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Pennsylvania
State
Map
CountryUnited States
Admitted to the UnionDecember 12 1787 (2nd)
CapitalHarrisburg
Largest cityPhiladelphia
Government
 • GovernorEd Rendell (D)
 • Upper house{{{Upperhouse}}}
 • Lower house{{{Lowerhouse}}}
U.S. senatorsArlen Specter (R)
Bob Casey, Jr. (D)
Population
 • Total12,281,054
 • Density274.02/sq mi (105.80/km2)
Language
 • Official languageEnglish, Pennsylvania Dutch
Latitude39°43'N to 42°N
Longitude74°43'W to 80°31'W

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (pronounced [pɛnsl̩ˈveɪnjə] or [pɛnsl̩ˈveɪniə]) is one of five Middle Atlantic States in the United States of America.

One of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the Quaker State; in colonial times, it was known officially as the Quaker Province,[2] in recognition of Quaker[3] William Penn's First Frame of Government[4] constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience. Penn knew of the hostility[5] Quakers faced when they opposed rituals, oaths, violence, and ostentatious frippery.[6]

Pennsylvania has also been known as the Keystone State since 1802,[7] based in part upon its central location among the original Thirteen Colonies forming the United States.[7] It was also a keystone state economically, having both the industry common to the North, making such wares as Conestoga wagons[8] and rifles,[9] and the agriculture common to the South, producing feed, fiber, food, and tobacco.[10]

Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km)[11] of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km)[12] of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Philadelphia is Pennsylvania's largest city and is home to a major seaport and shipyards on the Delaware River.[13]

Geography

Further information: Geography of Pennsylvania
Further information: List of Pennsylvania counties

Pennsylvania is 180 miles (290 km) north to south and 283 miles east to west.[14] Of 46,055 total square miles, 44,817 square miles of land, 490 square miles are inland waters and 749 square miles of waters in Lake Erie.[15] It is the 33rd largest state in the United States.[15] The highest point of 3,213 feet (979 m) above sea level is at Mount Davis, which was named for its owner, John Davis, a schoolteacher who fought for the Union Army at the Battle of Gettysburg. The lowest point is at sea level on the Delaware River, and the approximate mean elevation is 1100 feet (336 meters).[16]

Counties of Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania is in the Eastern time zone.[17]

The original southern boundary of Pennsylvania was supposed to be at 40° North latitude,[18] but as a result of a bad faith compromise by Lord Baltimore during Cresap's War, the king's courts moved the boundary 20 miles south[19] to 39° 43' N.[14] The city of Philadelphia, at 40°0'N 75°8'W,[20] would have been split in half by the original boundary. While he was a captive Cresap, a Marylander, was paraded through Philadelphia, he taunted the officers by announcing that Philadelphia was one of the prettiest towns in Maryland.[19]

History

Main article: History of Pennsylvania
Further information: List of Pennsylvania firsts

Before the state existed, the area was home to the Delaware (also known as Lenni Lenape), Susquehannock, Iroquois, Eriez, Shawnee, and other Native American tribes.[21]

John Dickinson

In 1681, Charles II granted a land charter[22] to William Penn, to repay a large debt owed to William's father, Admiral Penn. This was one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.[23] The land included present-day Delaware and Pennsylvania. It was called Pennsylvania, meaning "Penn's Woods", in honor of Admiral Penn.

Penn established a government with two innovations that were much copied in the New World: the county commission, and freedom of religious conviction.[23] Writer Murray Rothbard in his four-volume history of the U.S., Conceived in Liberty, refers to the years of 1681–90 as "Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment."[24]

Between 1723 until it was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act of 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money, generally called Colonial Scrip and it is generally regarded as the most successful currency experiment by any government that ever existed. The Colony issued "bills of credit" which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, it was an interest-free proposition, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted generaly employment and prosperity. Benjamin Franklin had a hand in creating this currency, of which he said its utility was never to be disputed and it also received the high praise of Adam Smith.

