Gorkhaland movement

Gorkhaland is a proposed statehood demand from the Indian state of West Bengal. The demand for a separate administrative unit in Darjeeling has existed since 1907, when the Hillmen's Association of Darjeeling submitted a memorandum to Minto-Morley Reforms demanding a separate administrative setup.

In the 1980s, Subhash Ghisingh raised the demand for the creation of a state called Gorkhaland within India to be carved out of the hills of Darjeeling and areas of Dooars and Siliguri terai contiguous to Darjeeling. The demand took a violent turn, which led to the death of over 1,200 people. This movement culminated with the formation of Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) in 1988. The DGHC administered the Darjeeling hills for 23 years with some degree of autonomy.

File:Gorkhaland map.jpg

Proposed map of Gorkhaland state in India

A new violent movement for a separate state of Gorkhaland was started in 1986 by Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) led by Subhash Ghisingh. The agitation ultimately led to the establishment of a semiautonomous body in 1988 called the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) to govern certain areas of Darjeeling district. However, in 2007, a new party called the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) raised the demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland once again.

The fourth DGHC elections were due in 2004. However, the government decided not to hold elections and instead made Subhash Ghisingh the sole caretaker of the DGHC till a new Sixth Schedule tribal council was established. Resentment among the former councillors of DGHC grew rapidly. Among them, Bimal Gurung, once the trusted aide of Ghising, decided to break away from the GNLF. Riding on a mass support for Prashant Tamang, an Indian Idol contestant from Darjeeling, Bimal quickly capitalized on the public support he received for supporting Prashant, and was able to overthrow Ghisingh from the seat of power. He went on to found the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha raising the demand a state of Gorkhaland.

Sri Panch (5) Maharaja Dhiraj Prithvi Narayan Shahdev, First King of Unified Kingdom of Gorkha

Torch rally in support of Gorkhaland in Darjeeling district.

The demand for Gorkhaland took a new turn with the assassination of Madan Tamang, leader of Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League. He was stabbed to death allegedly by Gorkha Janmukti Morcha supporters on 21 May 2010, in Darjeeling, which led to a spontaneous shutdown in the three Darjeeling hill sub-divisions of Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong. After the murder of Madan Tamang, the West Bengal government threatened action against Gorkha Janmukti Morcha, whose senior leaders are named in the FIR, meanwhile hinting discontinuation of ongoing talks over interim arrangement with the Gorkha party, saying it had "lost popular support following the assassination".

On 8 February 2011, three GJM activists were shot dead (one of whom succumbed to her injuries later) by the police as they tried to enter Jalpaiguri district on a padyatra led by Bimal Gurung from Gorubathan to Jaigaon. This led to violence in the Darjeeling hills and an indefinite strike was called by GJM that lasted 9 days.

In the West Bengal state assembly election, 2011 held on 18 April 2011, GJM candidates won three Darjeeling hill assembly seats, proving that the demand for Gorkhaland was still strong in Darjeeling. GJM candidates Trilok Dewan won from Darjeeling constituency Harka Bahadur Chhetri from Kalimpong constituency, and Rohit Sharma from Kurseong constituency. Wilson Champramari, an independent candidate supported by GJM, also won from Kalchini constituency in the Dooars.

Gorkhaland Territorial Administration

Main article: Gorkhaland Territorial Administration

The memorandum of agreement for the formation of a Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA), a semi-autonomous administrative body for the Darjeeling hills, was signed on 18 July 2011. Earlier, during the West Bengal assembly election (2011) campaign, Mamata Banerjee had told that the Darjeeling is integrated part of Bengal. While Mamata implied that this would be the end of the Gorkhaland movement, Bimal Gurung reiterated that this was just another step towards statehood. Both spoke publicly at the same venue in Pintail Village near Siliguri, where the tripartite agreement was signed. A bill for the creation of GTA was passed in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly on 2 September 2011. The West Bengal government issued a gazette notification for the GTA Act on 14 March 2012, signalling preparations for elections for the GTA. In the elections of the GTA held on 29 July 2012, GJM candidates won from 17 constituencies and the rest 28 seats unopposed. After an agitation of about two years, the GJM also agreed to the setting up of another autonomous body, called Gorkhaland Territorial Administration. Gurung is currently the chief executive of the GTA. However, over the last few months, the GJM has expressed severe dissatisfaction over the functioning of the GTA and have revived the call for the separate state of Gorkhaland.

On 30 July 2013, Gurung resigned from the GTA citing both interference from the West Bengal government and the renewed agitation for Gorkhaland.

2013 agitation

Gorkhaland supporters demonstrating in Mirik, Darjeeling.

On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously passed a resolution to recommend the formation of a separate Telangana state from Andhra Pradesh to the INC-led central government. This resulted in flaring up of demands throughout India, prominent among them were the demands for statehood for Gorkhaland in West Bengal and Bodoland in Assam.

