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Star Wars Episode VI:
Return of the Jedi
Directed byRichard Marquand
Written byStory:
George Lucas
Screenplay:
George Lucas
Lawrence Kasdan
Produced byHoward Kazanjian
George Lucas
Rick McCallum (SE)
StarringMark Hamill
Harrison Ford
Carrie Fisher
Billy Dee Williams
Ian McDiarmid
CinematographyAlan Hume
Edited bySean Barton
Marcia Lucas
Duwayne Dunham
Music byJohn Williams
Distributed by20th Century Fox
Release dates
May 25, 1983 (USA)
Running time
134 min. (original)
135 min. (SE)
LanguageEnglish
Budget$32,500,000

Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi is a 1983 science fantasy film directed by Richard Marquand and written by George Lucas and Lawrence Kasdan. It is the third film to be released in the Star Wars saga, and the sixth and final in terms of internal chronology. Among fans, the title is sometimes abbreviated as "ROTJ".[1]

The film is set about one year after the Empire's occupation of Cloud City, when Luke Skywalker and friends travel to Tatooine to rescue their friend Han Solo from the vile Jabba the Hutt. The Empire prepares to crush the Rebellion with a more powerful Death Star, while the Rebel fleet mounts a massive attack on the space station. Luke Skywalker confronts his father, Darth Vader, in a final climactic duel before the evil Emperor.

The film debuted on May 25, 1983, and was released on VHS and LaserDisc in this form multiple times during the 1980s and 90s. The film was re-released with changes in 1997, and this version was later released on VHS and Laserdisc as well. The special edition arrived on DVD in 2004, but with further updates and changes to the 1997 versions. The original, unaltered version of the film was released as part of a new DVD set in September 2006.

Production

Template:Spoiler With The Empire Strikes Back, George Lucas fought and won his battle for his independence from Hollywood. Like Empire, Lucas funded Return of the Jedi with his own personal finances.[2] However, he found that his independence also cost him a great deal. Having quit the Director's Guild of America during post-production of Empire, it was no longer possible for Lucas to hire his long-time friend Steven Spielberg as director.[2] David Lynch, with a Best Director nomination for the 1980 film The Elephant Man was approached by Lucas to helm Return of the Jedi, but he declined to instead direct Dune.[3] He eventually chose Welsh director Richard Marquand. Some reports have suggested that George Lucas was so heavily involved in the shooting of Return of the Jedi that he could be considered a second or a co-director. It is likely that he directed much of the second unit work personally as the shooting threatened to go over schedule and this is a function Lucas had willingly performed on previous occasions when he had only officially been producing a film. (i.e. Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Empire Strikes Back, More American Graffiti).[4] Lucas himself has only ever gone as far as admitting that he had often to be on the set due to Marquand's relative inexperience with special effects.[2] The working relationship between George Lucas and Marquand was said to be bad, however Lucas has insisted that he and Marquand had a good working relationship and has gone as far to praise Marquand for being a very nice person who worked well with actors.[5]

The screenplay was written by Lawrence Kasdan and Lucas (with uncredited contributions by David Webb Peoples and Marquand), based on Lucas' story. An issue that came about during pre-production was whether Harrison Ford would return for the final film. Unlike the stars of the previous two films, Ford had not signed on for two sequels. Ford's idea was to have Han Solo be killed through self-sacrifice. Kasdan concurred, saying it should happen near the beginning of the film to instill doubt as to whether the others would survive. However, Lucas was vehemently against it and rejected the concept.[2] George Lucas included the scene in which Yoda confirms that Darth Vader is Luke's father because, after a discussion with a children's psychologist, he didn't want younger moviegoers to dismiss Vader's claim as a lie.[5] Many ideas of the original script were left out or changed. For instance, the ewoks were going to be the giant wookiees [6], the Millenium Falcon would be used in the arrival at the Endor moon instead of the Death Star attack, and Obi-Wan Kenobi would return from his existence in the Force to become a living human being again. [7]