After the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, Delegate John Dickinson of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. The Congress was the first meeting of the thirteen colonies, called at the request of the Massachusetts Assembly, but only nine colonies sent delegates.[25] Dickinson then wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.[26]

When the Founding Fathers of the United States were to convene in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 of the 13 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress.[27] The First Continental Congress drew up and signed the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia,[28] but when that city was captured by the British, the Continental Congress escaped westward, meeting at the Lancaster courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then to York. There they drew up the Articles of Confederation that formed the independent colonies into a new nation. Later, the Constitution was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Nation.[29]

Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on December 12, 1787,[30] five days after Delaware became the first.

The "Redbrick Capitol", used from 1821 until it burned in 1897

For half a century, the state legislature met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before starting to meet regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.[31] But it needed a more central location, as for example the Paxton Boys massacres of 1763 had made them aware. So, in 1799 the legislature moved to the Lancaster Courthouse,[31] and finally in 1812 to Harrisburg.[31] The legislature met in the old Dauphin County Court House until December 1821,[31] when the Redbrick Capitol was finished. It burned down in 1897, presumably due to a faulty flue.[31] The legislature met at Grace Methodist Church on State Street (still standing), until the present capitol was finished in 1907.[31]

The new state Capitol drew rave reviews.[31] Its dome was inspired by the domes of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and the United States Capitol.[31] President Theodore Roosevelt called it the "the most beautiful state Capitol in the nation", and said "It's the handsomest building I ever saw" at the dedication. In 1989, the New York Times praised it as "grand, even awesome at moments, but it is also a working building, accessible to citizens ... a building that connects with the reality of daily life."[31]

James Buchanan, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, was the only bachelor President of the United States.[32] The Battle of Gettysburg — the major turning point of the Civil War — took place near Gettysburg.[33]

Demographics

Demographics of Pennsylvania (csv)
By race White Black AIAN* Asian NHPI*
2000 (total population) 87.60% 10.71% 0.43% 2.04% 0.07%
2000 (Hispanic only) 2.74% 0.44% 0.06% 0.03% 0.02%
2005 (total population) 86.83% 11.20% 0.45% 2.46% 0.09%
2005 (Hispanic only) 3.52% 0.53% 0.07% 0.05% 0.02%
Growth 2000–05 (total population) 0.32% 5.83% 5.64% 22.23% 18.99%
Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) -0.64% 5.21% 2.77% 21.86% 14.13%
Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) 29.86% 20.24% 23.61% 45.64% 35.44%
* AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
Further information: List of people from Pennsylvania

The center of population of Pennsylvania is located in Perry County, in the borough of Duncannon [2].

As of 2006, Pennsylvania has an estimated population of 12,440,621, which is an increase of 35,273 from the previous year, and an increase of 159,567 since the year 2000. Net migration from other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and immigration from other countries resulted in an increase of 126,007. Net migration to the state was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. In 2006, 5.00% of Pennsylvanians were foreign born (621,480 people). [34]

Foreign-born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), Latin America (30.6%), 5% coming from Africa, 3.1% coming from North America, and 0.4% coming from Oceania. [35]

Pennsylvania Population Distribution

Pennsylvania's reported population of Hispanics, especially among the Asian, Hawaiian and White races, has markedly increased in the last years.[36] It is not clear how much of this change reflects a changing population, and how much reflects increased willingness to self-identify minority status.

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1790434,373—
1800602,36538.7%
1810810,09134.5%
18201,049,45829.5%
18301,348,23328.5%
18401,724,03327.9%
18502,311,78634.1%
18602,906,21525.7%
18703,521,95121.2%
18804,282,89121.6%
18905,258,11322.8%
19006,302,11519.9%
19107,665,11121.6%
19208,720,01713.8%
19309,631,35010.5%
19409,900,1802.8%
195010,498,0126.0%
196011,319,3667.8%
197011,793,9094.2%
198011,863,8950.6%
199011,881,6430.1%
200012,281,0543.4%

Pennsylvania's population was reported as 5.9% under 5 and 23.8% under 18, with 15.6% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.7% of the population.[37]

The five largest ancestry groups self-reported in Pennsylvania are: German (27.66%), Irish (17.66%), Italian (12.82%), English (8.89%) and Polish.[38]