Following a 3 days bandh, GJM announced an indefinite bandh from 3 August. Largely peaceful, political development took place in the background. With the West Bengal government armed with Calcutta high court order declaring the bandh as illegal, the government toughened its stand by sending a total of 10 companies of paramilitary force to quell any violent protest and arresting prominent GJM leaders and workers. In response GJM announced a unique form of protest 'Janta Bandh', in which with no picketing or the use of force, the people in the hills were asked to voluntarily stay inside on 13 and 14 August. This proved to be a major success and an embarrassment for the government.

After a marathon 'all party meeting' convened by the Gorkha Janamukti Morcha (GJM) on 16 August at Darjeeling, the pro Gorkhaland parties informally formed 'Gorkhaland Joint Action Committee'.

2017 agitation

Between June and September 2017, there was another agitation in Darjeeling. Protests first started on June 5, after the West Bengal government announced that the Bengali language will be made mandatory in all schools across the state. The people of Darjeeling and the adjoining areas who are predominantly Nepali speaking, saw this as an imposition of an alien culture upon them. Fueled by the determination to preserve their own culture, identity and language, this protest soon turned into a full fledged resurgence of the agitation for a separate state of Gorkhaland.

There have been widespread instances of violence including riots, arson, torching of vehicles, government properties and houses. Mass rallies have been taken out everyday by the supporters of the Gorkhaland agitation. There have been been reports of the deaths of 9 Gorkhaland supporters and multiple injuries of both the Gorkhaland protestors and security personnel. The internet services of the region had also been suspended by the government for the past three months citing the need to stop the spread of rumors among the agitators. There have been complaints of the violation of human right due the aforementioned Internet ban. On 27th September 2017, the strike and agitation officially ended after a total of 104 days.

Regional Political Parties of Gorkhaland

• Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM)
• Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF)
• Gorkha National Liberation Front (C.K. Pradhan) (GNLF-P)
• Gorkha Rashtriya Congress
• Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League / All India Gorkha League (ABGL)
• Bharatiya Gorkha Janashakti (BGJ)
• Bharatiya Gorkha Parisangh (BGP)
• Communist Party of Revolutionary Marxists (CPRM)
• Sikkim Rashtriya Mukti Morcha (SRMM)
• Gorkhaland Rajya Nirman Morcha (GRNM)
• Darjeeling Sikkim Merger Forum (DSMF)
• Bharatiya Nepali Bir Gorkha (BNBG)
• Matri Bhumi Surakhsa Sangathan (MBSS)
• Jan Andolan Party (JAP)
• Tarai Gorkha Ekta Sangh (TGES)
• Gorkhaland Movement Coordination Committee (GMCC)
• Gorkha Sanyukt Sangharsh Samiti (GSSS)

Defunct Political Parties of Gorkhaland

• Sikkim Janashakti Party (SJP) {merged with Indian National Congress in 1999}

See also

• Gurkha
• Indian Gorkha
• Nepalese people
• Gorkha Kingdom

References

Source

• Ed. Poddar, Prem; Prasad, Anmole (2009). Gorkhas Imagined: Indra Bahadur Rai in Translation. Mukti Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-909354-0-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Subba, Tanka Bahadur (1992). Ethnicity, State, and Development: A Case Study of the Gorkhaland Movement in Darjeeling. Har-Anand Publications & Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 0-7069-5695-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Roy, Barun (2012). Gorkhas and Gorkhaland. Parbati Roy Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Samanta, Amiya K. (2000). Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism. APH Publishing. ISBN 81-7648-166-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lama, Mahendra P. (1996). Gorkhaland Movement: Quest for an Identity. Department of Information and Cultural Affairs, Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kumar, Braj Bihari (1998). "10. Gorkhaland Imbroglio". Small States Syndrome in India. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7022-691-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Chaklader, Snehamoy (2004). Sub-Regional Movement in India: With Reference to Bodoland and Gorkhaland. K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 81-7074-266-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Samdara, Ranbir (2005). "7. Silence Under Freedom: Darjeeling Hills". The Politics of Autonomy: Indian Experiences. SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-3452-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Chadha, Vivek (2005). "16. Gorkhaland Movement". In United Service Institution of India (ed.). Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis. SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-3325-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kaushik, Anupma (2007). Gorkhaland Revisited. Navjeewan Publication. ISBN 81-8268-029-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Why Gorkhaland. Gorkha Janmukti Morcha. 2009. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Debnath, Sailen. West Bengal in Doldrums. ISBN 978-81-86860-34-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Debnath, Sailen. Essays on Cultural History of North Bengal. ISBN 978-81-86860-42-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Debnath, Sailen. The Dooars in Historical Transition. ISBN 978-81-86860-44-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

• Gorkhaland news and videos