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Coordinates: 41°43′N 26°13′E / 41.717°N 26.217°E / 41.717; 26.217
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| commander2 = [[Lala Shahin Pasha|Lala Şâhin Paşa]]<br/>[[Evrenos]]
| commander2 = [[Lala Shahin Pasha|Lala Şâhin Paşa]]<br/>[[Evrenos]]
| strength1 = 50,000<ref name="boskovic"/>-70,000 men<ref name = "boskovic">{{cite book| last = Boskovic| first = Vladislav| title = King Vukasin and the disastrous Battle of Marica| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oTdPlvMRYeUC&pg=PA11 | year = 2009| publisher = GRIN Verlag| isbn = 978-3-640-49264-0| page = 11 }}</ref><ref name = "newbritannica">{{cite book| title = The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropaedia| url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency| url-access = registration| year = 1993| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica| isbn = 978-0-85229-571-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency/page/855 855] }}</ref><ref name = "grumeza">{{cite book| last = Grumeza| first = Ion| title = The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&&pg=PA93 | year = 2010| publisher = University Press of America| isbn = 978-0-7618-5134-9| page = 93 }}</ref><ref name="devos">DeVos, Julius Emil. ''Fifteen hundred years of Europe''. O'Donnell Press, 1924, page 110.</ref><ref name="otto">Kaemmel, Otto. ''Spamer's Illustrierte Weltgeschichte: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kulturgeschichte'', O. Spamer, 1902, page 740 {{in lang|de}}</ref>
| strength1 = 50,000<ref name="boskovic"/>-70,000 men<ref name = "boskovic">{{cite book| last = Boskovic| first = Vladislav| title = King Vukasin and the disastrous Battle of Marica| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oTdPlvMRYeUC&pg=PA11 | year = 2009| publisher = GRIN Verlag| isbn = 978-3-640-49264-0| page = 11 }}</ref><ref name = "newbritannica">{{cite book| title = The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropaedia| url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency| url-access = registration| year = 1993| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica| isbn = 978-0-85229-571-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency/page/855 855] }}</ref><ref name = "grumeza">{{cite book| last = Grumeza| first = Ion| title = The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&&pg=PA93 | year = 2010| publisher = University Press of America| isbn = 978-0-7618-5134-9| page = 93 }}</ref><ref name="devos">DeVos, Julius Emil. ''Fifteen hundred years of Europe''. O'Donnell Press, 1924, page 110.</ref><ref name="otto">Kaemmel, Otto. ''Spamer's Illustrierte Weltgeschichte: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kulturgeschichte'', O. Spamer, 1902, page 740 {{in lang|de}}</ref>
| strength2 = 800<ref name="boskovic"/><ref name = "veiter">{{cite book| last = Veiter| first = Theodor| title = Volkstum zwischen Moldau, Etsch und Donau: Festschrift für Franz Hieronymus Riedl: Dargeboten zum 65. Lebensjahr| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MlMeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA294 | year = 1971| publisher = W. Braumüller| isbn = 978-3-7003-0007-6| page = 294 }}</ref> up to 4,000 men.<ref>Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 1, From Ancient Times to the Ottoman Invasions), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016, ISBN 1443888435, p. 355.</ref>
| strength2 = 800 men.<ref name="boskovic"/><ref name = "veiter">{{cite book| last = Veiter| first = Theodor| title = Volkstum zwischen Moldau, Etsch und Donau: Festschrift für Franz Hieronymus Riedl: Dargeboten zum 65. Lebensjahr| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MlMeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA294 | year = 1971| publisher = W. Braumüller| isbn = 978-3-7003-0007-6| page = 294 }}</ref> <ref>Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 1, From Ancient Times to the Ottoman Invasions), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016, ISBN 1443888435, p. 355.</ref>
| casualties1 = heavy combat losses<ref>Rossos, Andrew, ''Macedonia and the Macedonians''. Hoover Institution Press Publications, 2008. p. 40.</ref><br />thousands drowned<ref name="gustav">Hertzberg, Gustav Friedrich. ''Geschichte Griechenlands: Th. Vom lateinischen Kreuzzuge bis zur Vollendung der osmanischen Eroberung (1204-1740)''. F.A. Perthes, 1877, page 323 {{in lang|de}}</ref>
| casualties1 = heavy combat losses<ref>Rossos, Andrew, ''Macedonia and the Macedonians''. Hoover Institution Press Publications, 2008. p. 40.</ref><br />thousands drowned<ref name="gustav">Hertzberg, Gustav Friedrich. ''Geschichte Griechenlands: Th. Vom lateinischen Kreuzzuge bis zur Vollendung der osmanischen Eroberung (1204-1740)''. F.A. Perthes, 1877, page 323 {{in lang|de}}</ref>
| casualties2 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown

Revision as of 17:35, 7 October 2020

Battle of Maritsa
Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe
Serbian-Ottoman Wars

Domain of King Vukašin Mrnjavčević and Despot Jovan Uglješa before the Battle of Maritsa (in 1371).
Date26 September 1371
Location
Maritsa River (near Chernomen (today Ormenio) in Greece)
Result Decisive Ottoman victory[1]
Belligerents
 Serbian Empire Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Vukašin Mrnjavčević †
Uglješa Mrnjavčević †		 Lala Şâhin Paşa
Evrenos
Strength
50,000[2]-70,000 men[2][3][4][5][6] 800 men.[2][7] [8]
Casualties and losses
heavy combat losses[9]
thousands drowned[10]		 Unknown

