their ancestors' Canarian culture, as in Louisiana, San Antonio in Texas, Hatillo, Puerto Rico San Carlos de Tenerife (now a neighborhood of Santo Domingo) in the Dominican Republic and San Borondón in Peru.

General history

Isleño settlements in Louisiana
"Spanish" trapper and sons, Delacroix Island, 1941

The Canary Islander emigration to the Americas began as early as 1492, with the first voyage of Columbus, and did not end until the early 1980s. The Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands (probably first visited by the Phoenicians and rediscovered by Europeans in the 14th century) had only recently occurred (1402–1496), when Columbus made a stopover in the Canary Islands for supplies in 1501. Also in 1501 (possibly 1502), Nicolás de Ovando left the Canary Islands with a group of people heading to the island of Hispaniola.[6] In the early 16th century, some Guanches from the Canary Islands were exported as slaves to Puerto Rico and Santo Domingo, a practice that continued as late as 1534.

In the first half of the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors, some of whom settled permanently in the Americas themselves, organized several groups of people chosen in the Canary Islands to colonize parts of Latin America including Mexico, Buenos Aires, Peru, New Granada and La Florida. There followed other groups who settled in Santo Domingo and Cuba in the second half of 16th century. In 1611, about 10 Canarian families were sent to Santiago del Prado, Cuba, and by the Royal Decree of May 6, 1663, 800 Canarian families were sent to settle in Santo Domingo; it is assumed this was to avert the danger that the French might seize it, since they already had occupied what is now Haiti.

In 1678, the Spanish crown enacted the so-called Tributo de Sangre (Blood Tribute); this was a Spanish law stipulating that for every thousand tons of cargo shipped from Spanish America to Spain, 50 Canarian families would be sent to the Americas to populate regions having low populations of Peninsulares, or Spanish-born Spaniards.[7] Consequently, during the late 17th and 18th century, hundreds of Canarian families moved to Venezuela, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, with others going to places like Uruguay, Mexico, Argentina or the south of the present United States. These families were sent to populate various parts of Latin America.

The Tributo de Sangre was finally abolished in 1764. Despite that, many Canarians continued to migrate to the Americas to escape grinding poverty at home. After the liberation of the Latin American countries from Spanish rule (1811–1825), Spain retained only Cuba and Puerto Rico as colonies in the Americas. It abolished slavery in those colonies, and encouraged Canarian emigration. Most Canarian immigrants then emigrated to the two islands in the Caribbean, where their labor was exploited and they were paid very little. There were, however, also thousands of Canarians who emigrated to other countries including Venezuela, Uruguay and Argentina. After the annexation of Cuba and Puerto Rico to the United States and the prohibition of Canarian emigration to Puerto Rico in 1898, emigration was directed primarily to Cuba, with certain flows to other countries (especially Argentina and Uruguay). After 1936, most Canarian immigrants went to Cuba and Venezuela until 1948, when an most of the islanders began emigrating to Venezuela. Since the 1970s Canarian emigration has decreased and from the early 1980s, with the improvement of the Canary Islands' economy (and Spain's in general, until the economic crisis of 2008), Canarian emigration has diminished.

Reasons for the Canarian emigration to the Americas

After a century and a half of growth the economy of the Canary Islands was in crisis. The diminished output of vidueño canario (an internationally traded white table wine) after the 1640 emancipation from Spanish rule of Portugal, whose colonies were its preferred market, put thousands of Canarians out of work, causing many of them to emigrate to the Americas with their families. There was discussion in governmental circles of the islands being overpopulated, and the Spanish crown decided to institute the "El Tributo de Sangre (The tribute of blood)", whereby, for each ton of cargo that a Spanish colony in the Americas sent to Spain, it would send five Canarian families to that colony. The number of families actually sent, however, usually exceeded 10.

The occupation of Jamaica by the English and of the western half of Santo Domingo and the Guianas by the French, made the Spanish Crown consider this alternative in order to avoid the occupation of part of Venezuela and the Greater Antilles. Commerce in cochineal dye expanded in the Canary Islands during the 19th century well into the 1880s, when trade in this product plummeted, which, together with the coffee boom and the war crisis in Cuba, depressed their economy. This development also spurred Canarian emigration to the Americas. After 1893, Canarians continued to emigrate to Venezuela to escape Spanish military service.

