Jump to content

San Marino

Edit links
Coordinates: 43°56′N 12°26′E / 43.933°N 12.433°E / 43.933; 12.433
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Prophet of Truth and Knowledge (talk | contribs) at 10:28, 17 August 2022 (→History). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see San Marino (disambiguation).

Republic of San Marino[1][2]
Motto: 
Libertas
"Freedom"
Anthem: 
Inno Nazionale della Repubblica
"National Anthem of the Republic"
Location of San Marino in Europe
Location of San Marino (green)

in Europe (agate grey)  –  [Legend]

CapitalSan Marino
43°56′N 12°26′E / 43.933°N 12.433°E / 43.933; 12.433
Largest settlementDogana
43°58′53″N 12°29′22″E / 43.98139°N 12.48944°E / 43.98139; 12.48944
Official languagesItalian[3]
Other languagesRomagnol dialect
Religion
Christianity (Catholicism)
Demonym(s)Sammarinese
GovernmentUnitary assembly-independent diarchic directorial republic
Oscar Mina
Paolo Rondelli
Luca Beccari
LegislatureGrand and General Council
Independence
• from Roman Empire
301 (traditional)
  • 8 October 1600
    (statutes)
  • 12 July 1978
    (Declaration of Citizen Rights)
Area
• Total
61.2 km2 (23.6 sq mi)[1] (191st)
• Water (%)
0
Population
• 2021 estimate
33,600[4] (221st)
• Density
520/km2 (1,346.8/sq mi) (23rd)
GDP (PPP)2017 estimate
• Total
$2.09 billion[5] (175th)
• Per capita
$60,651[5] (11th)
GDP (nominal)2017 estimate
• Total
$1.55 billion[5] (174th)
• Per capita
$44,947[5] (13th)
HDI (2013)0.875[6]
very high (26th)
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+01 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+02 (CEST)
Drives onright
Calling code+378 (+39 0549 calling via Italy)
ISO 3166 codeSM
Internet TLD.sm
  1. By tradition.
  2. List of countries by Human Development Index#UN member states (latest UNDP data).
Sources: [1][7]

San Marino (/ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ⓘ, Italian: [sam maˈriːno]), officially the Republic of San Marino[1][2] (Template:Lang-it; Template:Lang-rgn), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino[8] (Template:Lang-it), is a small country[9][10][11][12] (and a European microstate) in Southern Europe enclaved by Italy.[13] Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, San Marino covers a land area of just over 61 km2 (24 sq mi), and has a population of 33,562.[14]

San Marino is a landlocked country but the northeastern end is within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of the Italian city of Rimini on the Adriatic Sea. The nearest airport is also in Italy. The country's capital city, the City of San Marino, is located atop Monte Titano, while its largest settlement is Dogana within the largest municipality of Serravalle. San Marino's official language is Italian.

The country derives its name from Saint Marinus, a stonemason from the then-Roman island of Rab in present-day Croatia. Born in AD 275, Marinus participated in the rebuilding of Rimini's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates. Marinus then went on to found an independently ruled monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301; thus, San Marino lays claim to being the oldest extant sovereign state, as well as the oldest constitutional republic.[15]

Uniquely, San Marino's constitution dictates that its democratically elected legislature, the Grand and General Council, must elect two heads of state every six months. Known as captains regent, the two heads of state serve concurrently and hold equal powers until their term expires after six months.

The country's economy is mainly based on finance, industry, services and tourism. It is one of the wealthiest countries in the world in GDP per capita, with a figure comparable to the most developed European regions.[1]

History

Main article: History of San Marino
Illustration of Saint Marinus, the founder of the Republic of San Marino and prominent cultural figure

Saint Marinus left the island of Rab in present-day Croatia with his lifelong friend Leo, and went to the city of Rimini as a stonemason. After the Diocletianic Persecution following his Christian sermons, he escaped to the nearby Monte Titano, where he built a small church and thus founded what is now the city and state of San Marino.

The official founding date is 3 September 301 AD.[16] In 1320 the community of Chiesanuova chose to join the country.[17] In 1463 San Marino was extended with the communities of Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle, after which the country's borders have remained unchanged.[18]

In 1503, Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, occupied the Republic for six months until his father's successor, Pope Julius II, intervened and restored the country's independence.[19]

On 4 June 1543 Fabiano di Monte San Savino, nephew of the later Pope Julius III, attempted to conquer the republic, but his infantry and cavalry failed as they got lost in a dense fog, which the Sammarinese attributed to Saint Quirinus, whose feast day it was.[20]

After the Duchy of Urbino was annexed by the Papal States in 1625, San Marino became an enclave within the Papal States, something which led to its seeking the formal protection of the Papal States in 1631, but this never equalled a de facto Papal control of the republic.[21]

The country was occupied on 17 October 1739 by the legate (Papal governor) of Ravenna, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, but independence was restored by Pope Clement XII on 5 February 1740, the feast day of Saint Agatha, after which she became a patron saint of the republic.[22]

The advance of Napoleon's army in 1797 presented a brief threat to the independence of San Marino, but the country was saved from losing its liberty by one of its regents, Antonio Onofri, who managed to gain the respect and friendship of Napoleon. Due to Onofri's intervention, Napoleon, in a letter delivered to Gaspard Monge, scientist and commissary of the French Government for Science and Art, promised to guarantee and protect the independence of the Republic, even offering to extend its territory according to its needs. The offer was declined by the regents, fearing future retaliation from other states' revanchism.[23][24]

Anita and Giuseppe Garibaldi in San Marino, 1849
The San Marino constitution, or more precisely statutes, of 1600

During the later phase of the Italian unification process in the 19th century, San Marino served as a refuge for many people persecuted because of their support for unification, including Giuseppe Garibaldi and his wife Anita.