The Battle of Maritsa, or Battle of Chernomen (Serbian: Marička bitka/ Маричка битка, Turkish: Çirmen Muharebesi, İkinci Meriç Muharebesi in tr. Second Battle of Maritsa) took place at the Maritsa River near the village of Chernomen (today Ormenio in Greece) on 26 September 1371 between Ottoman forces commanded by Lala Şahin Pasha and Evrenos, and Serbian forces commanded by King Vukašin Mrnjavčević and his brother Despot Jovan Uglješa.[11][12][13][14]

Background

In 1354, the Ottomans acquired Gallipoli. From there, they expanded into Thrace, taking the important city of Adrianople in 1369. They reached the borders of Ugljesa's lands. Ugljesa realized the danger and tried to create a coalition against the Turks. His idea was to drive them out of Europe instead of trying to defend fortresses and cities. He failed to secure support from the Byzantines and the Bulgarians. Most of the Serbian lords were occupied fighting each other and didn't realize the extent of the danger. The only Serbian lord who supported Uglješa's ideas was his brother Vukašin.

In the summer of 1371, Vukašin marched to Zeta, to support his relative Đurađ Balšić in was against Nikola Altomanović. His army was in Skadar, waiting for naval support from the Republic of Ragusa. Uglješa received information that the majority of Ottoman forces left Europe and marched to Anatolia. He decided it is a good time to execute his offensive plans and asked Vukašin for help. Vukašin left Skadar with his army and joined Uglješa. They marched against Adrianople. [15]

Battle

The Christian army numbered 50,000[2]–70,000[2][3][4][5][6] men. Despot Uglješa wanted to make a surprise attack on the Ottomans in their capital city, Edirne, while Murad I was in Asia Minor. The Ottoman army was much smaller,[16] Byzantine Greek scholar Laonikos Chalkokondyles[2] and different sources[7] give the number of 800 up to 4,000 men,[17] but due to superior tactics, by conducting a night raid on the Christian camp, Şâhin Paşa was able to defeat the Christian army and kill King Vukašin and despot Uglješa. Thousands of Christians were killed, and thousands drowned in the Maritsa river when they tried to flee. After the battle, the Maritsa ran scarlet with blood.[10][18]

Aftermath

Parts of Macedonia and Thrace fell under Ottoman power after this battle. The battle was a part of the Ottoman campaign to conquer the Balkans and was preceded by the Ottoman capturing of Sozopol in modern Bulgaria and succeeded by the capture of the cities of Drama, Kavála, and Serrai in modern Greece. The battle preceded the later 1389 Battle of Kosovo, and was one of many in the Serbian–Turkish wars.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, (University of Washington Press, 1994), 385.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Boskovic, Vladislav (2009). King Vukasin and the disastrous Battle of Marica. GRIN Verlag. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-640-49264-0.
  3. ^ a b The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropaedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1993. p. 855. ISBN 978-0-85229-571-7.
  4. ^ a b Grumeza, Ion (2010). The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500. University Press of America. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-7618-5134-9.
  5. ^ a b DeVos, Julius Emil. Fifteen hundred years of Europe. O'Donnell Press, 1924, page 110.
  6. ^ a b Kaemmel, Otto. Spamer's Illustrierte Weltgeschichte: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kulturgeschichte, O. Spamer, 1902, page 740 (in German)
  7. ^ a b Veiter, Theodor (1971). Volkstum zwischen Moldau, Etsch und Donau: Festschrift für Franz Hieronymus Riedl: Dargeboten zum 65. Lebensjahr. W. Braumüller. p. 294. ISBN 978-3-7003-0007-6.
  8. ^ Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 1, From Ancient Times to the Ottoman Invasions), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016, ISBN 1443888435, p. 355.
  9. ^ Rossos, Andrew, Macedonia and the Macedonians. Hoover Institution Press Publications, 2008. p. 40.
  10. ^ a b Hertzberg, Gustav Friedrich. Geschichte Griechenlands: Th. Vom lateinischen Kreuzzuge bis zur Vollendung der osmanischen Eroberung (1204-1740). F.A. Perthes, 1877, page 323 (in German)
  11. ^ Jirecek, Konstantin. History of the Bulgarians, p. 382
  12. ^ Fine, J. V. A. The Late Mediaeval Balkans, p. 379
  13. ^ Stavrianos, L. S., The Balkans since 1453, p. 44
  14. ^ Jirecek, Konstantin. Geschichte der Serben, pp. 437-438
  15. ^ Fine, J. V. A. The Late Mediaeval Balkans, p. 379
  16. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropaedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1993. p. 855. ISBN 978-0-85229-571-7.
  17. ^ Donald MacGillivray Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453; Hart-Davis, 1972, p. 286.
  18. ^ Temperley, Harold William Vazeille. History of Serbia, H. Fertig, 1917, page 97.

References

  • Rossos, Andrew, Macedonia and the Macedonians, Hoover Institution Press Publications, 2008.
  • Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, University of Washington Press, 1994.
  • Stavrianos, L. S. The Balkans Since 1453, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000.
  • Turnbull, Stephen R. The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699, Osprey Publishing, 2003.

41°43′N 26°13′E / 41.717°N 26.217°E / 41.717; 26.217

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