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Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)

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"Scream"
Song

"Scream"/"Childhood" is the debut single from Michael Jackson's HIStory album—where "Scream" is track one and "Childhood" is track ten. "Scream" is the A-side release and "Childhood" is the corresponding B-side. The former is a duet with his younger sister Janet Jackson, whereas the latter is a solo piece.

"Scream" is cited primarily as an aggressive, retaliative song directed at the tabloid media and their coverage of the child sexual abuse accusations made against Michael Jackson in 1993. "Scream" is written, composed and produced by the Jackson siblings, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis; Jackson played many of the instruments. It incorporates elements of Pop, R&B, hip-hop, funk and rock. The song leaked to radio stations early despite Epic Records attempt to keep it off air until the official release date. Generally well received amongst critics, it has been compared favorably to other accomplished pieces by Jackson. It went on to be nominated for a Grammy and an American Music Award. The corresponding music video remains one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed pieces; it won numerous MTV Video Music Awards and a Grammy. At a cost of $7 million, it holds the Guiness World Record as the most expensive music video ever made. The imagery in "Scream" had been replicated in several contemporary pieces including "No Scrubs" by TLC and "Shawty Get Loose" by Lil Mama.

"Childhood", the corresponding B-side, is a biographical song written and composed by Michael Jackson solely. The theme of the track centers around his difficult childhood experiences. It would become the main theme song for Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home, continuing his association with the Free Willy series. The track appeared in several compilation albums but was met with a mixed reception amongst critics. The song's music video, which had little in common with the supporting film, is critically praised.

"Scream"/"Childhood" would become the first single in the 37 year history of Billboard to debut at number five on the Billboard Hot 100—where it peaked. It was a worldwide hit, reaching the top five in the vast majority of major music market.

Scream

Background

See also: Michael Jackson's health and appearance and 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson

"Scream" is primarily a song directed at the tabloid press. As far back as the late 1980s, Jackson and the press had a difficult relationship. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, Jackson disseminated the fabricated story himself.[4][5] Jackson bought and befriended a pet chimpanzee called Bubbles which extended his eccentric persona.[5] Later it was reported that Jackson bought the bones of The Elephant Man. Although untrue, it was a story that Jackson again disseminated to the tabloid press.[4][5] These stories inspired the pejorative nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson acquired the following year. He would eventually come to despise the nickname. Realizing his mistake, he stopped leaking untruths to the press. Due to the profit being made, however, the media began making up their own stories.[5][6]

In 1989, Jackson released the song and music video "Leave Me Alone", a song about his perceived victimization at the hands of the press.[7] The video shows Jackson poking fun not only at the press but also the situation he was in. In the video, there are images of shrines to Elizabeth Taylor and newspapers with bizarre headlines. Jackson also dances with the bones of The Elephant Man.[8]

In 1993, the relationship between Jackson and the press soured entirely when he was accused of child sexual abuse. Although never charged with a crime, Jackson was subject to intense media scrutiny while the criminal investigation took place. Complaints about the coverage and media included using sensational headlines to draw in readers and viewers when the content itself did not support the headline,[9] accepting stories of Jackson's alleged criminal activity in return for money,[10] accepting confidential, leaked material from the police investigation in return for money paid,[11] deliberately using pictures of Jackson's appearance at its worst,[12] a lack of objectivity[12] and using headlines that strongly implied Jackson's guilt.[12] At the time, Jackson said of the media reaction, "I will say I am particularly upset by the handling of the matter by the incredible, terrible mass media. At every opportunity, the media has dissected and manipulated these allegations to reach their own conclusions".[13]

The entertainer began taking painkillers, Valium, Xanax and Ativan to deal with the stress of the allegations made against him.[14] A few months after the allegations became news, Jackson had lost approximately 10 pounds (4.5kg) in weight and had stopped eating.[15] Jackson's health had deteriorated to the extent that he canceled the remainder of his tour and went into rehabilitation.[16][17] Jackson booked the whole fourth floor of the clinic and was put on Valium IV to wean him from painkillers.[16][17][18] The singer's spokesperson told reporters that Jackson was "barely able to function adequately on an intellectual level".[17] While in the clinic, Jackson took part in group and one-on-one therapy sessions.[16][17]