The government of San Marino made United States President Abraham Lincoln an honorary citizen. He wrote in reply, saying that the republic proved that "government founded on republican principles is capable of being so administered as to be secure and enduring."[25][26]

During World War I, when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 24 May 1915, San Marino remained neutral and Italy adopted a hostile view of Sammarinese neutrality, suspecting that San Marino could harbour Austrian spies who could be given access to its new radiotelegraph station. Italy tried to forcibly establish a detachment of Carabinieri in the republic and then cut the republic's telephone lines when it did not comply. Two groups of ten volunteers joined Italian forces in the fighting on the Italian front, the first as combatants and the second as a medical corps operating a Red Cross field hospital. The existence of this hospital later caused Austria-Hungary to suspend diplomatic relations with San Marino.[27]

After the war, San Marino suffered from high rates of unemployment and inflation, leading to increased tensions between the lower and middle classes. The latter, fearing that the moderate government of San Marino would make concessions to the lower class majority, began to show support for the Sammarinese Fascist Party (Partito Fascista Sammarinese, PFS), founded in 1922 and styled largely on their Italian counterpart. PFS rule lasted from 1923 to 1943, and during this time they often sought support from Benito Mussolini's fascist government in Italy.[28]

British troops at Monte Titano during the Battle of San Marino, September 1944

During World War II, San Marino remained neutral, although it was wrongly reported in an article from The New York Times that it had declared war on the United Kingdom on 17 September 1940.[29] The Sammarinese government later transmitted a message to the British government stating that they had not declared war on the United Kingdom.[30]

On 28 July 1943, three days after the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, PFS rule collapsed and the new government declared neutrality in the conflict. The PFS regained power on 1 April 1944 but kept neutrality intact. Despite that, on 26 June 1944, San Marino was bombed by the Royal Air Force, in the belief that San Marino had been overrun by German forces and was being used to amass stores and ammunition. The Sammarinese government declared on the same day that no military installations or equipment were located on its territory, and that no belligerent forces had been allowed to enter.[31] San Marino accepted thousands of civilian refugees when Allied forces went over the Gothic Line.[32] In September 1944, it was briefly occupied by German forces, who were defeated by Allied forces in the Battle of San Marino.[citation needed]

San Marino had the world's first democratically elected communist government – a coalition between the Sammarinese Communist Party and the Sammarinese Socialist Party, which held office between 1945 and 1957.[33][34]

San Marino is the world's smallest republic, although when Nauru gained independence in 1968 it challenged that claim. Nauru's land mass is only 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi), but its jurisdiction over its surrounding waters covers 431,000 km2 (166,000 sq mi), an area thousands of times greater than the territory of San Marino.[35] San Marino became a member of the Council of Europe in 1988 and of the United Nations in 1992. It is not a member of the European Union, although it uses the euro as its currency (despite not legally being part of the Eurozone). Before the introduction of the euro, the country's currency was the Sammarinese lira.

As of June 2020, San Marino had the highest death rate per capita of any country, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[36] In April 2021, the nation received headlines for using the Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine rather than vaccines approved by the EU following a slow rollout for the latter vaccines.[37][38]

At the 2020 Summer Olympics, San Marino became the smallest country to earn a medal, as Alessandra Perilli and Gian Marco Berti won silver in the mixed trap shooting event.[39]

On 7 March 2022, during the Russia-Ukraine War, the Russian Kremlin released a list of countries, via Twitter, who it considered "unfriendly" to Russia. San Marino was included in the list, alongside numerous well known Russian adversaries such as the United States of America and countries in the European Union. The motivation for including San Marino as an "unfriendly" nation was unclear and gained substantial attention on the Internet.[40][failed verification]

Geography

Enlargeable, detailed map of San Marino
Main article: Geography of San Marino
The fortress of Guaita on Mount Titano
View of the Guaita defensive wall

San Marino is an enclave surrounded by Italy in Southern Europe, on the border between the regions of Emilia Romagna and Marche and about 10 km (6.21 mi) from the Adriatic coast at Rimini. Its hilly topography, with no substantial naturally flat ground, is part of the Apennine mountain range. The highest point in the country, the summit of Monte Titano, is 749 m (2,457 feet) above sea level; the lowest, the Ausa River (ending in the Marecchia),[41] is 55 m. San Marino has no still or contained bodies of water of any significant size.

It is one of only three countries in the world to be completely enclosed by another country (the others being Vatican City, also enclosed by Italy, and Lesotho, enclosed by South Africa). It is the third smallest country in Europe, after Vatican City and Monaco, and the fifth smallest country in the world.[42]

The terrestrial ecoregion of Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests lies within San Marino's territory.[43] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 0.01/10, ranking it last globally out of 172 countries.[44]

Climate

San Marino lies between an oceanic climate and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb and Cfa), with some continental influences. It has warm to hot summers and cool winters, typical of inland areas of the central Italian Peninsula. Precipitation is scattered throughout the year with no real dry month. Snowfalls are common and heavy almost every winter, especially above 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 feet) of altitude.