During the Ten Years' War (1868–78) in Cuba, Cuban separatists made a distinction between Canary Islander immigrants and those from peninsular Spain, leading them to promote Canarian immigration to Cuba. The usual form of administration to manage this emigration from the islands prevailed, with corruption and fraud governing the actions of the Canarian ruling classes. In the 20th century, poverty, the Spanish Civil War, and the actions of the Franco regime in Spain also drove Canarian emigration to the Americas.[8]

For the reasons already mentioned, there were specific problems on some islands that also boosted Canarian emigration. In Lanzarote, from the 16th to the 20th century, in addition to those general problems, the people experienced terrible drought (1626–32), epidemics, house and tithe taxes, invasions of locusts, and several volcanic eruptions in 1730 affecting over half the population, causing many of them to migrate), pirate attacks (Lanzarote suffered more pirate invasions than the other islands) and harsh weather conditions. Consequently, many people on Lanzarote migrated to other Canary Islands including (Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura) as well as to the Americas, including Uruguay, Argentina, Cuba, Venezuela and the southern United States.[9]

Communities

Isleños in United States

Main article: Canarian Americans

During the 18th century, the Spanish crown sent several groups of Canary Islanders to their colonies in New Spain. Spain's goal was to repopulate certain regions with Spanish settlers, and between 1731 and 1783, several Canarian communities were established in what is now the Southern United States. In 1731, 16 Canarian families arrived in San Antonio (Spanish Texas); between 1757 and 1759, 154 families were sent to Spanish Florida; and between 1778 and 1783 another 2,100 Canarians arrived in Spanish Louisiana. In south Louisiana, the Canarians founded four communities in St. Bernard Parish, Valenzuela, Barataria, and Galveztown.

The Isleños fought in the American Revolutionary War and the defense of the Alamo. After the incorporation of Louisiana and Texas into the United States, they fought in the Civil War and both World Wars. The Isleños have been able to preserve some features of their culture up to the present, except in Florida, where, although they had made improvements in its agriculture, most of the Canarian settlers emigrated to Cuba when Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763, and still more left when, after being recovered by Spain, Florida was ceded to the United States in 1819. The dialect of Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands during the 18th century was still spoken by older Isleños until the 1950s in San Antonio and is spoken to the present day by a few in St. Bernard Parish.

Isleño influence in Hispanic Antilles

Louisiana's Isleños have shared some aspects of Canarian culture for over 200 years with the Cuban, Puerto Rican and Dominican peoples in those Caribbean countries influenced by earlier waves of settlers from the Canary Islands, who first arrived in the Americas in the late 16th century.

Most Jíbaros were of Canarian stock

Cuba

Main article: Cuban Spanish

Of all the Latin American countries, Cuba was most affected by the immigration of Canary Islanders, where their presence influenced the development of the Cuban dialect and accent. Many words in traditional Cuban Spanish can be traced to the dialect spoken in the Canary Islands. Cuban Spanish is very close to Canarian Spanish, for Canarians have been emigrating to Cuba since the 16th century, especially during the 19th and (early) 20th centuries.

Through cross-emigration by Canarians and Cubans, many Canarian customs have become Cuban traditions and vice versa. Cuban music has been integrated into Canarian culture as well, including mambo, son, and punto Cubano. Cuban emigration to the Canary Islands has introduced, for example, the dish "moros y cristianos" (or simply "moros"), to the cuisine of the Canary Islands; especially on the island of La Palma. Canary Islanders were the driving force in the cigar industry in Cuba, where they were called "Vegueros." Many of the big cigar factories in Cuba were owned by Canary Islanders. After the Castro revolution, many Cubans and returning Canarians settled in the Canary islands, among them cigar factory owners such as the Garcias. Through them the cigar industry made its way to the Canary Islands from Cuba, and it is now well-established there. The island of La Palma has had the most Cuban influence out of the seven islands, and its accent is the closest of the island accents to the Cuban accent.