When Jackson left the US to go into rehabilitation, the media showed the singer little sympathy. The Daily Mirror held a "Spot the Jacko" contest, offering readers a trip to Disney World if they could correctly predict where the entertainer would appear next.[16] A Daily Express headline read, "Drug Treatment Star Faces Life on the Run", while a News of the World headline accused Jackson of being a fugitive. These tabloids also falsely alleged that Jackson had traveled to Europe to have cosmetic surgery that would make him unrecognizable on his return.[16] Geraldo Rivera set up a mock trial, with a jury made up of audience members, even though Jackson had not been charged with a crime.[19]

"Scream"/"Childhood" and HIStory were Jackson's first releases since the allegations and the press was waiting to see if the album would perform well. One analyst for SoundScan expressed the opinion that the press were out of touch with the public when it came to Jackson; the public liked him, while the press did not. He believed that "naysayers" in the media would be left surprised with the commercial reception to the HIStory campaign.[20]

Album booklet

In the HIStory album booklet there is an image of a white child in distress. The infant is huddled in the corner of a room screaming up at the ceiling. The lyrics to "Scream" as sprawled untidily on the wall beside the child.[21] Towards the end of the booklet is a copy of a child's letter to the President of the United States of America—Bill Clinton. The child asks Clinton to end war, pollution and to stop the press reports bothering Jackson.[18]

Production and music of Scream

Template:Sound sample box align right Template:Multi-listen start Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen end Template:Sample box end Janet Jackson wanted to be involved with the project, Michael's first song since the allegations had past, as a show of sibling support.[22] It was the first time they had worked together since 1982, when Janet provided backing vocals on "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".[23] Janet said that it was "very fun" working with her brother again and that seeing her brother work was "interesting".[23] "Scream" was written, composed and produced by the Jackson siblings, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis.[24] It was the first time Michael Jackson had worked with Jam and Lewis, however Janet had worked with them successfully on numerous occasions.[22] The album was created with the intention of following the same theme that brought Jackson success on his prior album Dangerous; half R&B and half pop/rock.[22] Jackson was credited for playing instruments such as the keyboard, synthesizer, guitar, drums and percussion on the single and album.[25]

Primarily written as a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child sexual abuse in 1993,[26] Jackson tells the media to stop pressuring him and to stop misrepresenting the truth.[18] Journalist and author, J. Randy Taraborrelli—who knows Jackson personally and has studied the singers life—expressed the opinion that "Scream" was not solely directed at the tabloid press. Taraborrelli noted several examples where the singers father—Joseph—physically abused his children and secretly fathered a child with another woman when still married to Katherine Jackson.[27][28] Joseph also had sex with other women, which the Jackson children could hear in the next room.[29] Jackson told Taraborrelli that he was revolted by the thought of his father with these women.[29] Taraborrelli asserts that the lyrics "Oh, father, please, have mercy' cause I just can't take it/Stop fucking with me!" are directed at his father, not the press.[29]

Jon Pareles of The New York Times observed, "fear has turned to aggression. The music has polarized; it's either clipped, choppy and electronic or glossy and sumptuous, only occasionally trying to combine the two. Most of the time, Jackson sounds as if he's singing through clenched teeth, spitting out words in defiance of any and all persecutors".[18] He believed that "Scream" had a similar sound to the music of Janet's acclaimed Rhythm Nation.[18] It was Michael Jackson's first song that contained profanity—with the word "fucking"—which was thought of as an unusual choice for Jackson, considering his appeal with the younger audience. Other song's on HIStory contained words such as kike, shit and nigger.[18][30][31] "Scream" incorporates elements of pop, R&B, hip-hop, funk and rock.[1][2]

Leaking of Scream

Two weeks before the official release of "Scream", Jackson happened to hear it on a Los Angeles radio station. The song was a closely guarded secret at Epic records; most staff members were not allowed access to a copy. Jackson wanted to find out how the station got hold of the song; They were playing "Scream" once an hour until served with a cease-and-desist order courtesy of Epic records. Two other stations, in Philadelphia, also received similar orders. All involved denied that Epic records leaked them the song early.[32]