Climate data for Borgo Maggiore, San Marino, altitude: 450 m (1,480 ft)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.5
(43.7) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		15.5
(59.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		25.0
(77.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.5
(81.5) 		24.0
(75.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.5
(45.5) 		17.0
(62.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		15.8
(60.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		22.0
(71.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		8.7
(47.7) 		4.5
(40.1) 		12.8
(55.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		9.0
(48.2) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		17.5
(63.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		10.0
(50.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		1.5
(34.7) 		8.8
(47.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 48
(1.9) 		49
(1.9) 		59
(2.3) 		65
(2.6) 		65
(2.6) 		56
(2.2) 		53
(2.1) 		60
(2.4) 		76
(3.0) 		79
(3.1) 		87
(3.4) 		63
(2.5) 		760
(30)
Source 1: Weatherspark.com[45]
Source 2: climatedata.org (precipitation)[46]

Government

Main article: Politics of San Marino
See also: Foreign relations of San Marino, Constitution of San Marino, Capital punishment in San Marino, San Marino passport, Law enforcement in San Marino, and Elections in San Marino
The Palazzo Pubblico, seat of the government of San Marino
Four former captains regent: from left to right, Mirko Tomassoni, Alessandro Rossi, Alessandro Mancini, and Alberto Selva

San Marino has the political framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic: the captains regent are both heads of state and heads of government, and there is a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Grand and General Council. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect, as the Statutes of 1600 are still at the core of its constitutional framework.[47]

San Marino was originally led by the Arengo, initially formed from the heads of each family. In the 13th century, power was given to the Grand and General Council. In 1243, the first two captains regent were nominated by the council. Still today, Captains Regent are elected every six months by the council.

The legislature of the republic is the Grand and General Council (Consiglio grande e generale). The council is a unicameral legislature with 60 members. There are elections every five years by proportional representation in all nine administrative districts. These districts (townships) correspond to the old parishes of the republic. All citizens 18 years or older are eligible to vote.

Besides general legislation, the Grand and General Council approves the budget and elects the captains regent, the State Congress (composed of ten secretaries with executive power), the Council of Twelve (which forms the judicial branch during the period of legislature of the council), the Advising Commissions, and the Government Unions. The council also has the power to ratify treaties with other countries. The council is divided into five different Advising Commissions consisting of fifteen councilors who examine, propose, and discuss the implementation of new laws that are on their way to being presented on the floor of the council.

Every six months, the council elects two captains regent to be the heads of state. The captains are chosen from opposing parties so that there is a balance of power. They serve a six-month term. The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October in every year. Once this term is over, citizens have three days in which to file complaints about the captains' activities. If they warrant it, judicial proceedings against the ex-head(s) of state can be initiated.

The practice of having two heads of state, like Roman consuls, chosen in frequent elections, is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic. The council is equivalent to the Roman Senate; the captains regent, to the consuls of ancient Rome. It is thought the inhabitants of the area came together as Roman rule collapsed to form a rudimentary government for their own protection from foreign rule.

San Marino is a multi-party democratic republic. A new election law in 2008 raised the threshold for small parties entering Parliament, causing political parties to organise themselves into two alliances: the right-wing Pact for San Marino, led by the San Marinese Christian Democratic Party; and the left-wing Reforms and Freedom, led by the Party of Socialists and Democrats, a merger of the Socialist Party of San Marino and the former communist Party of Democrats. The 2008 general election was won by the Pact for San Marino with 35 seats in the Grand and General Council against Reforms and Freedom's 25.

On 1 October 2007, Mirko Tomassoni was elected as among the heads of state, making him the first disabled person ever to have been elected as captain regent.[48]

San Marino has had more female heads of state than any other country: 15 as of October 2014, including three who served twice. With regard to the legal profession, while the Order of Lawyers and Notaries of the Republic of San Marino (Ordine degli Avvocati e Notai della Repubblica di San Marino) exists, there is no clear indication as to how demographic groups have fared in the legal field.

On 1 April 2022, 58-year-old Paolo Rondelli was elected as one of the two captains regent, its heads of state. He had previously been the Ambassador to the United States and is the world's first openly gay head of state.[49]

Administrative divisions

Municipalities

Administrative divisions of San Marino

San Marino is divided into the following nine municipalities, known locally as castelli (meaning "castles"):

  • San Marino (City of San Marino, officially Città di San Marino) is the capital.

There are also eight minor municipalities:

The largest settlement of the Republic is Dogana, which is not an autonomous castello, but rather belongs to the Castello of Serravalle.

In a similar way to an Italian comune, each castello includes a main settlement, called capoluogo, which is the seat of the castello, and some even smaller localities known as frazioni.

Curacies

The republic is made up of 43 parishes[50] named curacies (Template:Lang-it):
Cà Berlone, Cà Chiavello, Cà Giannino, Cà Melone, Cà Ragni, Cà Rigo, Cailungo, Caladino, Calligaria, Canepa, Capanne, Casole, Castellaro, Cerbaiola, Cinque Vie, Confine, Corianino, Crociale, Dogana, Falciano, Fiorina, Galavotto, Gualdicciolo, La Serra, Lesignano, Molarini, Montalbo, Monte Pulito, Murata, Pianacci, Piandivello, Poggio Casalino, Poggio Chiesanuova, Ponte Mellini, Rovereta, San Giovanni sotto le Penne, Santa Mustiola, Spaccio Giannoni, Teglio, Torraccia, Valdragone, Valgiurata and Ventoso.