A teaser poster entitled Revenge of the Jedi

The film was originally titled Revenge of the Jedi. However, a few weeks before the film's premiere, George Lucas changed the title, stating revenge could not be used because Jedi do not seek revenge.[2] However, the original teaser trailer for the film still carried this moniker.[8] The 2005 prequel trilogy film Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith would later allude to the dismissed title of Return of the Jedi.[9]

Filming began on January 11, 1982, lasting through till May 20, 1982. Lucas was determined to keep the budget from skyrocketing the way it had done so on The Empire Strikes Back. The situation was not helped when many attempted to take advantage of the success of the franchise. To correct the issue, the working title of the project was changed to Blue Harvest and dubbed "Horror Beyond Imagination" to engender no interest whatsoever in the film. This would disguise what the production crew was really filming from fans and the prying eyes of the press.[2] According to producer Howard Kazanjian, the fact that Lucasfilm is a non-union company made acquiring shooting locations more difficult and more expensive, even though A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back were mammoth hits.[2]

While attempting to film Luke Skywalker's battle with the Rancor beast, Lucas insisted upon creating the scene in the same vein as the Japanese Godzilla films by using a stunt performer inside of a suit. The production crew made several attempts, but were unable to create a adequate result. Lucas eventually relented and it was decided to film the Rancor as a high-speed puppet.[2] To create the speeder chase near the middle of the film, the production moved to the Red Wood Forests of Northern California. Using a steadicam, the camera operator walked through a disguised path inside the forest shooting at 1fps. By moving 5mph and projecting the footage at 24fps, the motion seen in the film appeared as if it were moving at around 100mph.[2]

A legend among fans holds that Lando and the Millennium Falcon were originally scripted to perish in the Death Star explosion. However, Lando was always intended to escape the Death Star, surviving in the script's first draft (dated July 12 1981) [7]. The legend had been fueled by the fact that before the Death Star attack, Han tells Leia that he has a feeling he isn't going to see his ship again.

Return of the Jedi was filmed on a budget of $32,500,000. It was originally intended to be the final Star Wars film produced. However, after ushering in digital technology, Lucas later relented and began writing a prequel trilogy in 1994. Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace was released in 1999, 16 years after the release of Jedi.

Synopsis

File:Return of the jedi 1.jpg
Luke, Han and Chewbacca on a transport headed for their execution

The opening crawl reveals that the Galactic Empire has been working on the construction of a new armored space station which is to be even more powerful than the first Death Star. Meanwhile, Luke Skywalker and his friends return to Tatooine in an attempt to rescue Han Solo from the gangster Jabba the Hutt. Princess Leia, disguised as a bounty hunter named Boussh, attempts to secretly free Solo from the carbonite, only to be discovered and enslaved by Jabba soon after. Several days later, Luke arrives to make one final plea to Jabba to release Solo. Luke is captured and is sent with his friends to the Great Pit of Carkoon to be slowly consumed by the Sarlacc. With the help of R2-D2, Luke escapes and a large battle erupts, in which Jabba is killed by Leia, and Boba Fett is knocked into the Sarlacc pit. Luke and crew escape just before Jabba's sail barge explodes.

Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training, but Yoda is ill and says no further training is required. Before dying, Yoda tells Luke that all that remains to be done is to confront his father, Darth Vader. Later, the spirit form of Obi-Wan Kenobi appears, and confirms that Vader was once Anakin Skywalker, a former Jedi who turned to the dark side. It is also revealed that Princess Leia is Luke's twin sister, hidden from Anakin and separated at birth to protect them both from the Emperor. At the rendezvous point, the Rebel Alliance devise an attack strategy. As part of the attack, Luke and his companions must deactivate the shield generator that protects the Death Star on the moon of Endor. On Endor, Luke and his companions encounter a tribe of Ewoks, indigenous forest creatures of Endor. With the help of C-3PO, they are able to forge an alliance with the forest creatures. Later, Luke decides that the time has come for him to face Darth Vader. He confesses to Leia the truth about her and Vader, and that he has to try to save the man who was once his father. He surrenders peacefully to Vader, and unsuccessfully tries to convince his father to abandon the dark side. They go to the Death Star and meet the Emperor, who reveals that the Rebel Alliance is falling into a trap that he had prepared. On the forest moon, the Rebels enter the shield generator control facility, only to be taken prisoner by waiting Imperial forces. Solo and company are led out of the bunker, but the Ewoks then spring a surprise attack. A battle begins with the Rebels and Ewoks against the Empire.

