Hungarian Defence Forces
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Ancient and medieval military
The Hungarian tribes of Árpád vezér who came to settle in the Carpathian Basin were noted for their fearsome horse-mounted warriors, who conducted frequent looting campaigns throughout much of Western Europe (once as far as Spain), terrorizing the entire population with their long range and rapid-firing reflex bows. Not until the introduction of well-regulated, plate-armored knight heavy cavalry could German monarchs stop the Magyar armies.
The founding king of Hungary, Stephen I of Hungary abandoned light cavalry and acquired a western-style, knight and infantry based army. This principle worked well for Szent László, the late 11th century knight-king who pacified the Cuman tribes, but failed disastrously 150 years later when the undisciplined Hungarian feudal knight army was totally destroyed by Mongol invaders at the Battle of Muhi in 1241. The Mongol herds used much the same weaponry and tactics brandished by the Hungarian armies two centuries earlier.
The Hungarian knight army had its golden age under King Louis the Great, who himself was a famed warrior and conducted semi-successful campaigns in Italy due to family matters (his younger brother married Joan I, Queen of Naples who murdered him later.) King Matthias Corvinus maintained very modern mercenary-based royal troops, called the Black Army. King Matthias favoured ancient artillery (catapults) as opposed to cannons, which were the favourite of his father, Johannes Hunyadi the ottoman-beater, who defended Belgrade in 1456(known as the "victory of Nándorfehérvár" in sources).
During the Ottoman invasion of Central Europe (between late 1300s and circa 1700) Hungarian soldiers protected fortresses and launched light cavalry attacks against the Turks (see hussars). The northern fortress of Eger was famously defended in the autumn of 1552 during the 39 day Siege of Eger against the combined force of two Ottoman armies numbering circa 120,000 men and 16 ultra-heavy siege guns. The victory was very important, because two much stronger forts of Szolnok and Temesvár had fallen quickly during the summer. Public opinion attributed Eger's success to the all-Hungarian garrison, as the above two forts have fallen due to treason by the foreign mercenaries manning them. In 1596, Eger fell to the Ottomans for the same reason.
In the 1566 Battle of Szigetvár, Miklós Zrínyi defended Szigetvár for 30 days against the largest Ottoman army ever seen up to that day, and died leading his remaining few soldiers on a final suicide charge to become one of the best known national heroes. His great-grandson, Nicholas Zrinski, poet and general became of the better known stratagems of 1660s. In 1686, the capital city Buda was freed from the Ottomans by an allied Christian army composed of Hungarian, Austrian and Western European troops, each roughly 1/3rd of the army. The Habsburg empire then annexed Hungary.
Habsburg Hungarian military
Under Habsburg rule, Hungarian hussars rose to international fame and served as a model for light cavalry in many European countries. Hundreds of thousands of forcibly enrolled Hungarian males served 12 years or more as line infantry during the 1700s-1800s in the Austrian Imperial Army.
Two independence wars interrupted this era, that of Prince Francis II Rákóczi between 1703 and 1711 and that of Lajos Kossuth in 1848–1849. Both time Hungarian armies were crushed by the Habsburgs, but the second time not until the help of mighty Czarist Russian armies was summoned to purge Józef Bem's second army from Transylvania, opening the path into the heart of Hungary. Sándor Petőfi, the great Hungarian poet became a MIA in the Battle of Segesvár.
Huge numbers of Hungarians served and fell in World War I, especially at the battlefield of Isonzo and on the Russian front. After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire in late 1918, the Red Army of the Hungarian commune-state conducted successful campaigns to protect the borders, until eventually crushed by the Russian Army. When Serbian and French troops had broken Tsessaloniki front-line,Austria,Hungary and Bulgaria were finally defeated. This way, Hungary came under occupation of Romanian, Serbian, American, and French troops. Romanian troops entered and looted Budapest, committing massacres (still not recognized by the Romanian Army today), all this without facing any resitance at all from the Hungarian side (which consisted only of civil population, as most of the army personnel was lost on the Tsessaloniki front). After World War I, following the Trianon Treaty, Hungary's defeated armed forces were limited to very small numbers and it was forbidden for the country to hold any tanks and air force.