Military

Main article: Sammarinese Armed Forces

San Marino's military forces are among the smallest in the world. National defence is, by arrangement, the responsibility of Italy's armed forces. Different branches have varied functions, including performing ceremonial duties, patrolling borders, mounting guard at government buildings, and assisting police in major criminal cases. The police are not included in the military of San Marino.

Crossbow Corps

Once at the heart of San Marino's army, the Crossbow Corps is now a ceremonial force of approximately 80 volunteers. Since 1295, the Crossbow Corps has provided demonstrations of crossbow shooting at festivals. Its uniform design is medieval. While still a statutory military unit, the Crossbow Corps has no military function today.

Guard of the Rock

Guards of the Rock

The Guard of the Rock is a front-line military unit in the San Marino armed forces, a state border patrol, with responsibility for patrolling borders and defending them.[51] In their role as Fortress Guards they are responsible for guarding the Palazzo Pubblico in San Marino City, the seat of national government.

In this role they are the forces most visible to tourists, and are known for their colourful ceremony of Changing the Guard.[51] Under the 1987 statute the Guard of the Rock are all enrolled as "Criminal Police Officers" (in addition to their military role) and assist the police in investigating major crime. The uniform of the Guard of the Rock is a distinctive red and green.[51]

Guard of the Grand and General Council

The Guard of the Grand and General Council commonly known as The Guard of the council or locally as the "Guard of Nobles", formed in 1741,[51] is a volunteer unit with ceremonial duties. Due to its striking blue, white, and gold uniform, it is perhaps the best-known part of the Sammarinese military, and appears on countless postcard views of the republic. The functions of the Guard of the council are to protect the captains regent, and to defend the Grand and General Council during its formal sessions. They also act as ceremonial bodyguards to government officials at both state and church festivals.

Company of Uniformed Militia

In former times, all families with two or more adult male members were required to enroll half of them in the Company of Uniformed Militia. This unit remains the basic fighting force of the armed forces of San Marino, but is largely ceremonial. It is a matter of civic pride for many Sammarinese to belong to the force, and all citizens with at least six years residence in the republic are entitled to enroll.

The uniform is dark blue, with a kepi bearing a blue and white plume. The ceremonial form of the uniform includes a white cross-strap, and white and blue sash, white epaulets, and white decorated cuffs.

Military Ensemble

Formally this is part of the Army Militia,[51] and is the ceremonial military band of San Marino. It consists of approximately 60 musicians.[52] The uniform is similar to that of the Army Militia. Military Ensemble music accompanies most state occasions in the republic.

Gendarmerie

Established in 1842, the Gendarmerie of San Marino is a militarised law enforcement agency.[51] Its members are full-time and have responsibility for the protection of citizens and property, and the preservation of law and order.

The entire military corps of San Marino depends upon the co-operation of full-time forces and their retained (volunteer) colleagues, known as the Corpi Militari Volontari, or Voluntary Military Force.

Economy

Main articles: Economy of San Marino, Sammarinese euro coins, Postage stamps and postal history of San Marino, and List of banks in San Marino
Tourism and banking are the country's main sources of revenue.
A proportional representation of San Marino exports, 2019

San Marino is a developed country,[53] and although it is not a European Union member it is allowed to use the euro as its currency by arrangement with the Council of the European Union; it is also granted the right to use its own designs on the national side of the euro coins. Before the euro, the Sammarinese lira was pegged to, and exchangeable with, the Italian lira. The small number of Sammarinese euro coins, as was the case with the lira before it, are primarily of interest to coin collectors.

San Marino's per capita GDP and standard of living are comparable to that of Italy. Key industries include banking, electronics, and ceramics. The main agricultural products are wine and cheese. San Marino imports mainly staple goods from Italy.

San Marino's postage stamps, which are valid for mail posted in the country, are mostly sold to philatelists and are a significant source of income.[54] San Marino is no longer a member of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation.[55]

It has the world's highest rate of car ownership, being one of two countries with more vehicles than people, alongside Andorra.

Taxation

The corporate profits tax rate in San Marino is 17%, capital gains are subject to a five percent tax, and active interest is subject to an 11% withholding tax. Several benefits apply to new businesses, which can strongly reduce the amount of taxes to be paid.

The personal income tax (IGR, Template:Lang-it) was introduced in 1984 and it was heavily reformed in 2013 with the goal of increasing fiscal revenue. The nominal tax rate ranges from 9% for an annual revenue below €10,000 to 35% for revenues above €80,000.

In 1972, a value-added tax (VAT) system was introduced in Italy, and an equivalent tax was introduced also in San Marino, in accordance with the 1939 friendship treaty. However, this tax is not a standard value-added tax, but rather it is an import tax, thus, it is levied only on imported goods and raw resources. For this reason it is locally best known as single stage tax (Template:Lang-it), as it is only applied one time during importation, while VAT is applied at every exchange. Furthermore, while VAT also applies to services, the import tax only applies on physical goods. Another important difference is that while VAT is computed on the final price paid by the consumer, the import tax is levied on the importation cost paid by the company, which is generally much lower.

Under the European Union customs agreement, San Marino import tax is considered equivalent to the European VAT system. A separate tax on services, with a rate of 3%, has been introduced in 2011. The introduction of a true VAT system, not dissimilar from the European one, is under development.

