Pulque
Pulque, or octli, is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented sap of the maguey plant, and is a traditional native beverage of Mexico.[1] The drink’s history extends far back into the Mesoamerican period, when it was considered sacred, and its use limited to certain classes of people.[2] After the Spanish Conquest of Mexico, the drink became secular and its consumption rose.[3] The consumption of pulque reached its peak in the late 1800’s.[4] In the 20th century, the drink fell into decline, mostly because of the competition of newly-introduced beer by European immigrants. There are some efforts to revive the drink’s popularity through tourism.[3]
Description
Pulque is a milk-colored, somewhat viscous liquid that produces a light foam. It is made by fermenting the sap of certain types of maguey (agave) plants. In contrast, mescal is made from the cooked heart of certain agave plants, and tequila, a variety of mescal, is made all or mostly from the blue agave. There are about six varieties of maguey that are best used for the production of pulque.[1][2] The name “pulque” is derived from Nahuatl. The original name of the drink was “ìitzac octliî,” the term pulque was probably mistakenly derived by the Spanish from the “ìoctli poliuhquiî” which meant spoiled pulque.[5]
The maguey plant
The maguey plant, also called a “century plant” in English is native to Mexico. It grows best in the cold, dry climates of the rocky central highlands to the north and west of Mexico City, especially in Hidalgo and Tlaxcala states. Maguey has been cultivated at least since 200 C.E. in Tula, Tulancingo and Teotihuacan, and wild plants have been exploited for far longer. The plant historically has had a number of uses. Fibers can be extracted from the thick leaves to make rope or fabric, its thorns can be used as needles or punches and the membrane covering the leaves can be used as paper or for cooking.[6][3]The name “maguey” was given by the Spanish, who picked it up from the Taíno. This is still its common name in Spanish, with “agave” being its technical name. The ancient Nahuatl name was “metl.”[7]
When the plant reaches maturity, the center begins to swell and elongate. This is when the plant gathers stored sugar to send up a single flower stalk, which may reach 18-20 feet in height. However, plants destined for pulque production have this flower stalk cut off, leaving a depressed surface 12-18 inches in diameter. In this center, the maguey sap, known as aguamiel, collects.[4] It takes a maguey plant twelve years before it is mature enough to produce the sap for pulque.[8]
History
Mythological origins
It is not known who invented pulque; its origins go back at least 1,000 years. Various stories and myths have developed as to its origins. Most involve Mayahuel, the goddess of the maguey. It was thought that the aguamiel collecting in the center of the plant was her blood. Other deities, such as the Centzon Totochtin (400 rabbits) are associated with it, by representing the drink's effects, and are the children of Mayahuel.[2][3] Another version involving Mayahuel has her as a mortal woman who discovered how to collect aguamiel but someone named Pantecalt discovered how to make pulque.[7]
Another story states that pulque was discovered by the Tlacuache (opossum), who used his human-like hands to dig into the maguey and extract the naturally fermenting juice. He became the first drunk. Thacuache was thought to set the course of rivers. The rivers he set were generally straight except when he was drunk. Then they follow Tlacuache’s meandering path from cantina to cantina. Another story traces the discovery of aguamiel to the Toltec Empire, when a noble named Papantzin was trying to get the emperor to marry his daughter Xochitl. He sent her to the capital with an offering of aguamiel. The emperor and princess wed, and their son was named Meconetzin (maguey boy).[9]In other versions of the story, Xochitl is credited with discovering pulque.[3]
Pre-Hispanic period
The maguey was one of the most sacred and important plants in ancient Mexico, having a privileged place in mythology, religious rituals and the Mesoamerican economy. During the this period, pulque appears in a number of graphic representations. Pulque first appears on stone carvings about 200 C.E.[4] The first major work involving pulque is a large mural called the “Pulque Drinkers,” which was unearthed in 1968 during excavations at the pyramid of Cholula, Puebla.[2]
For the Indians of the central highlands of Mexico, the imbibing of pulque was done only by certain people, under certain conditions. It was a ritual drink, consumed during certain festivals, such as that of the goddess Mayahuel, and the god Mixcoatl. It was drunk by priests and sacrificial victims, to increase the priests’ enthusiasm and to ease the suffering of the victim.[2] There are many references in Aztec codices, such as the Borbonicus Codex) of pulque’s use by nobility and priesthood to celebrate victories. Among commoners, it was permitted only to the elderly and pregnant women.[4]
Colonial period
After the Conquest, pulque lost its sacred character, and both indigenous and Spanish people began to drink it.[3] Spanish initially made no laws regarding its use. It became a lucrative source of tax revenue, but by 1672, public drunkenness had become enough of a problem that the viceregal government created regulations to curtail its consumption. A maximum of 36 “pulquerias” were permitted for Mexico City, which had to be located in open areas, without doors and had to close a sundown. Food, music, dancing and the co-mingling of the sexes was prohibited.[4] However, pulque continued to play a major role in the socioeconomic history of Mexico during colonial times and in the early years of Independence. Through this period, it was the fourth largest source of tax revenue.[4] At the end of the 17th century, the Jesuits began large-scale production of the drink to finance its educational institutions. In this way, the making of pulque passed from being a home-made brew to one commercially-produced.[3]
Post colonial period