Even though they were breaking the law, the radio station programmer noted, "that some things are more important...The record company was furious, lawyers were involved and the situation got hairy...But on a release as big as Michael Jackson's, there's no way we're going to wait if we receive a leak. It's a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity because his security is really insane".[32]

Critical reaction to Scream

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic expressed the opinion that "Scream", "improved on the slamming beats of his earlier single 'Jam'", a song that received critical acclaim in its own right, as the recipient of two Grammy nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.[33][34] Patrick Macdonald of The Seattle Times called "Scream" the best song on the album. He continued, "The refrain of "Stop pressurin' me!" is compelling, and he spits out the lyrics with drama and purpose. The song has bite and infectious energy". Macdonald did, however, consider the use of profanity unnecessary.[30]

James Hunter of Rolling Stone noted that, "the excellent current single 'Scream' or the first-rate R&B ballad 'You Are Not Alone' – manage to link the incidents of Jackson's infamous recent past to universal concepts like injustice or isolation. When he bases his music in the bluntness of hip-hop, Jackson sketches funky scenarios denouncing greed, blanket unreliability and false accusation".[1] He went on to say of "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", "[these] two adventurous Jam and Lewis thumpers, work completely: Jackson's slippery voice is caught in mammoth funk-rock constructions. They're reminiscent of Janet Jackson's hits, in which Jam and Lewis allow space for lush vocal harmonies taken from the Triumph-era Jacksons; the choruses of 'Tabloid Junkie' in particular sing out with quick-voiced warnings about the failings of media truth".[1] Deepika Reddy of The Daily Collegian wrote, "The lyrics to the album's debut single and video 'Scream' are for the first time in Jackson's convoluted career, painfully direct. He sings 'Stop pressuring me/Stop pressuring me/It makes me want to scream' with a force and resentment that's new and surpassing". "'Scream' and 'Tabloid Junkie' have a raw aspect that Jackson hasn't approached since a near-miss with 'Billie Jean'".[35]

Richard Harrington of The Washington Post called it "dull and musically uninvolved". He was also of the opinion that it sounded like "Jam" from 1991, thus dated.[36] "Scream" was nominated for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals" at the 1996 American Music Awards, and shortly afterward it gained a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".[2]

Scream music video

Production

In "Scream", Jackson and his sister Janet angrily retaliate against the media for misrepresentation to the public. The acclaimed video was shot primarily in black and white, at a cost of $7 million.

The 4:46 minute music video for "Scream" was directed by Mark Romanek, production designed by Tom Foden and choreographed by Michael Jackson. Jackson did not create the "concept" for the video—something he had often done in the past—the director did it instead; Jackson described the making of "Scream" as a collaborative effort. The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child sexual abuse in 1993.[23][37][38]

Foden commented, "Mark had written the treatment and the general idea was that Michael and Janet were on this large spacecraft. And they, were alone...They were getting away from Earth, and the different sets were the different environments on the spacecraft where they could have a little bit of fun and where they could relax".[39] Production of the music video's 13-piece set were restricted to a one-month period and is produced by Foden art directors Richard Berg, Jeff Hall, and Martin Mervel.[39] Foden describes the assignment as a "military operation" explaining, "the idea was to give each of the art directors three sets: a complicated one, a not-so-complicated one, and one of the smaller, easier vignettes".[39] Typography in the video was designed by P. Scott Makela.[40] Jackson was happy to work with his sister again, explaining that they both had a passion for dancing and it reminded him of "old times".[23]

In the video, Janet Jackson takes on a darker persona, previously unseen in her music videos. Jim Farber of the New York Daily News described her as "Sporting a thick thatch of wig hair, and eyes darkened by coal-black makeup...sullen and arty...Janet, however, never looked tougher. Or more in control".[41] The video has influences of Japanese sci-fi called Anime. Editing is sometimes used to intensify the imagery in the dance routines.[41]

Reception and influence

The video premiered in the summer of 1995, on MTV and BET and the next evening on ABC-TV's "Primetime Live" during Diane Sawyer's interview with Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley. The interview was broadcast to approximately 64 million viewers.[2] The video is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed pieces, Heather Phares of Allmusic described the video as a "stylish, interstellar clip".[37] James Hunter of Rolling Stone called it a contemporary video, "in which Michael and his sister Janet jump around like '90s fashion kids trapped in a spaceship stolen from a Barbarella film set".[1] Jim Farber called it a "supercool black-and-white clip"..."The clip's great allure is that neither of the siblings looks quite real. While the visuals hold barely any connection to the lyric, and seem to have no clear point, the weird look captivates". He was of the opinion that while Michael Jackson outshines his sister in the vocals, it is Janet Jackson who gives the best performance in the music video.[41]