File:Return of the jedi 4.jpg
Darth Vader and Luke duel aboard the second Death Star

The Rebel fleet emerges from hyperspace for the battle over Endor, only to discover that the shield of the Death Star is still functioning. An intense battle takes place as the Rebel fleet battles to give the surface party more time to complete their mission of deactivating the Death Star's shield. During the battle, the Death Star is revealed to be operational; its superlaser is fired at the Rebel fleet and obliterates a Rebel star cruiser. On the Death Star, the Emperor tempts Luke to give in to his anger. A ferocious duel erupts between Luke and his father. In the midst of combat, Vader reads Luke's feelings and learns that Luke has a twin sister. When Vader toys with the notion of turning Leia to the dark side, Luke gives in to his anger and gains the upper hand in the battle, cutting off Vader's robotic hand in a rage. However, despite the Emperor's goading, Luke refuses to kill his father, realizing that he is traveling down his father's path towards the dark side. He declares himself a Jedi. Seeing that Luke cannot be swayed, the Emperor uses Force lightning against him to deliver the final blow. Deeply affected by the sight of his son dying before him, Anakin Skywalker repents and turns on the Emperor by throwing him down a reactor shaft. The Emperor's Force lightning causes fatal injuries to Anakin, damaging his breathing system. Knowing that there is no hope for his own survival, Anakin asks Luke to take his mask off. Luke removes the helmet, revealing the pale and scarred face of his father. Anakin says that Luke was right about him, and asks Luke to tell his sister so. With those final words, Anakin dies.

Once the Endor strike team finally destroys the shield generator, the Rebel fleet seizes the opportunity to launch a final assault on the Death Star. Lando Calrissian leads Wedge Antilles and his fighter group into the bowels of the Death Star and they fire at the main reactor, causing its collapse. Luke, with the body and armor of Anakin, escapes the Death Star in an Imperial shuttle. Moments later, Wedge in his X-Wing and Lando in the Falcon emerge from the Death Star as well, just as the Death Star explodes. Back on Endor, Leia reassures Han Solo of her love and explains that Luke is actually her brother. That evening, Luke cremates the remains of his father in a funeral pyre on Endor. The entire galaxy celebrates the death of the Emperor and the Rebel victory over the Empire. Back on Endor, Luke, Leia, Han, Lando, and the rest of the rebellion, along with the Ewoks, celebrate the victory as well. Amidst the celebration on the forest moon, Luke catches sight of the spirit figures of Obi-Wan Kenobi, Yoda, and Anakin Skywalker, who stare proudly back at him. Template:Endspoiler

Releases

Return of the Jedi was released on May 25, 1983. With a massive worldwide marketing campaign, Star Wars series artist Drew Struzan created the iconic and distinctive images for the movie posters and other advertising. At the time of its release, the film was advertised by simply its subtitle, despite its episode distinction. This was evident on release posters and merchandise. The film was re-released to theaters in 1985, and in 1997 for the Special Edition.