Many of the typical Cuban variations of standard Spanish vocabulary derive from the Canarian lexicon. For example, the word "guagua" (bus) differs from the standard Spanish autobús; the former originated in the Canaries and is an onomatopoeic word imitative of the sound of a Klaxon horn (wah-wah). The term of endearment socio is from the Canary Islands. An example of Canarian usage for a Spanish word is the verb fajarse (to fight). In standard Spanish the verb would be pelearse, while fajar exists as a non-reflexive verb related to the hemming of a skirt. The Cuban dialect of Spanish shows a substantial influence of the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands.

Many names for food items come from the Canary Islands as well. The Cuban sauce mojo is based on the mojos of the Canary Islands, where the sauce was invented. Canarian ropa vieja was introduced to Cuba through Canarian emigration. Gofio is another Canarian food known to Cubans, along with many others.

Puerto Rico

Between 1678 and 1764 the Spanish policy of Tributo de sangre (Blood tribute) was in effect, by which for every ton of cargo shipped from the Spanish colonies in the Americas to Spain, 5 Canarian families were sent to populate the colonies. The number of families sent to the Americas, however, often exceeded this figure. The first wave of Canarian emigration seems to have occurred in 1695 when Juan Fernández Franco de Medina, the new Governor of Puerto Rico, arrived with 20 Canarian families.[10] This was followed by others in 1714, 1720, 1731, and 1797. Between 1720 and 1730, some 176 Canarian families, totaling 882 persons, emigrated to Puerto Rico, more than half of them consisting of married couples and their children, while the rest eventually found partners in Puerto Rico.

The Tributo de sangre was forbidden in 1764, but poverty and overpopulation in the Canary Islands still caused many Canarians to emigrate to Puerto Rico and other parts of Latin America. After the Spanish American colonies won their independence (1811–1825), most Canarian immigrants went to Cuba and Puerto Rico, the only remaining Spanish possessions in the Americas, where their labor was exploited to replace that of slaves, who had been liberated with the abolishment of slavery. Following the Spanish–American War of 1898, Canarian immigration to the Americas continued. Successive waves of Canary Island immigration came to Puerto Rico, where entire villages were formed of relocated islanders.[11]

Between 1891–95, Canary emigration to Puerto Rico was over 600 immigrants, with these being official figures; if unrecorded or concealed immigration were taken into account, the numbers would be much larger.[12] Canarian emigration to Puerto Rico in the 19th century is estimated at 2,733 people, mostly peasants desiring to farm their own land, who tended to settle in Puerto Rico in families or groups of families related to each other.[13]

Whole towns and villages in Puerto Rico were founded by Canarian immigrants, and their lasting influence of Canarian culture can still be heard in the Puerto Rican accent and seen in the cuatro, a small guitar with origins in the Canary Islands. The Canarian Islands have contributed more to the makeup of the Puerto Rican population than any other Spanish region except Andalusia, and Canary Islanders were the principal Spanish expatriate community there by the 19th century.

The Isleños contributed substantially to the development of agriculture, as well as the provincial rural character of Puerto Rican society, preserving their ancestral customs, traditions, folk arts, dialect and festivals that today are features of Puerto Rican culture. They tended to settle in areas where other Isleños were already living, preferring certain rural districts and towns like Camuy, Hatillo and Barceloneta. They concentrated also in San Juan, Ponce, Lares, San Sebastián, Lajas, Mayagüez and Manatí. Many settled in small villages where they intermarried with other Puerto Ricans and with the Jíbaro peasants.

Most of the Isleños arrived on the island married and often with many children, circumstances which helped preserve their customs, traditions, religious and accent. A group of geneticists from Puerto Rican universities conducted a study of mitochondrial DNA, which is passed through the mother, finding that the present population of Puerto Rico has in its genome a substantial compononent of genes from Guanches(the Canarian aborigines), especially those from the island of Tenerife. In some areas of the island, this Guanche component appears in over 50% of the sampled population, while in the western part,it appears in over 80%.[13] Even today, there are people in these towns who can relate stories from their Canary Island great-grandparents that they remember meeting as children.