In 1995, Scream gained 11 MTV Video Music Award Nominations—more than any other music video—and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".[2][39] Reacting to this, Jackson stated that he was "very honored", explaining that he had worked "very hard" and he was "very happy" with the reception up to that point.[23] It was also given a Billboard Music Award for best Pop/Rock video.[2] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterward Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made at a cost of $7 million.[2][42] In 2001, VH1 placed "Scream" at number nine on their list of the 100 greatest music videos.[43]

"Scream" was a creative influence on other music videos such as the 1999 release of the award winning "No Scrubs" by TLC.[44] This influence was also present on the 2008 release of "Shawty Get Loose" by Lil Mama and Chris Brown. Reacting to the comparison's made between the videos, Mama explained, "I feel honored, because that was one of the initial goals, and I feel that it was executed well". She adding that the emulation was intentional and that Brown was the only logical choice to step into Michael Jackson's role.[45]

Childhood

Background

"Childhood" is in part, a biographical reference to Jackson's difficult years as a youngster, such as the relationship with his father and the pressures of being world famous from such a young age—as the lead member of The Jackson 5.

From a young age Jackson was physically and mentally abused by his father through incessant rehearsals, whippings and derogatory name calling. Jackson's abuse as a child has affected him throughout his grown life.[46] In one altercation—later recalled by Marlon Jackson—Joseph held Michael Jackson upside down by one leg and "pummelled him over and over again with his hand, hitting him on his back and buttocks".[27] Joseph would often trip up or push the male children into walls.[27] One night, while Jackson was asleep, Joseph climbed into his room through the bedroom window. Wearing a fright mask, he entered the room screaming and shouting. Joseph said he wanted to teach his children not to leave the window open when they went to sleep. For a number of years afterward, Jackson suffered nightmares about being kidnapped from his bedroom.[27]

Although it had been reported for a number of years that Jackson had an abusive childhood, he first spoke openly about it in a 1993 interview with Oprah Winfrey. He grimaced when speaking of the childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness.[47][48][49] In the same interview, speaking of his father, Jackson said, "There were times when he'd come to see me, I'd get sick...I'd start to regurgitate. I'm sorry...Please don't be mad at me...But I do love him".[50] In Jackson's other high profile interview Living with Michael Jackson (2003), the singer covered his face with his hand and began crying when talking about his childhood abuse.[27] Jackson recalled that Joseph sat in a chair as the group rehearsed, saying, "He had this belt in his hand. If you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you. It was bad. Real bad".[51]

When Jackson received his lifetime achievement award—presented to him by Janet Jackson—at the 1993 Grammys, he said, "I don't read all the things written about me, I wasn't aware the world thought I was so weird and bizarre. But when you grow up like I did in front of 100 million people since the age of five, you're automatically different...My childhood was completely taken away from me. The was no Christmas, no birthdays. It was not a normal childhood, no normal pleasures of childhood. Those were exchanged for hard work, struggle and pain, and eventual material and professional success".[52]

Album booklet

In the HIStory album booklet there is a drawing of Jackson as a child. He is huddled in corner of the room and looks scared; The electric cord of his microphone has snapped. On one corner wall are the lyrics to "Childhood", the other wall shows Jackson's signature.[18][53]

Production, music and reception

Template:Sound sample box align right Template:Multi-listen start Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen end Template:Sample box end "Childhood" is a biographical song, written, produced and sung solely by Michael Jackson.[37][54] New York City's children's choir are credited for providing backing vocals on the track.[55] It became the main theme song for the Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home soundtrack, which was released by Jackson on his record label MJJ.[37][56] Jackson had previously provided the main theme song for the first Free Willy film, his hit single "Will You Be There", originally from Dangerous.[57] Aside from HIStory and the Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home soundtrack, "Childhood" appeared on compilations such as Movie Music: The Definitive Performances and Sony Music 100 Years: Soundtrack for a Century.[56]