Special Edition

In 1997, for the 20th Anniversary of the release of the first Star Wars film, George Lucas released The Star Wars Trilogy: Special Edition. Along with the two other films in the original trilogy, Return of the Jedi was re-released with a number of changes and additions, which included the insertion of several alien band members in Jabba's throne room and the replacement of music at the closing scene. However, compared to the amount of changes in Hope and Empire, this has the fewest changes because, according to Lucas, the film is more emotionally driven than the others.[5] The changes, however, have caused controversy among the fans as some believe that they detract from the films.[10]

DVD release

Return of the Jedi was released on DVD in September 21, 2004. It was bundled with A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back, along with a bonus disc in a boxed set. It was digitally restored and remastered, with more changes made by George Lucas, detailed in List of changes in Star Wars re-releases. The bonus disc included, according to the official site, "all-new bonus features, including the most comprehensive feature-length documentary ever produced on the Star Wars saga, and never-before-seen footage from the making of all three films." The DVD also featured English subtitles, Dolby Digital 5.1 EX surround sound, and commentaries by George Lucas, Ben Burtt, Dennis Muren, and Carrie Fisher. For the bonus disk, there were documentaries including Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy and several featurettes including The Legendary Creatures of Star Wars, The Birth of the Lightsaber, The Legacy of Star Wars. Also included were teasers, trailers, TV spots, still galleries, and several video game demos.

With the release of Revenge of the Sith, which depicts how and why Anakin Skywalker turned to the dark side of the Force, George Lucas once again altered Return of the Jedi to strengthen the relationship between the original trilogy and the prequel trilogy. In Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith, Anakin Skywalker is played by Hayden Christensen. However, in the original and Special Edition version of Return of the Jedi, renowned British theatre actor Sebastian Shaw played both the dying Anakin Skywalker and his ghost. In the DVD release, Anakin's ghost is shown as a younger man played by Hayden Christensen. The change drew further fan criticism directed toward George Lucas. The set was reissued in December 2005 as part of a three-disc "limited edition" boxed set that did not feature the bonus disc.

All three films in the original Star Wars trilogy have since been released, individually, on DVD, each compiled with its theatrical release cut as well as the 2004 DVD special edition. These versions were only available from September 12 2006 to December 31 2006. Although the 2004 versions in these sets each feature an audio commentary, no other special features were included to commemorate the original cuts. Complaints also arose about the quality of the DVD transfers, speculating that they were simply copied from Laserdisc versions of the trilogy compared to new high definition transfers.

Reaction

Although a critical and commercial hit, Return of the Jedi is considered by many critics and fans to be the weakest film of the original trilogy.[11][12] Some indication of public opinion can be gleaned by its relatively modest ranking in the Internet Movie Database's Top 250 films list; as of March 2007, it ranked #108, as compared to A New Hope at #12 and The Empire Strikes Back at #9.[13] On the other hand, this is still far higher than any of the films of the prequel trilogy; as of March 2007, The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith fail to make the list at all. However, Revenge of the Sith 's 82% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes does slightly outrank Return of the Jedi 's 80%.[14]

Contemporary critics were largely complimentary. In 1983, Roger Ebert gave the film a four-star rating[15], and James Kendrick of Q Network Film Desk described Return of the Jedi as "a magnificent experience".[16] The film was also featured on the May 23, 1983 TIME cover issue (where it was labeled "Star Wars III"), with the reviewer [Gerald Clarke] saying that while it was not as exciting as the first Star Wars film, it was "better and more satisfying" than The Empire Strikes Back, now considered by many as the best of the original trilogy. The film grossed $US 475 million worldwide.[17]

At the 1984 Academy Awards, Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, Ken Ralston, and Phil Tippett won the Special achievement award for visual effects. Norman Reynolds, Fred Hole, James L. Schoppe, and Michael Ford received the nomination for Best art direction/set decoration. Ben Burtt received the nomination for Best effects, sound effects editing. John Williams received the nomination for Best music, original score. Ben Burtt, Gary Summers, Randy Thom, and Tony Dawe received the nomination for Best sound.