Dominican Republic

In 1501, Nicolás de Ovando left the Canary Islands with a group of Canarians, some of them from Lanzarote, and sailed to Santo Domingo island.[7] There was also an influx of Canarian settlers who arrived on the island of Santo Domingo (now Hispaniola) in the second half of the 16th century. Santo Domingo in the mid-17th century still had a very small population and suffered economic hardship. The Spanish authorities believed that the French, who had occupied the western part of the island (now Haiti), might also try to take the eastern half of the island (now the Dominican Republic. They asked the Spanish crown to send Canarian families as an expeditious means to stop French expansion.[7]

By the Royal Decree of May 6, 1663, under the policy of the Tributo de sangre (Blood tribute), 800 Canarian families were sent to the island.[14] Ninety seven Canarian families arrived in 1684 and founded San Carlos de Tenerife (which in 1911 became a neighborhood of the city of Santo Domingo). The Spanish authorities there determined to concentrate resources on agriculture and livestock, and incorporated a municipality and a church dedicated to the city's patroness, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (Our Lady of Candelaria). The population increased with the arrival of 39 families in 1700 and another 49 in 1709. Canarian families who arrived in that year had to bribe the governor to be permitted to remain there.

In the first decades of the 18th century, another group of Canarian emigrated to Santiago de los Caballeros, where they formed a militia made up exclusively of Canarians, and another in Frontera, where the group founded Banica and Hincha in 1691 and 1702, respectively. In the latter two settlements the raising of livestock prospered thanks to the growing trade with Haiti. The lack of financial resources and the War of the Spanish Succession led to a decrease in Canarian immigration to the area. Afterwards Canarian immigration increase significantly, but came to a standstill again between 1742 and 1749 as a result of the war with England. The Canarians settled mainly on the border with Haiti to prevent French territorial expansion of the country, founding San Rafael de Angostura, San Miguel de la Atalaya, the Las Caobas and Dajabón) as well as ports in strategic locations in Monte Cristi Province with the arrival of 46 families between 1735 and 1736, Puerto Plata (1736), Samana (1756) and Sabana de la Mar (1760).[7] The Canarians also founded San Carlos de Tenerife, Baní, Neiba, San Juan de la Maguana and Jánico.[15]

After 1764, the Canarians were sent primarily to the Cibao. The thriving border towns there were abandoned in 1794 when the area become part of Haiti during the Haitian domination (1822–44). Isleños on the now Haitian side of the border moved to the interior of the island, while some of them, especially of those from Cibao, moved to Cuba, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. The Isleños were for a time the fastest growing ethnic group in the Dominican Republic. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the flow of Canarians emigrating to the country slowed to a trickle.

Pedro Santana, the first president of the Dominican Republic, rented several Venezuelan ships during the mid-19th century period of border disputes with Haiti to carry Isleños to the Dominican Republic, but most of the 2,000 who emigrated returned to Venezuela in 1862, when José Antonio Páez came to power. Many of the Canarians who settled in the Dominican Republic (including Jose Trujillo Monagas, originally from Gran Canaria and the grandfather of the later dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo), settled in the capital and in rural areas, especially in the east. During the first half of the 20th century, some groups of Canarians emigrated to the Dominican Republic, many of them Republican exiles who came during and after the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). Three hundred Canarians arrived in 1955, when Trujillo encouraged Spanish emigration to his country to augment its white population, but most of them left and went to Venezuela because of the harsh conditions, unlike what they had been promised, they suffered in the Dominican Republic. Some of them remained in Constanza and in El Cibao.[7] Isleños contributed to the development of agriculture in the Dominican Republic with their raising of crops like coffee, cocoa and tobacco.[15]

Venezuela

During colonial times and until the end of the Second World War, the bulk of European immigrants who arrived in Venezuela were Canary Islanders. Their cultural impact was significant, influencing both the development of Castilian Spanish in the country as well as its cuisine and customs. Venezuela has perhaps the largest population of Canarian immigrants, and it is commonly said in the Canary Islands that "Venezuela is the eighth island of the Canary Islands." In the 16th century, the German Jorge de la Espira in the Canary Islands recruited 200 men to colonize Venezuela, as did Diego Hernández de Serpa, governor of New Andalusia Province, who sent another 200 soldiers and 400 slaves from Gran Canaria to Venezuela,[16] where some of these Canarians were among the founders of Cumaná. Diego de Ordaz, governor of Paria, took about 350 persons, and his successor, Jerome of Ortal, about 80 people, from Tenerife, whether they were native Canarians or just people settled in the islands. In 1681, 54 families from Tenerife were transported to the port of Cumaná, but this area was so unsafe that a few of them settled in villages already founded or went to the Llanos. The next year, another group of 31 families arrived from Tenerife as well.[17]

Twenty five Canarian families were transported to Guyana in 1717 to found a village, they then migrated to the Llanos of Venezuela. In 1697, Maracaibo was founded with 40 Canarian families, which was followed in 1700 by another 29 in the town of Los Marqueses. Maracaibo received 25 Canarian families between 1732 and 1738, while in 1764 another 14 families arrived, to which were added another 300 families transported to Venezuela.