Religion

The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill–treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God. - Voltaire, speaking of William Penn[39]

Of all the colonies, only in Rhode Island was religious freedom so secure as in Pennsylvania - and one result was an incredible religious diversity, one which continues to this day.[40]

Pennsylvania's population in 2000 was 12,281,054. Of these, 8,448,193 were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the Association of religion data archives at Pennsylvania State University, reliable data exists for 7,116,348 religious adherents in Pennsylvania in 2000, following 115 different faiths.[41] Their affiliations, including percentage of all adherents, were:[a]

Pennsylvania is also noted for having the highest concentration of an Amish population in the United States.[42]

Economy

Bethlehem Steel's closed manufacturing facility in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. This site will become the site of a new multi-million dollar casino in 2007.

Pennsylvania's 2005 total gross state product (GSP) of $430.31 billion[43] ranks the state 6th in the nation. If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 17th largest in the world, ahead of Belgium, but behind the Netherlands. On a per-capita basis, though, Pennsylvania's per-capita GSP of $34,619 ranks 26th among the 50 states.[43] Neighboring Delaware was tops, with $56,447, and Mississippi's $23,851 puts it last.[43]

Philadelphia in the southeast corner and Pittsburgh in the southwest corner are urban manufacturing centers, with the "t-shaped" remainder of the state being much more rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy.[44] Philadelphia is home to 10 Fortune 500 companies,[45] with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it's a leader in the financial[46] and insurance industry.[47] Pittsburgh is home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, including U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, H.J. Heinz, and Alcoa.[45] In all, Pennsylvania is home to 49 Fortune 500 companies.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Manufacturing

States cannot thrive by "taking in each other's laundry",[48] but manufacturing imports money and jobs from the rest of the world. Pennsylvania's factories and workshops manufacture 16.1% of the Gross State Product (GSP); only 10 states are more industrialized.[49] While Educational Services is only 1.8% of the state's GSP, that's twice the national average; only Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont outrank Pennsylvania.[49] Although Pennsylvania is known as a coal state, mining only amounts to 0.6% of the state's economy, compared to 1.3% for the country as a whole.[49]

Farming near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania.

Agriculture

Pennsylvania ranks 19th overall in agricultural production,[50] but 1st in Mushrooms, 3rd in Christmas trees and layer chickens, 4th in nursery and sod, milk, corn for silage, and horse production. Only about 9,600 of the state's 58,000 farmers have sales of $100,000 or more, and with production expenses equaling 84.9% of sales, most not only have a net farming income below the $19,806 that marks poverty for a family of four,[51] but are liable for a 12.4% self-employment tax as well.[52] The average farmer is 53 and getting older, [53], as young Pennsylvanians find low farming income a tough row to hoe.[54] Sadly, many farms in the southeastern part of the state have been sold to housing developers in the past years, and continue too. This is mainly due to the fact that a farmer residing in the fifth largest metropolitan area just cannot survive, largely due to rising taxes and land prices, and high demand for land. Counties such as Bucks and Montgomery counties have seen this for the longest period of time. However, new hot spots for farm-snatching are in Chester, Lancaster, Berks, and Lehigh counties.

Tourism

Pennsylvania draws 2.1% of the Gross State Product from Accommodation and Food Services. Only Connecticut, Delaware and Iowa have lower numbers, and Nevada gets a whopping 14.2% of their GSP that way.[49] Philadelphia draws tourists[55] to see the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, the Franklin Institute and the steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, while The Poconos[56] attract honeymooners, golfers and fishermen, and the Delaware Water Gap[57] appeals to boaters, hikers, and nature lovers. Fourteen slots casinos, the majority of which are either in the process of being awarded licenses from the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board or are under construction. The casinos are expected to make up a good portion of tourism in the Commonwealth. [58]

The state government launched an extensive tourism campaign in 2003 under the direction of the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. An extensive website[59] has been established to promote visits to the state.