While the action set pieces — particularly the speeder bike chase on the Endor moon, the space battle between Rebel and Imperial pilots, and Luke Skywalker's duel against Darth Vader — are well-regarded, the ground battle between the Ewoks and the Stormtroopers remains a bone of contention. A large number of fans believe George Lucas pushed the "cutesy" factor with the Ewoks with many accusing Lucas of adding them only for their merchandising value. Academy Award-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss (who performed in Lucas' film American Graffiti) was quoted multiple times over the years that Lucas had revealed his idea for the Star Wars saga to many of Graffiti's cast and crew during filming (some four years before the original film was released), including making specific mention of a species of small, furry, teddy bear-like creatures called Wookiees (later changed to Ewoks when Wookiees evolved into a different species) who defeat the evil Empire.[citation needed]

Fans are also divided on the likelihood of Ewoks (being an extremely primitive race of small creatures) defeating an armed ground force comprised of the Empire's best troops. Their chances of victory, slim to begin with, would have disappeared all together if not for Chewbacca aiding them in battle. Lucas has defended the scenario saying it draws a parallel to the Vietnam War in which a much more primitively armed force also proved victorious.[5]

Cast

File:Returnjedicast.JPG
From left to right: Han Solo (Harrison Ford), C-3PO (Anthony Daniels), Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher), Luke Skywalker (Mark Hammil), R2-D2 (Kenny Baker), and Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew)
  • Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker. A Jedi Knight in his own belief, Luke has, in the year since his encounter with Vader at Cloud City, been searching for his lost friend, Han Solo.
  • Harrison Ford as Han Solo. Frozen in carbonite by Darth Vader at Bespin, Han Solo is freed by Princess Leia, only to be sentenced to death by Jabba the Hutt.
  • David Prowse as Darth Vader. Lord Vader has been relentlessly continuing his search for Skywalker, but he is set off course when the Emperor sends him to Endor, to oversee the construction of the new Death Star, and to be prepared for the Rebel strike from Sullust. James Earl Jones provided the voice.
  • Billy Dee Williams as Lando Calrissian. After Cloud City was taken over by the Galactic Empire, Calrissian joined the Rebel Alliance, and aided Luke in his search for Han Solo.
  • Ian McDiarmid as Emperor Palpatine. Palpatine, ruler of the Galactic Empire, has been pleased by the success of the Imperial offensive, and the plight of the Rebel Alliance. He now plans to destroy the Alliance with the new Death Star and turn Luke Skywalker to the dark side of the Force.
  • Frank Oz as Yoda. After 900 years of training Jedi, Yoda finally prepares to resign, and become one with the Force.
  • Denis Lawson as Wedge Antilles. Wedge is now the leader of Rogue Squadron, and he prepares to aid General Calrissian in the fighter attack on the Death Star. This is the only film in the original trilogy in which Denis Lawson's name is spelled correctly in the ending credits. In the other films, his name is misspelled "Dennis".
  • Kenneth Colley as Admiral Piett. Piett, being one of the few officers under Vader's command to survive his wrath, commands the Imperial Fleet at Endor, from H.I.M.S. Executor but meets his end when his ship is destroyed.
  • Jeremy Bulloch as Boba Fett. Fett, after capturing and delivering Han Solo to Jabba the Hutt, stays on at the crime lord's palace, purely out of interest.

Kenny Baker was originally cast as the Ewok Wicket, however the morning of the shoot Baker fell ill with food poisioning. An 11-year-old Warwick Davis was called in to play the scene. Davis had no previous acting experience and was only cast after his grandmother had discovered an open call for short people for the new Star Wars film.[2]

Soundtrack

Main article: Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (soundtrack)

John Williams composed and conducted the film's musical score with the London Symphony Orchestra performing. In 1983, the RCA label released the film's original soundtrack on 8-track format in the United States.[18] Sony Classical acquired the rights to the classic trilogy scores in 2004 after gaining the rights to release the second trilogy soundtracks (The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones). In the same year, Sony Classical re-pressed the 1997 RCA Victor release of Return of the Jedi along with the other two films in the trilogy. The set was released with the new artwork mirroring the first DVD release of the film. Despite the Sony digital re-mastering, which minimally improved the sound heard only on high-end stereos, this 2004 release is essentially the same as the 1997 RCA Victor release.[19]

Marketing

Novelization

Main article: Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (novel)