Because San Marino's tax rate is lower than surrounding Italy's, many businesses choose to be based in San Marino to avoid the higher rates. San Marino boasts a corporate rate 6% lower than Italy (23%) and 4% lower than the EU average (21.3%). This has made San Marino the tax haven of choice for many wealthy Italians and businesses.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in San Marino

The tourism sector contributes over 22% of San Marino's GDP,[56] with approximately 2 million tourists having visited in 2014.[57]

Conventions with Italy

San Marino and Italy have engaged in conventions since 1862,[58] dictating some economic activities in San Marino's territory. Cultivation of tobacco and production of goods which are subject to Italy's government monopoly are forbidden in San Marino. Direct import is forbidden; all goods coming from a third party have to travel through Italy before reaching the country. Although it is allowed to print its own postal stamps, San Marino is not allowed to coin its own currency and is obliged to use Italy's mint; the agreement does not affect the right of the Republic of San Marino to continue to issue gold coins denominated in Scudi[59] (the legal value of 1 gold Scudo is 37.50 euros). Gambling is legal and regulated; however, casinos were outlawed prior to 2007. There is one legally operating casino.

In exchange for these limitations, Italy provides San Marino with an annual stipend, provided at cost, of sea salt (not more than 250 tonnes per year), tobacco (40 tonnes), cigarettes (20 tonnes) and matches (unlimited amount).[60]

At the border there are no formalities with Italy. However, at the tourist office visitors can purchase officially cancelled souvenir stamps for their passports.

Population

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of San Marino

San Marino has a population of approximately 33,000, with 4,800 foreign residents, most of whom are Italian citizens. Another 12,000 Sammarinese live abroad (5,700 in Italy, 3,000 in the US, 1,900 in France and 1,600 in Argentina).

The first census since 1976 was conducted in 2010. Results were expected by the end of 2011; however, 13% of families did not return their forms.

The primary language spoken is Italian; Romagnol is also widely spoken.

Notable people

Religion

Main article: Religion in San Marino
San Marino Cathedral

San Marino is a predominantly Catholic state,[1] though Catholicism is not an established religion. Over 97% of the population profess the Catholic faith, and approximately half of those practise it.[61] There is no episcopal see in San Marino, although its name is part of the present diocesan title. Historically, the various parishes in San Marino were divided between two Italian dioceses, mostly in the Diocese of Montefeltro, and partly in the Diocese of Rimini. In 1977, the border between Montefeltro and Rimini was readjusted so that all of San Marino fell within the diocese of Montefeltro. The bishop of Montefeltro-San Marino resides in Pennabilli, in Italy's province of Pesaro e Urbino. The country's high Roman Catholic majority can mainly be brought back to the country's founding, where Saint Marinus set up the first fortress to protect Christians from Roman persecution.[62] The small state's culture has primarily remained Catholic ever since.

There is a provision under the income tax rules that taxpayers have the right to request the allocation of 0.3% of their income tax to the Catholic Church or to charities.

The Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro was until 1977 the historic diocese of Montefeltro. It is a suffragan of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia.[63] The diocese includes all the parishes of San Marino. The earliest mention of Montefeltro, as Mona Feretri, is in the diplomas by which Charlemagne confirmed the donation of Pepin. The first known bishop of Montefeltro was Agatho (826), whose residence was at San Leo. Under Bishop Flaminios Dondi (1724) the see was again transferred to San Leo, but later it returned to Pennabilli. The historic diocese was a suffragan of the archdiocese of Urbino.[64] Since 1988, there is formally an apostolic nunciature to the republic, but it is vested in the nuncio to Italy.

Other faiths include the Waldensian Church and Jehovah's Witnesses. There has been a Jewish presence in San Marino for at least 600 years.[65] The first mention of Jews in San Marino dates to the late 14th century, in official documents recording the business transactions of Jews. There are many documents throughout the 15th to 17th centuries describing Jewish dealings and verifying the presence of a Jewish community in San Marino.[66] Jews were permitted official protection by the government.

During World War II, San Marino provided a haven for more than 100,000 Jews and other Italians (approximately 10 times the Sammarinese population at the time) from Nazi persecution. As of 2012, few Jews remain.[67] In 2019, a building was inaugurated as the 'Chapel of three religions', the first-ever building of its kind devoted to interfaith dialogue.[68]

Religions in San Marino (2011)[1]
Religion %
Roman Catholic 97.2%
Protestant 1.1%
Other Christian 0.7%
Jewish 0.1%
Other 0.1%
Not religious 0.7%
No answer 0.1%

Transport

Main article: Transport in San Marino

There are 220 km (140 mi) of roads in the country, the main road being the San Marino Highway. Authorities license private vehicles with distinctive Sammarinese license plates, which are white with blue figures and the coat of arms, usually a letter followed by up to four numbers. Many vehicles also carry the international vehicle identification code (in black on a white oval sticker), which is "RSM".

There are no public airports in San Marino, but there is a small private airstrip located in Torraccia. Most tourists who arrive by air land at Federico Fellini International Airport (close to the Italian city of Rimini), then make the transfer by bus.

Two rivers flow through San Marino, but there is no major water transport, and no port or harbour.

Public transport

San Marino public transport comprises eight local bus lines entirely within San Marino. Cross-border connection to Rimini is available across a highway bridge in Rovereta.

There is a regular bus service between Rimini and the city of San Marino that is popular with both tourists and workers commuting to San Marino from Italy. This service stops at approximately 20 locations in Rimini and within San Marino, with its two terminus stops at Rimini railway station and San Marino coach station.