File:PA.soi.jpg
Recent PA state tourism campaign logo.
Main article: Pennsylvania Dutch Country

The Pennsylvania Dutch region in south-central Pennsylvania is a favorite for sightseers.[60] The Pennsylvania Dutch, including the Old Order Amish, the Old Order Mennonites and at least 35 other sects,[61] are common in the rural areas around the cities of Lancaster, York, and Harrisburg, with smaller numbers extending northeast to the Lehigh Valley and up the Susquehanna River valley.

The term "Dutch", when referring to the Pennsylvana Dutch, means "German" or "Teutonic" rather than "Netherlander". Germans, in their own language, call themselves "Deutsch", which in English became, misleadingly, "Dutch". The language "Pennsylvania Dutch" is a dialect of German.[62]

Law and government

Pennsylvania has had five constitutions during its statehood:[63] 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1968. Prior to that, the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.[63]

File:PaCap.jpg
The current Pennsylvania Capitol

The state capital is Harrisburg. The legislature meets in the new State Capitol there.

The current Governor is Ed Rendell, a former head of the Democratic National Committee who began as a popular District Attorney, and mayor in Philadelphia.[64] The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor Catherine Baker Knoll, Attorney General Tom Corbett, Auditor General Jack Wagner, and State Treasurer Tony Wagner.[65]

See also: List of Pennsylvania state agencies

Pennsylvania has a bicameral legislature set up by state's constitution in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.[66] The General Assembly includes 50 Senators[67] and 203 Representatives.[68] Joseph B. Scarnati III is currently President Pro Tempore of the State Senate,[69] Domenic Pileggi the Majority Leader,[70] and Robert J. Mellow the Minority Leader.[71] Dennis M. O'Brien is Speaker of the House of Representatives,[72] with H. William DeWeese as Majority Leader[73] and Samuel H. Smith as Minority Leader.[74] The 2006 election resulted in the Democrats regaining control of the House and the balance remaining unchanged in Republicans' favor in the Senate.

Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts[75], most of which (except Philadelphia and Allegheny Counties) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over minor criminal offenses and small civil claims. [75] Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions.[75] The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance.[75] The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.[75] The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.[75]

Sales tax provides 39% of state revenue; personal income tax 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on cigarettes and alcohol beverage 5%.[76]

File:Pa-gbg8775.jpg
2006 Pennsylvania license plate.

Counties, municipalities, and school districts levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of the state's sixty-seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings.

Federal representation

Pennsylvania's two U.S. Senators are Arlen Specter and Bob Casey, Jr.. Pennsylvania's U.S. Congressmen for the term beginning January 2007 are Robert Brady (1st), Chaka Fattah (2nd), Phil English (3rd), Jason Altmire (4th), John E. Peterson (5th), Jim Gerlach (6th), Joe Sestak (7th), Patrick Murphy (8th), Bill Shuster (9th), Chris Carney (10th), Paul E. Kanjorski (11th), John Murtha (12th), Allyson Schwartz (13th), Mike Doyle (14th), Charlie Dent (15th), Joe Pitts (16th), Tim Holden (17th), Tim Murphy (18th), and Todd Russell Platts (19th).[77]

Politics

In the past decade, no political party has been clearly dominant in Pennsylvania. This, combined with Pennsylvania's rank of 6th in the country in population, has made it one of the most important swing states. Democrats are strong in urban Philadelphia and the areas of Pittsburgh, Reading, Allentown, Erie, and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. Republicans are generally dominant in the vast rural areas that make up the balance of the state. Traditionally, Republicans have also fared well in the densely populated and wealthy suburbs of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.

In the 2004 Presidential Election, Senator John F. Kerry beat President George W. Bush in Pennsylvania 2,938,095 (50.92%) to 2,793,847 (48.42%).

In the Midterm Elections of 2006, Pennsylvania moved solidly Democratic because of the unpopularity of the war in Iraq and of President Bush. Bob Casey, Jr. handily defeated incumbent Senator Rick Santorum 59%-41%, and Governor Ed Rendell did much the same to his Republican opponent Lynn Swann 60-40%.