Jon Pareles described it as a "defense show...Over tinkling keyboards and strings that could be sweeping across a cinemascope panorama, he croons [the lyrics]".[18] He described it as "creepy" yet "lushest".[18] In the song, Jackson states, "No one understands me...They view it as such strange eccentricities, 'cause I keep kidding around". He invokes "the painful youth I've had" and asks the public to, "Try hard to love me" and, with a breaking voice, asks, "Have you seen my childhood?".[18] James Hunter believed, "uncut Hollywood fluff like "Childhood"...has zero point of view on itself; its blend of rampaging ego and static orchestral pop is a Streisand-size mistake".[1] Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times described it as "dynamically enunciated reading and maudlin string arrangement directly invoke Streisand".[31]

Tim Molloy, of the Associated Press, called it a sweet sounding pleading song.[58] Patrick Macdonald of The Seattle Times described "Childhood" as "a sad, self-pitying song, but quite moving and beautiful".[30] Taraborrelli observed that the song was not purely about his bad childhood years, but was also a plea for compassion and understanding.[59]

Childhood music video

The video is set in a forest, Jackson, in scruffy cloths, sings "Childhood" while sitting on a tree stump. The camera moves up the trees into the night sky and flying airships travel overhead. On board the ships, children are seen playing a variety of games as they travel further away from Jackson, towards the moon. Other children appear in the forest undergrowth before floating up towards the airships, but Jackson remains seated on the tree stump.

The video for "Childhood" is 4:27 minutes long and has little in common with the corresponding film.[37][54] In the publication, Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More!, Pratt describes the video as "outstanding, a Chris Van Allsburg-style vision of children in flying airships, crusading through a forest at night".[54]

Commercial reception of Scream/Childhood

"Scream/Childhood" was a worldwide hit, in the US it was the first song in the 37 year history of Billboard to debut at number five—where it peaked.[2] By the end of August 1995 it was certified Gold and Platinum by the RIAA for shipment's of a million copies in the US.[3] It reached number one in Italy and New Zealand, number two in Australia and Norway and number three in the UK. It became a top five hit in every major music market.[60][61] A remix of "Scream" was also issued in the UK which charted at number 43.[2]