A limited licensed taxi service operates nationwide. There are seven licensed taxi companies operating in the republic,[69] and Italian taxis regularly operate within San Marino when carrying passengers picked up in Italian territory.

Aerial tramway to Monte Titano

There is a 1.5 km (0.93 mi) aerial tramway connecting the City of San Marino on top of Monte Titano with Borgo Maggiore, a major town in the republic, with the second largest population of any Sammarinese settlement. From here a further connection is available to the nation's largest settlement, Dogana, via the local bus service.

Two aerial tramway cars (gondolas) operate, with service provided at roughly 15-minute intervals throughout the day. A third vehicle is available on the system, a service car for the use of engineers maintaining the tramway.

Railway

Main article: Ferrovia Rimini–San Marino

Today, there is no railway in San Marino, but for a short period before World War II, it had a single narrow-gauge line called the Ferrovia Rimini–San Marino which connected the country with the Italian rail network at Rimini. Because of the difficulties in accessing the capital, City of San Marino, with its mountain-top location, the terminus station was planned to be located in the village of Valdragone, but was extended to reach the capital through a steep and winding track comprising many tunnels. The railway was opened on 12 June 1932.[70] An advanced system for its time, it was an electric railway, powered from overhead cables. It was well built and had a high frequency of passengers, but was almost completely destroyed during World War II. Many facilities such as bridges, tunnels, and stations remain visible today, and some have been converted to parks, public footpaths, or traffic routes. Debate continues on whether the line should be restored, as Rimini is the nearest bigger city and has access to the Adriatic sea, the Italian railway network, and the Federico Fellini International Airport.

Culture

Part of a series on the
Culture of San Marino
History
People
Languages
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Music
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols
A painting in the Museo di Stato di San Marino by Pompeo Batoni

The Three Towers of San Marino are located on the three peaks of Monte Titano in the capital. They are depicted on both the flag of San Marino and its coat of arms. The three towers are: Guaita, the oldest of the three (it was constructed in the 11th century); the 13th-century Cesta, located on the highest of Monte Titano's summits; and the 14th-century Montale, on the smallest of Monte Titano's summits, still privately owned.

University

The Università degli Studi della Repubblica di San Marino (University of the Republic of San Marino)[71] is the main university, which includes the Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici di San Marino (Graduate School of Historical Studies), a distinguished research and advanced international study centre governed by an international Scientific Committee coordinated by the emeritus historian Luciano Canfora. Other important institutes are the Istituto Musicale Sammarinese (Sammarinese Musical Institute)[72] and the Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino or Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze San Marino (International Academy of Sciences San Marino).[73] The latter is known for adopting Esperanto as the language for teaching and for scientific publications; further, it makes wide use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning).

Italian author Umberto Eco had attempted to create a "university without physical structures" in San Marino.[74]

Sport

Main article: Sport in San Marino
See also: San Marino at the Olympics and Football in San Marino

In San Marino football is the most popular sport. Basketball and volleyball are also popular. The three sports have their own federations, the San Marino Football Federation, the San Marino Basketball Federation and the San Marino Volleyball Federation.

The San Marino national football team has had little success, being made up of part-timers, such as local plumbers and farmers. Never qualifying for a major tournament, and recording only one win in over 25 years of its history, a 1–0 victory in 2004 against Liechtenstein.[75] They have drawn four more, with their most notable result being a 1993 0–0 draw with Turkey during the European qualifiers for the 1994 FIFA World Cup.[76] In the same qualifying competition Davide Gualtieri scored a goal 8.3 seconds into a match against England; this goal held the record for the fastest in international football until 2016.[77][78] San Marino has a club in the Italian league system called A.S.D.V. San Marino and a domestic amateur Campionato Sammarinese whose teams also participate in European club competitions. Together with Italy, San Marino held the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, with teams playing at the Stadio Olimpico in Serravalle. With Italy being the sole automatic qualifiers, the Sammarinese team was not participating in the final tournament.

2005 San Marino Grand Prix held in Imola, Italy

A Formula One race, the San Marino Grand Prix, was named after the state, although it did not take place there. Instead, it was held at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the Italian town of Imola, about 100 km (60 mi) northwest of San Marino. Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna suffered fatal accidents a day apart during the 1994 Grand Prix. This international event was removed from the calendar in 2007, although the circuit has since returned to the calendar as the Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix.

The San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix was reinstated in the schedule in 2007 and takes place at the Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli, as does San Marino's round of the World Superbike Championship.

San Marino has a professional baseball team which plays in Italy's top division. It has participated in the European Cup tournament for the continent's top club sides several times, hosting the event in 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2007. It won the championship in 2006, 2011 and 2014.

Shooting is also very popular in San Marino, with many shooters having taken part in international competitions and the Olympic Games. San Marino is also the smallest country to have ever won an Olympic medal, having won one silver and a bronze in shooting in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Despite their small population, they got their silver in a team event losing the gold medal match to Spain 41–40.

Cuisine

Main article: Sammarinese cuisine
A piadina, a dish characteristic of the Italian region of Romagna and of its enclave of San Marino

The cuisine of San Marino is extremely similar to Italian, especially that of the adjoining Emilia-Romagna and Marche regions, but it has a number of its own unique dishes and products.[79] Its best known is probably the Torta Tre Monti ("Cake of the Three Mountains" or "Cake of the Three Towers"), a wafer layered cake covered in chocolate depicting the Three Towers of San Marino. The country also has a small wine industry.