Democrats also defeated Republicans in many Pennsylvania Congressional Districts. The GOP lost four House seats in the Keystone State, more than in any other state.[78] In the 4th District, outside Pittsburgh, Jason Altmire defeated incumbent Melissa Hart 52%-48%. In the 7th, perhaps an increasingly Democratic segment of suburban Philadelphia, Joe Sestak defeated incumbent Curt Weldon 56%-44%. In the 8th, northeast of Philadelphia, Patrick Murphy defeated incumbent Mike Fitzpatrick by only about 1,500 votes. However, Murphy did not win Bucks County, which encompasses nearly the entire 8th District. He won in the small area of Montgomery County that is part of the 8th District, which has led to a bitter vote count after the election. Fitzpatrick won by nearly 1,000 votes in Bucks County.[3] In the 10th, in rural Northeast Pennsylvania, Chris Carney defeated incumbent Don Sherwood 53%-47%.

In the state's General Assembly, Republicans lost nine seats. In late November 2006, a tardy vote count in Chester County was eventually finalized in favor of the Democratic candidate, returning the majority to that party (102-101) after 12 years. The state Senate's balance of power for the 2007-2008 session is 29-21 for Republicans.

Important cities and municipalities

The skyline of Pittsburgh, the 20th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.

Municipalities in Pennsylvania are incorporated as cities, boroughs, or townships.

There is some confusion about the number of "towns" in Pennsylvania. In 1870, Bloomsburg, the county seat of Columbia County was incorporated as a town, and is recognized by state government publications as "the only incorporated town" in Pennsylvania. [79] [80] [81] However, in 1975, McCandless Township, in Allegheny County adopted a home rule charter under the name "Town of McCandless". [82] [83]

Major cities in Pennsylvania include Allentown, Altoona, Bethlehem, Chester, Easton, Erie, Harrisburg, Johnstown, Lancaster, New Castle, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Reading, St. Marys, Scranton, State College, Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport, and York.

See also: Pennsylvania locations by per capita income
The skyline of Philadelphia, the largest city in Pennsylvania and the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.

Recreation

Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo. [4] Other notable zoos include Claws 'n Paws, Erie Zoo, Pittsburgh Zoo, and ZOOAMERICA. The state boasts some of the finest museums in the country. One of the unique museums is the Houdini Museum [5], the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician. It is also home to the National Aviary, located in Pittsburgh.

All 121 state parks in Pennsylvania feature free admission.

Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks, including Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dutch Wonderland, DelGrosso Amusement Park , Hershey Park, Idlewild Park, Kennywood, Knoebels, Lakemont Park, Sandcastle Waterpark, Sesame Place, Great Wolf Lodge and Waldameer Park.

There are also notable music festivals that take place in PA. These include Musikfest, Creation Festival, and Purple Door. Creation, which has been around since 1979, boasts that hundreds of thousands of people come each year from all around the world; it is the nation's top Christian music festival[citation needed]. Purple Door is one of the only music festivals in the world to devote itself to nothing but Christian hard rock, and people have traveled from as far as California to attend[citation needed]. Pennsylvania, especially around Lancaster County, is one of the best places in the United States for fans of contemporary Christian music (CCM), with more concerts than found almost anywhere else[citation needed]. Pennsylvania also has one of the nation's top CMM radio stations, WJTL. Many bands and artists are also discovered here. Lancaster is the place for fans of Christian music, and most of this is because of Tim Landis[citation needed]; he's the one who founded Purple Door and WJTL, books the bands for Creation, and even started the record company that made Lancaster bands well-known throughout the nation.

Pennsylvania is a great state for sportsmen and sportswomen. There are nearly 1 million licensed hunters. Whitetail deer, cottontail rabbits, squirrel, turkey, and grouse are common game species.

Sports

Main article: Pennsylvania sports

Pennsylvania is home to many professional sports teams, including the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League, the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association, the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League, and the Philadelphia Soul of the Arena Football League. Among them, these teams have accumulated 6 World Series Championships (Pirates 5, Phillies 1), 14 National League Pennants, 3 NFL Championships(Eagles), 5 Super Bowl Championships (Steelers), 4 NBA Championships (76ers), and 4 Stanley Cup winners (Flyers 2, Penguins 2).