Many of those who fought in the Venezuelan War of Independence in the first half of the 19th century were Canarians or descendants of Canarians. These include Simón Bolívar himself, who had Canarian ancestors on his mother's side. There were many other notable Venezuelan leaders who were of Canarian descent, such as the precursor of independence Francisco de Miranda, the philosopher Andrés Bello and the physician José Gregorio Hernández, as well as José Antonio Páez, José María Vargas, Carlos Soublette, José Tadeo Monagas, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, Rómulo Betancourt and Rafael Caldera. More than 9,000 Canarians emigrated to Venezuela between 1841 and 1844, and in 1875, more than 5,000 Canarians arrived. Since 1936, most Canarian immigrants have gone either to Cuba or to Venezuela (some of those who emigrated to Venezuela came from Cuba) because the country encouraged immigration, especially of Spanish citizens, and since 1948, the majority have emigrated to Venezuela, a massive immigration that did not end until the early 1980s (although there was a significant decrease in the 1970s with the beginning of Canarian emigration to other European countries). Today the Canarians and their descendants are scattered throughout Venezuela.[7]

Canary Islanders in Uruguay

The first Canarians to emigrate to Uruguay were settled in Montevideo to populate the region, arriving in two different groups. The first one was established in the city on November 19, 1726 when 25 Canarian families came to Montevideo. They organized quickly to survive in that area. The first civilian authorities in Montevideo were Canarian, and they were first to give Spanish names to roads and geographic features. The second group of 30 Canarian families arrived in the city on March 27, 1729. Others places in Uruguay where Canary Islanders settled were: Colonia, San José, Maldonado, Canelones and Soria. In 1808, the Canarian merchant Francisco Aguilar y Leal sent an expedition of 200 people from the eastern islands of the Canaries to Montevideo. Between 1835 and 1845 about 8,200 Canarians, comprising more than half of Lanzarote's population, emigrated to Uruguay, and groups of them continued to come sporadically until about 1900. During the 19th century more than 10,000 Canarians settled in Uruguay, the majority from the eastern islands; however, only 5700 or so of them remained permanently in Uruguay. A few groups of Canary Islanders continued to arrive through the early 20th century, still coming mainly from the eastern islands, although specific figures for the number of those who emigrated are not available. Canarians and Canarian descendants are scattered throughout Uruguay.[18] Uruguay ranks fifth after Venezuela, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic in the number of people of Canarian descent among its population.

Canary Islanders in other places in the Americas

Canarians in Mexico and Central America

Descendants of Canary Islanders are a small community in Mexico, but their presence is notable especially in the business world and in the tourism industry. A few Canarian families emigrated to Mexico in the 17th century (as in the case of the Azuaje families). In the 18th century, when the Spanish crown encouraged Canarian emigration to the Americas through the Tributo de sangre (Blood Tribute), many of them settled in Yucatán, where by the 18th century they controlled the trade network that distributed goods throughout the peninsula; their descendants are still counted among the most influential families of direct Spanish descent in Mexico. During the 20th century, another group of Canarians settled in Mexico in the early 1930s, and as with Galician and other Spanish immigrants of the time, there were high rates of illiteracy and impoverishment among them, but they adapted relatively quickly.