UNESCO

The site San Marino: Historic Centre and Mount Titano became part of the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2008. The decision was taken during the 32nd Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee composed of 21 Countries convened in Québec, Canada.

Music

Main articles: Music of San Marino and San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest

The country has a long and rich musical tradition, closely linked to that of Italy, but which is also highly independent in itself. A well-known 17th-century composer is Francesco Maria Marini. The pop singer Little Tony achieved considerable success in the United Kingdom and Italy in the 1950s and 1960s.

San Marino has taken part in the Eurovision Song Contest eleven times, achieving three final qualifications to date (with then-three, eventually four-time contestant and San Marino native Valentina Monetta with "Maybe" in 2014, Turkish singer Serhat with "Say Na Na Na" who achieved 19th place in the final in 2019 and Italian singer Senhit along with American rapper Flo Rida who qualified for the 2021 final with the song "Adrenalina").

Public holidays and festivals

Main article: Public holidays in San Marino
Date Name Explanation
1 January New Year's Day Festival marking the beginning of the new year
6 January Epiphany Commemorates the visit of the three wise men or magi to the infant Jesus
5 February Feast of Saint Agatha Commemoration of Saint Agatha, co-patroness of the Republic after the country was liberated from foreign rule on her feast day in 1740[22]
Variable, the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox Easter Resurrection of Jesus
Variable, the Monday after Easter Sunday Easter Monday Monday after Easter day
25 March Anniversary of the Arengo Anniversary of the 1906 Arengo and the Festa delle Milizie (Feast of the Militants)
1 May Labour Day Celebration of workers and employees
Variable, the first Thursday after Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi Commemoration of the body and blood of Jesus Christ
28 July Liberation from Fascism Commemoration of the fall of the Sammarinese Fascist Party
15 August Ferragosto (Assumption) Commemoration of the Virgin Mary's assumption into heaven
3 September The Feast of Saint Marinus and the Republic National feast of Saint Marinus (San Marino), celebrating the origin of the Republic in 301
1 November All Saints' Day Feast dedicated to all saints
2 November Commemoration of all those who died at war Remembrance of all those who gave their lives for San Marino in war
8 December Immaculate Conception Remembrance of the Virgin Mary's conception without original sin
24 December Christmas Eve Day before the commemoration of the birth of Jesus
25 December Christmas Birth of Jesus
26 December Saint Stephen's Day Commemoration of the death of Saint Stephen, the first Christian martyr
31 December New Year's Eve Celebration which closes and marks the end of the year