Penn State University football is also very popular in Pennsylvania. The Penn State Nittany Lions are coached by Joe Paterno who led Penn State to two national championships (1982 & 1986) as well as five undefeated seasons (1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994). Penn State plays its home games in the second largest stadium in the United States, Beaver Stadium, that seats 107,282.

In morotsports, the Mario Andretti dynasty of race drivers hail from Nazareth. Notable Racetracks in Pennsylvania include the Jennerstown Speedway in Jennerstown, the Lake Erie Speedway in North East, the Mahoning Valley Speedway in Lehighton, the Motordome Speedway in Smithton, the Mountain Speedway in St. Johns, the Nazareth Speedway in Nazareth; and the Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, which is home both the Pennsylvania 500 and the Pocono 500.

Race courses for horses in Pennsylvania consist of Ladbroke at the Meadows, in Pittsburgh, Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs, in Wilkes-Barre and Harrah's Chester Casino and Racetrack in Chester which offer harness racing, and Penn National Race Course in Grantville and Philadelphia Park, in Bensalem which offer thoroughbred racing. Smarty Jones, the 2004 Kentucky Derby winner, had Philadelphia Park as his home course.

Arnold Palmer, one of the leading 20th century pro golfers, comes from Latrobe, and Jim Furyk, one of the leading 21-century pro golfers, grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in Moosic.

Philadelphia is home to LOVE Park, once a skateboarding mecca, and across from City Hall, host to ESPN's X Games in 2001 and 2002.

Food

In his book Pennsylvania Snacks: A Guide to Food Factory Tours, author Sharon Hernes Silverman calls Pennsylvania the snack food capital of the world. It leads all other states in the manufacture of pretzels and potato chips. The Sturgis Pretzel House introduced the pretzel to America, and companies like Anderson Bakery Company, Intercourse Pretzel Factory, and Snyder's of Hanover are leading manufacturers in the state. The three companies that define the U.S. potato chip industry are Utz Quality Foods, Inc., which started making chips in Hanover, Pennsylvania in 1921, Wise Snack Foods which started making chips in Berwick in 1921, and Lay's Potato Chips, a Texas company. Other companies such as Herr Foods, Martin's Potato Chips, and Troyer Farms Potato Products are popular chip manufacturers. The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in Hershey, Pennsylvania, with Mars and Wilbur Chocolate Company nearby, and smaller manufacturers such as Asher's near Lansdale and Gertrude Hawk of Dunmore. Other notable companies include Just Born in Bethlehem, PA, makers of Hot Tamales, Mike and Ikes, and the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps, Benzel's Pretzels and Boyer Candies, which is well known for its Mallow Cups.

Among the regional foods associated with Pennsylvania are the pierogies, cheesesteak and the hoagie, the soft pretzel, Italian water ice, scrapple, Tastykake, and the stromboli. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by Henry John Heinz from 1876 to the early 1900s. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup are the Pittsburgh's Primanti Brothers Restaurant sandwiches. Scranton suburb Old Forge is known for dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made unique by thick, light crust and American cheese. Sauerkraut along with pork and mashed potatoes is a common meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania.

Ethnic cuisine is common[citation needed], especially in the Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and Coal Region areas. Chinese, Italian, Mexican, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Turkish, Persian, Pakistani, Russian, Polish, Amish cuisine and many others can be found not only in specialty restaurants but at hundreds of community or religious festivals.

State symbols

See also

Notes

a. ^ Note: These statistics are based on 7,116,348 of the estimated 8,448,193 religious adherents in Pennsylvania,[41] and only the largest of 115 different faiths are reported here. Data excludes most of the historically African-American denominations. Public Law 94-521 prevents the Census Bureau from collecting better data, so this information comes from the Association of religion data archives at Penn State.) Terms used to describe organizations are ARDA's, and may not be the group's own preferred name.