Charts

Chart (1995) Peak
position
Australia 2 [60]
Austria 9 [60]
Belgium (Vl) 5 [60]
Belgium (Wa) 3 [60]
Netherlands 4 [60]
France 4 [60]
Italy 1 [61]
New Zealand 1 [60]
Norway 2 [60]
Sweden 8 [60]
Switzerland 3 [60]
UK 3 [2]
UK ("Scream" official remix) 43 [2]
US Billboard Hot 100 5 [62]
US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs 2 [63]
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 1 [64]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Hunter, James (1995-08-10). "Michael Jackson HIStory". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2008-07-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k George, p. 48–50
  3. ^ a b "Gold and platinum". RIAA. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  4. ^ a b Taraborrelli, p. 355–361
  5. ^ a b c d "Music's misunderstood superstar". BBC. 2005-06-13. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 370–373
  7. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 365
  8. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 413
  9. ^ Campbell (1995), p. 42–45
  10. ^ Campbell (1995), p. 77–80
  11. ^ Campbell (1995), p. 47–50
  12. ^ a b c Taraborrelli, p. 500–507
  13. ^ "Michael Jackson speaks: 'I am totally innocent of any wrongdoing.'". Jet. 1994-01-10. Retrieved 2008-08-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 518–520
  15. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 514–516
  16. ^ a b c d e Campbell (1995), p. 89–93
  17. ^ a b c d Taraborrelli, p. 524–528
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pareles, Jon (1995-06-18). "Pop View; Michael Jackson Is Angry, Understand?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ Campbell (1995), p. 104–106
  20. ^ Farley, Christopher (1995-06-19). "History and hubris". Time. Retrieved 2008-09-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  21. ^ Jackson, Michael. HIStory booklet. Sony BMG. p 33
  22. ^ a b c Pinkerton, Lee (1997). The Many Faces of Michael Jackson. Music Sales Distribution. ISBN 0711967830.
  23. ^ a b c d e Screamin' Siblings: Michael & Janet (Televised interview/press conference). Bryant Park, Manhattan: MTV. Retrieved 2008-10-06. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |month2= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |year2= ignored (help)
  24. ^ Jackson, Michael. HIStory booklet. Sony BMG. p 32
  25. ^ Lewis, p. 59
  26. ^ Bark, Ed (1995-06-26), Michael Jackson Interview Raises Questions, Answers, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. 06E {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  27. ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, p. 20–22
  28. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 196
  29. ^ a b c Taraborelli, p. 32–33
  30. ^ a b c Macdonald, Patrick (1995-06-21). "`History' Lesson: Jackson's Living On Past Glories". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-11-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  31. ^ a b Willman, Chris (1995-06-18). "POP REVIEW Hits and Missives Michael Jackson takes off the glove and rails at attackers with new songs that take the King of Pop from `Bad' to sad-very sad". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-08-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  32. ^ a b Strauss, Neil (1995-05-25). "Screaming about Scream". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  33. ^ Erlewine, Stephen. "Michael Jackson HIStory Overview". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  34. ^ George, p. 45–46
  35. ^ Reddy, Deepika (1995-06-23). "Jackson's latest lives up to his character". The Daily Collegian. Retrieved 2008-11-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  36. ^ Harrington, Richard (1995-06-18). "`HIStory': Jackson's Past-iche". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-11-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  37. ^ a b c d e "History on Film, Vol. 2". Billboard. Retrieved 2008-09-15. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  38. ^ Bark, Ed (1995-06-26), Michael Jackson Interview Raises Questions, Answers, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. 06E {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  39. ^ a b c d Boepple, Leanne (1995-11-01), Scream: space odyssey Jackson-style.(video production; Michael and Janet Jackson video), vol. 29, Theatre Crafts International, p. 52, ISSN 1063-9497 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  40. ^ Her, Lucy (1999-05-14), "P. Scott Makela; was graphic designer known for digital work", StarTribune
  41. ^ a b c Farber, Jim (1995-06-14). "That Scream You Hear Is Jackson's". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2008-11-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  42. ^ Guinness World Records 2006
  43. ^ "VH1 Ranks 'Thriller' As Greatest Video". Billboard. 2001-05-12. Retrieved 2008-09-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  44. ^ Hip Hop Divas, Vibe Magazine Staff, Three Rivers Press, 2001, ISBN 0609808362, p. 224
  45. ^ Reid, Shaheem (2008-01-23). "Lil Mama Reflects On Her Journey 'From The 'Hood To The Stage' Of Madison Square Garden". MTV. Retrieved 2008-09-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ "Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood". VH1. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  47. ^ Campbell (1995), p. 14–16
  48. ^ Lewis p. 165–168
  49. ^ George, p. 45–46
  50. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 620
  51. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 602
  52. ^ Campbell (1995), p. 20
  53. ^ Jackson, Michael. HIStory booklet. Sony BMG. p 34
  54. ^ a b c Pratt, p. 792
  55. ^ Jackson, Michael. HIStory booklet. Sony BMG. p 40
  56. ^ a b "Childhood ; Michael Jackson". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  57. ^ "Free Willy Soundtrack". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  58. ^ Molloy, Tim (2005-05-22). "Michael Jackson seemingly gives his side of story – on decade-old album". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-11-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 437
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "M. Jackson & J. Jackson - Scream (nummer)". www.ultratop.be. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  61. ^ a b Hit parade Italia accessed May 30, 2008
  62. ^ "Billboard Hot 100 - Scream". Billboard. Retrieved 2008-09-14. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  63. ^ "Billboard Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs - Scream". Billboard. Retrieved 2008-09-14. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  64. ^ "Hot Dance Club Play - Scream". Billboard. Retrieved 2008-09-14. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

References

  • Campbell, Lisa (1995). Michael Jackson: The King of Pops Darkest Hour. Branden. ISBN 0828320039.
  • George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
  • Pratt, Douglas (2005). Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More!. UNET 2 Corporation. ISBN 1932916016.
  • Lewis, Jel (2005). Michael Jackson, the King of Pop: The Big Picture : the Music! the Man! the Legend! the Interviews!. Amber Books Publishing. ISBN 0-974977-90-X.
  • Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, WV: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4.
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