Mid-twentieth century
During the 1930s and early 1940s, Hungary was totally preoccupied with the idea of regaining the vast territories and huge amount of population lost in the Trianon peace treaty at Versailles in 1920. This required strong armed forces to defeat the neighbouring states and this was something Hungary could not afford. Instead, the Hungarian Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, made an alliance with German dictator Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. In exchange for this alliance, Hungary received territorial gains from Yugoslavia, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. Hungary was to pay dearly during and after World War II for these temporary gains.
On 1 March 1940, Hungary organized its ground forces into three field armies during World War II. The Hungarian Army fielded the Hungarian First Army, the Hungarian Second Army, and the Hungarian Third Army. With the exception of the independent Gyorshadtest (Fast Moving Army Corps) of the Karpat Group, all three Hungarian field armies were initially relegated to occupation duties within the newly enlarged Hungarian state.
In 1941, the Gyorshadtest scored a huge success against the Soviets at the Battle of Uman. A little more than a year later and contrasting sharply with the success at Uman, was the near total devastation of the Hungarian Second Army on banks of the Don River in December 1942 during the Battle for Stalingrad.
During 1943, the Hungarian Second Army was re-built. The re-built army even experienced some success of its own. In late 1944, as part of Panzerarmee Fretter-Pico, it participated in the destruction of a Soviet mechanized group at the Battle of Debrecen. But this success proves too costly in men and materials. Unable to re-build again, the Hungarian Second Army was disbanded towards the end of 1944.
To keep Hungary as an ally, the Germans occupy Hungary in March of 1944 (Operation Margarethe).
On 15 October 1944, the Germans forced Horthy to abdicate (Operation Panzerfaust) and pro-Nazi Ferenc Szálasi was made Prime Minister by the Germans.
On December 28, 1944, a provisional government was formed in Hungary under acting Prime Minister Béla Miklós. Miklós immediately ousted Prime Minister Ferenc Szálasi's government. The Germans and pro-German Hungarians loyal to Szálasi fought on.
The Red Army completed the encirclement of Budapest on 29 December 1944 and the Battle of Budapest began and continued into February 1945. Most of what remains of the Hungarian First Army was destroyed about 200 kilometers north of Budapest between January 1 and February 16, 1945.
On January 20, 1945, representatives of the Hungarian provisional government signed an armistice in Moscow.
The siege of Budapest ended with the surrender of the city on February 13, 1945. But, while the German forces in Hungary were generally in a state of defeat, the Germans had one more surprise for the Soviets. In early March of 1945, the Germans launch the Lake Balaton Offensive. This offensive was almost over before it began. By March 19, 1945, Soviet troops had recaptured all the territory lost during a 13-day German offensive. [1]
After the failed offensive, the Germans in Hungary were defeated. Most of what remained of the Hungarian Third Army was destroyed about 50 kilometers west of Budapest between March 16-25, 1945. Officially, Soviet operations in Hungary ended on April 4, 1945 when the last German troops were expelled. Some pro-fascist Hungarians like Szálasi went with the Germans.
On 7 May 1945, General Alfred Jodl, the German Chief of Staff, signed the a document of unconditional surrender for all German forces. Jodl signed this document during a ceremony in Paris. On 8 May, the ceremony was repeated in Berlin with General Wilhelm Keitel signing for the Germans this time. On 11 June, the Allies agreed to make 9 May 1945 the official "Victory in Europe" day. [2]
Warsaw Pact
During the Socialist and the Warsaw Pact era (1955–1989), the entire 200,000 strong Soviet South Army Group was garrisoned in Hungary, complete with artillery, tank regiments, air force and missile troops (with nuclear weapons). It was by all means a very capable force that made little contact with the local population. Between 1949 and 1955 there was also a huge effort to build a big Hungarian army. All procedures, disciplines, and equipment were exact copies of the Soviet Red Army in methods and material, but the huge costs collapsed the economy by 1956.
After the autumn 1956 anti-communist revolution was crushed in Budapest, the Soviets took away most of the Hungarian Army's equipment. A few years later, when offered a choice of withdrawal, the new Hungarian leader János Kádár asked for all the 200,000 Soviet troops to stay, because it allowed the socialist Hungarian People's Republic to neglect its own draft-based armed forces, quickly leading to deterioration of the military. Large sums of money were saved that way and spent on feel-good measures for the population, thus Hungary could become "the happiest barrack" in the Soviet Bloc.