References

  1. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. 29 April 2005. Retrieved November 7. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  2. ^ The Quaker Province
  3. ^ William Penn, Quaker
  4. ^ Frame of Government
  5. ^ Pennsylvania translates to "Penn's woods." Digital History: Persecution of the Quakers
  6. ^ The Quaker Province 1681-1776
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n PHMC: State Symbols Cite error: The named reference "symbols" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ Lowell Tribune, March 26, 2002
  9. ^ Lancaster rifle
  10. ^ PHMC: Agriculture in Pennsylvania
  11. ^ National Parks Service: Our Fourth Shore
  12. ^ NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources
  13. ^ "Philadelphia Regional Port Authority: History". Retrieved 2006-12-11.
  14. ^ a b Pennsylvania geography
  15. ^ a b 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment: Land and Land Use
  16. ^ 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment:Extreme and Mean Elevations
  17. ^ Pennsylvania Time Zone
  18. ^ Penn's Charter
  19. ^ a b Cecil County, Maryland
  20. ^ Places Named: Philadelphia
  21. ^ Pennsylvania Indian tribes
  22. ^ Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania
  23. ^ a b Quakers and the political process
  24. ^ Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment
  25. ^ Library of Congress timeline 1764–1765
  26. ^ Dickinson Letters
  27. ^ Library of Congress timeline 1773–1774
  28. ^ Library of Congress: Primary documents — The Declaration of Independence
  29. ^ Nine Capitals of the United States
  30. ^ Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution of 1787
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pennsylvania's Capitals
  32. ^ James Buchanan White House biography
  33. ^ Battle of Gettysburg
  34. ^ Components of Population Change
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference paprof was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Annual Estimates of the Population
  37. ^ FactFinder: Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights
  38. ^ American Community Survey 2003 Multi-Year Survey for Pennsylvania
  39. ^ The Works of Voltaire, volume 19
  40. ^ Religious diversity in Pennsylvania
  41. ^ a b The ARDA
  42. ^ http://www.800padutch.com/amish.shtml
  43. ^ a b c Bureau of Economic Analysis
  44. ^ Appeals court races wrap up with focus on voter mobilization
  45. ^ a b Fortune 500
  46. ^ Philadelphia stock exchange
  47. ^ Tragedy of 9/11 pummels insurance industry
  48. ^ Community Economic Analysis
  49. ^ a b c d Northeast-Midwest Institute calculations based on data from the BEA
  50. ^ Agricultural Census 2002
  51. ^ Poverty levels
  52. ^ IRS: Tax Guide for farmers
  53. ^ Center for Rural Pennsylvania
  54. ^ Mid-Atlantic Farm Policy Leadership Forum
  55. ^ Philadelphia tourism
  56. ^ Poconos tourism
  57. ^ Delaware Water Gap
  58. ^ [1]
  59. ^ VisitPA
  60. ^ AAA: Favorite vacation spots
  61. ^ Page 10, The Riddle of Amish Culture, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-6772-X
  62. ^ Definition of "dutch"
  63. ^ a b 23 Pennsylvania Law Weekly 324 (March 27, 2000)
  64. ^ Official bio of Ed Rendell
  65. ^ State Elected Officials
  66. ^ Pennsylvania State Archives
  67. ^ Pennsylvania Senators
  68. ^ Pennsylvania House of Representatives
  69. ^ Pennsylvania Senate
  70. ^ David Brightbill
  71. ^ Robert Mellow
  72. ^ John Perzel
  73. ^ Samuel Smith
  74. ^ William DeWeese
  75. ^ a b c d e f Judicial districts
  76. ^ Revenue Department Releases August Collections (09/01/2006) http://www.revenue.state.pa.us/revenue/CWP/view.asp?Q=261929&A=208 Retrieved September 25, 2006
  77. ^ Congressional Directory Online
  78. ^ HEFLING, KIMBERLY. "Pa. Dems take 4 seats from Republicans in U.S. House". ContraCostaTimes.com. Retrieved 2006-12-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  79. ^ The Pennsylvania Manual 117
  80. ^ Pennsylvania Local Government Fact Sheet, 2005
  81. ^ "Local Government Entities in Pennsylvania" and "Municipal Statistics" in Legislator’s Municipal Deskbook for Pennsylvania
  82. ^ Bloomsburg
  83. ^ McCandless
  84. ^ SB 320 (2003)
  85. ^ a b State Symbols
  86. ^ Slinky history

Template:Succession

 United States

41°00′N 77°30′W / 41°N 77.5°W / 41; -77.5

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