The novelization of Return of the Jedi was written by James Kahn and was released on May 12, 1983.[20] It contains many scenes that were deleted from the final cut, but certain assertions have been superseded by the prequel trilogy. For example, Kahn writes that Owen Lars is the brother of Obi-Wan Kenobi while in Episode II he is shown to be the stepbrother of Anakin Skywalker. Also, here the Force ghost of Obi-Wan reveals that he was able to hide Luke and Leia from Anakin because he did not know that his wife was pregnant when he "left", presumably when he became Vader. In Episode III, Anakin does know about Padmé's pregnancy, but one may infer that Vader will believe the baby (not twins) to be dead, along with his wife. Also in the novelization is that, Obi-Wan took Padmé and baby Leia to Alderaan after the birth of the twins. Han Solo makes reference to Luke Skywalker's initial impression of the Millennium Falcon, calling it "the fastest hunk of junk in the fleet." However, in the film, Solo refers to it simply as "the fastest ship in the fleet."

Another facet of the story which was made more clear in the novel was the confusion which overtook the Imperial forces upon the death of Palpatine, who ceased to be the guiding will animating the Empire. It also further supports the events depicted in all post-Return of the Jedi fiction.

Radio drama

Main article: Star Wars (radio)

A radio drama adaptation of the film was written by Brian Daley with additional material contributed by John Whitman and was produced for and broadcast on National Public Radio in 1996. It was based on characters and situations created by George Lucas, and on the screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas. The first two Star Wars movies were adapted for National Public Radio in the early 1980s, but it was not until 1996 that a radio version of Return of the Jedi was heard. Mark Hamill and Billy Dee Williams did not reprise their roles, as they had for the first two radio dramas. However, Anthony Daniels did return as C-3PO. John Lithgow voiced Yoda, whose voice actor in the films has always been Frank Oz. Ed Asner also guest-starred speaking only in grunts as the voice of Jabba the Hutt. It had a running time of three hours.[21] In terms of Star Wars canon, the radio drama is given the highest designation, G-canon.[22]

References

  1. ^ "Star Wars and Star Trek Sources and Abbreviations". Stardestroyer.net. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary, [2004]
  3. ^ "David Lynch: Weird at Heart". Belfast Telegraph. 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  4. ^ "GEORGE LUCAS". Solar Navigator. 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  5. ^ a b c d Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi DVD commentary featuring George Lucas, Ben Burtt, Dennis Muren and Carrie Fisher, [2004] Cite error: The named reference "DVDcom" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith DVD commentary featuring George Lucas, Rick McCallum, Rob Coleman, John Knoll and Roger Guyett, [2005]
  7. ^ a b George Lucas (June 12, 1981). "STAR WARS - EPISODE VI: "REVENGE OF THE JEDI" REVISED ROUGH DRAFT". Starkiller. Retrieved 2007-02-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Revenge of the Jedi Trailer from Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD Bonus Disc, [2004]
  9. ^ "Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  10. ^ "Star Wars: The Changes". dvdactive. Retrieved March 6. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Reviews of Return of the Jedi by Critics
  12. ^ Non-Critical Reviews of The Return of the Jedi
  13. ^ IMDb's Top 250 Movies of All Time
  14. ^ Rotten Tomatoes Search Result for "Star Wars"
  15. ^ Roger Ebert's Review of "Return"
  16. ^ James Kendrick Review of "Return"
  17. ^ "RETURN OF THE JEDI". boxofficemojo.com. 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
  18. ^ "Star Wars, Return of the Jedi, Music from John Williams' Score". Star Wars Collectors Archive. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
  19. ^ "Star Wars / The Empire Strikes Back / Return of the Jedi (Original Soundtracks – 2004 reissue)". Retrieved 2007-01-20.
  20. ^ "Star Wars, Episode VI - Return of the Jedi (Mass Market Paperback)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
  21. ^ "Return of the Jedi Produced by NPR". HighBridge Audio. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
  22. ^ "Star Wars Canon". Canon Wars. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
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