Two Spanish expeditions to Panama were led by Canarians. The first was organized by Pedrarias Dávila, who recruited fifty good swimmers from Gomera to dive for pearls in 1514. The men, however, were dispersed when they came ashore. Another expedition was led in 1519 by López de Sosa, who was appointed by the Spanish government to replace Dávila and recruited 200 of his neighbors on Gran Canaria to participate in the conquest of Central America.[19]

In 1534, Bartolomé García Muxica, founder of Nombre de Dios, Panama, brought a group of Canary Islanders to the country.[7] These were among the few Canarians who emigrated to Panama in that century.[9] A Canarian from Lanzarote island, Jose Martinez, was among the first Spanish settlers to arrive in Costa Rica in the 16th century.[9]

In 1787, 306 Canarians arrived on the Mosquito Coast of Honduras. The plan for populating the area failed, however, because of the hostility they encountered from the Zambos and the Miskito Indians, as well as the general unhealthiness of the area. They were able to successfully establish themselves near the Honduran port of Trujillo, where they could farm the surrounding lands, and in the highlands where they founded the town of Macuelizo in 1788.[7]

In 1884, over 8,000 Canarians emigrated to a small town in Costa Rica when the country invited Canarian immigration to populate the uninhabited town (some Canarians had already settled in Costa Rica, beginning in the 16th century).[20]

While the Spanish Civil War was still being fought in Spain, the prominent Canarian intellectual Agustin Millares Carlo from Las Palmas became an expatriate in Mexico in 1938. University professor Jorge Hernández Millares, who did important work in the subject of geography, went into exile in Mexico after the war.[21]

Canary Islanders in other South American countries

The number of Canary islanders who emigrated to Argentina before the 19th century was very low, although three companies of soldiers from Tenerife who were with Pedro de Mendoza when he founded Buenos Aires in 1535 decided to stay. Several ships came to Buenos Aires with immigrant Canarians in 1830; a group of them settled in the interior and another group settled in the capital (the descendants of those families have spread gradually throughout the country). Although the number of Canarians who immigrated to Argentina during the 19th century was not comparable to the number of those who emigrated to Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Uruguay, in some years there were relatively large numbers of Canarian immigrants; for example, between 1878 and 1888, 3,033 Canarians emigrated. The emigration rate to Argentina was relatively high among the islanders in the 20th century, but did not reach the volume of those who went to Cuba and Venezuela. Even so, in the 1930s, the Canarian government put the number of Canarians and their descendants in that country at about 80,000 people. In 1984 there were 1,038 Canarians in Buenos Aires. They formed several organizations to preserve their ethnic heritage and provide mutual aid.[7] Several Canarian families from Buenos Aires settled in Paraguay, where they founded the town of Candelaria.

In Colombia, in 1536, Pedro Fernández de Lugo led an expedition of 1,500 people, 400 of whom were Canarians from all the different islands that make up the archipelago[19]), for the conquest of the area around what became Santa Marta.[9] This contingent pacified the warring tribes on the coast and penetrated into the interior. On the way, they founded several cities, two which, Las Palmas and Tenerife, still exist.[19] In addition, Pedro de Heredia led 100 men from the Canary Islands to Cartagena de Indias.[7]

In the 16th century (a period in which the Canary Islands were still being populated by Spaniards who replaced the indigenous Guanches), many people who emigrated to the Americas from there were, in fact, Spaniards from the mainland of Europe or foreigners, making it difficult to know how many of the immigrants were actually Canarians.[7] There are records also of some Canarians and Canarian families, at least some of them known to be from Lanzarote, who settled in Cartagena de Indias and Cáceres, Antioquia, in the second half of the 16th century.[9] Others emigrated in 1678 by the terms of theTributo de Sangre to Santa Marta.[6]

In 1903, a fleet arrived in Budi Lake, Chile, with 88 Canarian families—400 persons—that currently have more than 1,000 descendants. They responded to the government's call to populate this region and signed contracts for the benefit of a private company. Some were arrested while trying to escape their servitude, and the indigenous Mapuches people took pity on the plight of these Canarians who were established on their former lands. The Indians welcomed them and joined their demonstrations in the so-called "revolt of the Canarians".[20]