The Soviet troops stationed in Hungary also served as potential defenders of Hungary, in case it would come under attack. A possible threat was Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu, who lead a militarist regime, spending large amounts of funds on armament.
Training for army conscripts was poor and most of those drafted were actually used as a free labour force (esp. railway track construction and agricultural work) after just a few weeks of basic rifle training. Popular opinion grew very negative towards the Hungarian Army and most young men tried to avoid the draft with bogus medical excuses. By the late-1980's, garrisons were in bad shape, often worse than slums or barns. There were several dozens of meningitis cases with some dead among the conscripts and nearby population, due to poor facilities at the garrisons (this was during the mid-1990s).
After the Cold War
Hungary spearheaded the movement to dissolve the Warsaw Pact Treaty Organization in 1990. The country's new democratic leaders quickly realized the disastrous shape of the domestic military and how it may block their ambitions towards a NATO alliance, but right-wing patriotic sentiments of the FIDESZ and MDF parties blocked the abolishment of conscription that time. Stuck with an obsolete organisational model and very limited funding, the draft-based Hungarian military constantly struggled for most of the 1990s. It was mostly due to pure chance (namely Hungary's location at the edge of the Balkan crisis) that Hungary was allowed to join the NATO. The country was in no way prepared for NATO membership.
Hungary has since worked to modernize and Westernize its armed forces. The effort is half-hearted at best. The prospect of imminent NATO membership has led the government to focus on assuring the interoperability of the Hungarian Home Defense Forces (Honvédség) with those of its future allies. This shall require not only a slow, expensive overhaul of military hardware but also a major restructuring of organization, military doctrine, and training. Hungary has been an active participant in the Partnership for Peace since 1994, as well as the NATO-led IFOR/SFOR operations in Bosnia, and regularly contributes to UN peacekeeping missions.
The Honvédség's largest service is the army, followed by the air force and a small naval contingent that patrols the Danube River, now essentially defunct. The size of the armed forces is now 45,000, down from over 130,000 in 1989. The aim is to reach 40,000 until end of 2006. The draft no longer exists, as the Constitution was modified to abolish mandatory armed service for males in late 2004, after 136 years of continuous conscription. The government has also pledged to increase defense spending to 2% of GDP until 2006 to bring Hungary's military budget in line with those of NATO countries. This promise will not be kept because of EU imposed budget restrictions for 2005-2006, thus Hungary must bear frequent NATO criticism for failing to meet its mutual defence obligations. The negative domestic opinion towards armed forces did not change significantly in the past decade.
Current military
The Hungarian armed forces has severely reduced the number of battle tanks in service, surplussed all tracked IFVs and limits the number of flight hours available to rotary and fixed wing aircraft crews. A large number of garrisons were shut down, some of them sold to municipal authorities for peaceful uses.
In 1997, Hungary spent about 123 billion HUF ($560 million) on defense. Hungary became a member of NATO on March 12, 1999. Hungary provided airbases and support for NATO's air campaign against Serbia and has provided military units to serve in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led KFOR operation. Hungary has sent a 300 strong logistics unit to Iraq in order to help the US occupation with armed transport convoys, though public opinion opposed the country's participation in the war. One soldier was KIA due to a roadside bomb in Iraq. The parliament refused to extend the one year mandate of the logistics unit and all troops have returned from Iraq as of mid-January 2005. Hungarian troops are still in Afghanistan as of early 2005 to assist in peace-keeping and de-talibanization.
In a significant move for modernization, Hungary decided in 2001 to buy 14 JAS 39 Gripen fighter aircraft (the contract includes 2 dual-seater airplanes and 12 single-seaters as well as ground maintenance facilities, a simulator, and training for pilots and ground crews) for 210 billion HUF (about 800 million EUR). Five Gripens (3 single-seaters and 2 two-seaters) arrived in Kecskemet on March 21, 2006, expected to be transferred to the Hungarian Air Force on March 30.