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g San Marino. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  2. ^ a b "San Marino". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  3. ^ "San Marino è". GOV.SM. Repubblica di San Marino. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  4. ^ "San Marino – Population – Upeceds". www.statistica.sm. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d San Marino. Imf.org.
  6. ^ Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations ESCAP, February 2009
  7. ^ "San Marino" (PDF). UNECE Statistics Programme. UNECE. 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  8. ^ "FACTBOX: Five facts: Most Serene Republic of San Marino". Reuters. 17 August 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  9. ^ "World Bank Small States Information by Country" (PDF).
  10. ^ "WHO small countries initiative".
  11. ^ "Council of the European Union, Declaration on Article 8 of the Treaty on European Union, Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, Brussels, 15 April 2008, p. 427".
  12. ^ "European Parliament recommendation of 13 March 2019 to the Council on the association agreement between the EU and Monaco, Andorra and San Marino".
  13. ^ "The Republic of San Marino: Italy's Mountaintop Microstate". Round the World in 30 Days. 14 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  14. ^ "Informazioni sulla popolazione – Repubblica di San Marino, portale ufficiale". Sanmarino.sm. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  15. ^ "Europe's Micro-States: (04) San Marino". Deutsche Welle. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  16. ^ M. A., Geography; B. A., Geography. "Have You Ever Wondered What the Oldest Country in the World Is?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  17. ^ "SanMarinoSite. Chiesanuova". 10 October 2014.
  18. ^ San Marino. Countries and their Cultures.
  19. ^ Paul Joseph The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives: Volume IV, 2017, p. 1511.
  20. ^ Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles, 2011, p. 20.
  21. ^ Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles, 2011, p. 21.
  22. ^ a b Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles, 2011, p. 23.
  23. ^ "From 1500 to beginning 1800, Napoleon in San Marino". Sanmarinosite.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  24. ^ Histoire abrégée des traités de paix entre les puissances de l'Europe depuis la Paix de Westphalie, Christophe-Guillaume Koch, ed., Paris, 1817, vol. V, p. 19.
  25. ^ "San Marino". United States Diplomatic History. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  26. ^ Irving Wallace, The Book of Lists 3
  27. ^ "San Marino e la Prima Guerra Mondiale". Educazione.sm. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  28. ^ Valentina (13 October 2014). "World Wars and Fascism in San Marino". Sanmarinosite.com. San Marino Site Turismo. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  29. ^ "Gales Scatter Nazi Channel Fleets; Italians Thrust Deeper into Egypt (9/18/40)". 209.157.64.200. 18 September 2010. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  30. ^ "FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: DIPLOMATIC PAPERS, 1944, EUROPE, VOLUME IV". Office of the Historian. (U.S.) Department of State. 4 July 1944. pp. 291–292. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  31. ^ "FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: DIPLOMATIC PAPERS, 1944, EUROPE, VOLUME IV". Office of the Historian. (U.S.) Department of State. 4 July 1944. pp. 290–291. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  32. ^ "Guerre Mondiali e Fascismo nella storia di San Marino". Sanmarinosite.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  33. ^ Manali Desai (2006). State Formation and Radical Democracy in India. Taylor & Francis. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-203-96774-4. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  34. ^ Alan James Mayne (1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  35. ^ "Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles: Nauru". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
  36. ^ "Gruppo coordinamento emergenze sanitarie: aggiornamento dati sull’Infezione COVID-19", Istituto per la Sicurezza Sociale, Repubblica di San Marino, 29 April 2020 (in Italian)
  37. ^ "San Marino, the micronation within Italy, stokes envy with speedy Russian-supplied vaccine campaign", Washington Post, 2 April 2021
  38. ^ "Shut Out on Vaccines, Tiny San Marino Turns to Old Friend: Russia", New York Times, 2 April 2021
  39. ^ "Olympics-Shooting-Tears of joy as San Marino becomes smallest Olympic medal-winning nation". sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  40. ^ van Brugen, Isabel (7 March 2022). "Russia Releases Lengthy List Of 'Unfriendly' Countries". Newsweek.com. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  41. ^ "Parco Ausa". Ecomuseo Rimini. Retrieved 14 March 2022. Nel corso della metà del secolo scorso "l'Ausa, che si stava trasformando sempre di più in una fogna", è stato deviato e fatto confluire nelle acque del Marecchia per mezzo di sponde cementificate che, dai pressi del casello autostradale di Rimini Sud, costeggiano la collina di Covignano. A partire dagli anni sessanta il vecchio corso che sfociava in mare all'altezza di Piazzale Kennedy, venne tombificato. [During the middle of the last century, "the Ausa, which was increasingly turning into a sewer", was diverted and made to flow into the waters of the Marecchia by means of cemented banks which, near the Rimini Sud motorway exit, skirt the Covignano hill. Starting from the sixties, the old course that flowed into the sea at Piazzale Kennedy was buried.]
  42. ^ Planet, Lonely. "San Marino". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  43. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  44. ^ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  45. ^ "Average Weather in Borgo Maggiore San Marino". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  46. ^ "Borgo Maggiore Climate". climate-data.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  47. ^ "The United States has "the longest surviving constitution."". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  48. ^ "San Marino, primo capo di Stato disabile "Via tutte le barriere architettoniche" – esteri". Repubblica.it. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  49. ^ Lyman, Eric J (4 April 2022). "San Marino appoints world's first openly gay head of state". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  50. ^ "Regolamento Disciplina Campagna Elettorale" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2010.. elezioni.sm
  51. ^ a b c d e f San Marino Department of Tourism (2011). "San Marino Military Organizations" (in English and Italian). Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  52. ^ "CHI SIAMO" (in Italian). BANDA MILITARE DELLA REPUBBLICA DI SAN MARINO. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  53. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  54. ^ "Vendita Francobolii - San Marino" (in Italian). Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  55. ^ "SEPAC Stamps | Small European Postal Administration Cooperations". Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  56. ^ "Turismo: San Marino fa i conti con la recessione economica, l'Italia guarda con fiducia al 2010" (in Italian). San Marino RTV. 11 January 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  57. ^ "Tourists flows" (PDF). statistica.sm. Statistical Office of San Marino. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  58. ^ "Convenzioni Bilaterali – Accordi bilaterali con l'Italia" (in Italian). Segreteria di stato per gli affari esteri e politici. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  59. ^ "Convenzione monetaria tra la Repubblica Italiana, per conto della Comunità europea, e la Repubblica di San Marino".
  60. ^ "Convenzione di amicizia e buon vicinato 1939 (1980 transcript)" (PDF) (in Italian). 1980. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  61. ^ World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. 2009. p. 856. ISBN 978-0-7614-7893-5.
  62. ^ "San Marino historical origins". Sanmarinosite.com. 30 October 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  63. ^ "Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  64. ^ Knight, Kevin (2009). "Diocese of Montefeltro". newadvent.org. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  65. ^ "San Marino". 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  66. ^ "La". Publibook. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014.
  67. ^ Sheib, Ariel. "Virtual Jewish history tour: San Marino". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  68. ^ "Kapela tri religije". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  69. ^ Licensed taxi companies are listed on the "Government tourism website". Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  70. ^ Internacia Fervojisto (International Railways), 2005.6, p. 85. In Esperanto
  71. ^ "Università degli Studi di San Marino". Unirsm.sm. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  72. ^ "Istituto Musicale Sammarinese". Ims.sm. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  73. ^ "Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze". Ais-sanmarino.org. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  74. ^ "Umberto Eco biography". Liquidsky.net. 16 January 1994. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  75. ^ "SAN MARINO VS. LIECHTENSTEIN 1 – 0". Soccerway. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  76. ^ "San Marino v Turkey". Scoreshelf. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  77. ^ "Christian Benteke nets fastest international goal in 8.1 seconds". Espnfc.com. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  78. ^ Bevan, Chris (11 October 2012). "Davide Gualtieri: The man from San Marino who shocked England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  79. ^ World and Its Peoples. World and Its Peoples: Europe. Marshall Cavendish Reference. 2010. p. 855. ISBN 978-0-7614-7893-5. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Marino.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "San Marino".
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Marino.
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article "San Marino".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Marino&oldid=1104881268"