Little is known about any Canary emigration to Brazil. It is known, however, that since the 16th century, the Canary Islands were a transit point for European vessels bound for the Americas (many of them to Brazil), and it is likely that some of them were carrying Canarians to the Portuguese colony. Due to the difficult circumstances of travel, several expeditions that had left Lanzarote for Uruguay were forced to end their passage in other places, such as Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina island.[9] By 1812, a small group of Canarians (all of them from Lanzarote) lived on Santa Catarina island, in the south of Brazil.[22] A study by W.F. Piazza notes that parish records from 1814 to 1818 show 20 families from Lanzarote living there. Rixo Alvarez speaks of the expeditions of Polycarp Medinilla, a Portuguese based in Lanzarote, and Agustín González Brito, from Arrecife. The settlers from Lanzarote were forced to disembark in Rio de Janeiro.[9] Only an estimated 50 Canary Islanders emigrated to Brazil in this century.[23] During the last years of the 19th century, some propaganda leaflets were printed to promoting the emigration to Brazil of Canarians to work as laborers. How effective they were is unknown. There were other publications distributed in the Canary Islands that opposed emigration movement, and the Canarian press depicted a very negative view of the quality of life for migrants in Brazil.[22] Some ships transporting Canary Islander emigrants to Venezuela during the early 20th century were blown off course and landed in Brazil, the French Antilles,[7] Guayana or Trinidad Island[24] where they were permanently settled,[7] as well as others who emigrated directly to Brazil from the Canary Islands. A few Canarians on vessels headed to Venezuela were shipwrecked on the Brazilian coast in the 1960s.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c How many Canarians in other countries.
  2. ^ Canarians in Venezuela
  3. ^ Canarian ancestry in 2000 U.S census
  4. ^ a b EMIGRANTES CANARIOS EN EL MUNDO
  5. ^ Spanish Mexican#Immigration waves
  6. ^ a b Morales Padrón, Francisco. Canarias - América. Colección "Guagua", 1982. p. 49.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Manuel Hernández González (1 January 2005). La Emigración Canaria a América. Centro de la Cultura Popular Canaria. p. 24. ISBN 978-84-7926-488-8.
  8. ^ La emigracion canaria.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Francisco Hernández Delgado; María Dolores Rodríguez Armas (2010). "La emigración de Lanzarote y sus causas". Archivo Histórico Municipal de Teguise (www.archivoteguise.es) (in Spanish). Teguise, Lanzarote, Canary Islands: Departamento de Cultura y Patrimonio, Ayuntamiento de Teguise. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  10. ^ Emigration to Puerto Rico
  11. ^ www.canaryislandsusa.com Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ The Spanish of the Canary Islands
  13. ^ a b Las raíces isleñas de Mayagüez (The Island Roots of Mayagüez) by Federico Cedó Alzamora, Official Historian of Mayagüez.
  14. ^ La emigración y su trascendencia en la historia del pueblo canario.
  15. ^ a b Origen de la población dominicana.
  16. ^ Jesús Silva Herzog (2008). Cuadernos americanos. p. 138. Diego Hernández de Serpa, gobernador de la Nueva Andalucía (Venezuela), parte de Sanlúcar en 1569, y concierta con su pariente Adriano Padilla el envío a su costa de doscientos hombres.
  17. ^ Lucas G. Castillo Lara (1983). La aventura fundacional de los isleños: Panaquire y Juan Francisco de León. Academia Nacional de la Historia. p. 22.
  18. ^ Balbuena Castellano, José Manuel. La odisea de los canarios en Texas y Luisiana: XIII, Un párentesis: Los canarios en Uruguay (The odyssey of the Canarians in Texas and Louisiana: XIII, a parenthesis: The Canarian in Uruguay). Pages:154-155. First Edition, 2007.
  19. ^ a b c Colombia se conquistó gracias a un pequeño contingente de 400 canarios (in Spanish) "Colombia is Conquered by a Small Contingent of 400 Canary Islanders").
  20. ^ a b Archipiélago noticias. Canarios en Chile (in Spanish: Canarians in Chile). Posted Luis León Barreto. Retrieved December 21, 2011, to 23:52 pm.
  21. ^ La geografía escolar en México (1821-2000)
  22. ^ a b c Google Books: Entre el rubor de las auroras: Juan Perdigón, un majorero anarquista en Brasil (in Spanish: Among the blush of the Aurora: Juan Perdigón, a Brazilian anarchist from Fuerteventura island). written by Jesús Giráldez Macía. Pages 47–48.
  23. ^ Soldados y colonos canarios e América. (in Spanish: Canarians Soldier and settlers in the Americas). Isidoro Santana Gil's teacher
  24. ^ Emigración clandestina en veleros de Canarias a Venezuela a mediados del siglo XX (Illegal immigration in sailing from the Canary Islands to Venezuela in the mid-20th century). Javier Gonzalez Antón.
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