Production of pulque exploded after Independence, when the regulation of pulque producers ended, and Mexican nationalism increased.[7] From then until the 1860s, pulque haciendas multiplied, especially in Hidalgo and Tlaxcala states. In 1866, the first railway between Veracruz and Mexico City began operations, crossing through Hidalgo. This line was soon known as the “Pulque Train” because it brought supplies of the drink daily to the capital. This production and easy shipment of the drink made Hidalgo rich, and gave rise to a “pulque aristocracy” made up of some of the most powerful families of this time: Torres Adalid, Pimenta y Fagoaga, Macedo and others. At its peak, there were about 300 pulque haciendas. Some still remain in the plains of Apan and Zempoala, in Hidalgo.[3][4][6] Pulque hit its peak of popularity during the late 19th century, when it was enjoy by rich and poor alike.[8] As late as 1953, Hidalgo and Tlaxcala still obtained 30 and 50% respectively of their total revenues from pulque. In the 19th century, pulquerias boasted mirrors and mahogany bars, were elegantly decorated with colorful paper decorations (pico papelles), and were distinguished by elaborate murals and rather evocative names ("Mi Vide No Vale Nada" - My life is Nothing, The Last Stop, Memories of the Future, etc.)[4]
Pulque’s decline
In spite of its former popularity, pulque represents only ten percent of the alcoholic beverages consumed in Mexico today.[4] Pulque is still consumed in Mexico, mostly in the central highlands and predominantly in rural and poor areas. It has acquired a general connotation of being something for the lower class, while consumption of European-style beer flourished throughout the 20th century.[10]
The complex and delicate fermentation process of pulque had always limited the product’s distribution as it does not keep long and agitation during transport speeds degradation. Since pre-Hispanic times, its consumption has mostly been limited to the central highlands of Mexico.[10]
The decline of pulque began in the first decade of the 20th century, when the Mexican Revolution caused a decline in its production.[3] In the 1930’s the government of Lázaro Cárdenas campaigned against pulque, as part of an effort to reduce alcoholic consumption in general. But the most decisive factor to the decline of pulque has been the introduction of beer.[10][8]
European immigrant beer brewers in the early 20th century had their own campaign against the native pulque, which emphasized a practice of using a “muñeca.” This muñeca was a textile bag that contained human or animal feces, which was placed in the aguamiel in order to hasten the fermentation process. Some insist that the “muñeca” is completely a myth, but there are enough accounts of this to indicate that it had been done in the past, although only by a minority, and the practice had been stopped long before the 20th century. The promoted the idea that pulque still had this, generally by word of mouth and insinuation. This was done to inhibit pulque sales and to promote the consumption of beer, which they claimed was “rigourously hygienic and modern.”[10][11]
The strategy proved successful, with pulque now generally looked-down-upon and imbibed by relatively few people, with Mexican- brewed beer ubiquitous and extremely popular.[10][11] Pulque’s popularity is low and continues to fall. Twenty years ago, about twenty trucks would come every three days to Xochimilco (in southern Mexico City) to deliver pulque, but now the number is down to one or two. Only five pulquerias remain in this district, where there used to be eighteen.[1] It is similar in most other parts of Mexico as well. Those pulquerias that are left are very small establishments, selling a product made by small producers.[3]
In Hidalgo state, in which most maguey is grown, fields of this plant are disappearing, with barley taking its place. Most maguey plants here serve as boundary markers between properties. Many of these plants do not survive long, as they are often vandalized. It is estimated that 10,000 plants are mutilated each week by cutting off the lower leaves for barbacoa or destroying them completely to look for the edible white grubs or ant eggs that can inhabit them.[3]
Production of pulque
The production process is long and delicate.[8] The maguey plant needs twelve years of maturation before the sap, or aguamiel, can be extracted, but a good plant can produce for up to one year.[2] This aguamiel can be drunk straight, but it is alcoholic only after a fermentation process that can start in the plant itself.[3] This liquid is collected twice a day from the plant yielding about five or six liters per day. Today this liquid is collected with a steel scoop, but in the past an elongated gourd was used as a tube to suck the juice out. Between gatherings, the plants leaves are bent over the center where the juice collects to keep out bugs and dirt. This center is regularly scraped out to keep the plant’s production of sap active. Most maguey plants produce this aguamiel for about four to six months before they finally die.[4][2]
The collected juice is placed into fifty-liter barrels and carried from the field to the fermentation vats. These vats, called “tinas,” are located in a special building called a “tinacal.” This word derives from Nahuatl, “tina” and “calli” and means house of vats. When pulque haciendas reached their peak in the late 1800’s, hacienda life revolved around these tinacals. It typically was a rectangular shed of stone with a wood roof. The upper parts of the walls opened for air circulation and the facades were sometimes decorated with indigenous designs or other images associated with the making of pulque. One popular motif was the discovery of pulque by Xochitl. Other popular elements were the image of the hacienda’s patron saint and the Virgin of Guadalupe. Inside were the vats, which were cowhide stretched over wooden frames lined up against the walls. In larger tinacals there were three or four rows of vats. Today, the tinas are made of oak, plastic or fiberglass and hold about 1,000 liters each.[4][3]
After placing the juice in the fermentation vats, mature seed pulque (semilla or Xanaxtli) is added to the naturally occurring yeast to "jump start" the process. One of the agents in the seed pulque is a bacteria (termobacterium mobile) not a yeast. Those in charge of the fermentation process guard their trade secrets, passing them on from father to son. The process takes from seven to fourteen days, and seems to be more art than science. A number of factors can affect fermenting pulque such as temperature, humidity and the quality of the aguamiel.[4]
The process is complex and delicate, which can go sour at any point. For this reason, and perhaps due to its ancient “sacred” character, there are rituals and prohibitions. Religious songs and prayers may be offered, and women, children and strangers are not allowed inside the tinacal.[3] Other superstitions include eating canned fish or wearing a hat inside the tinacal. The first is claimed to cause a bad taste in the pulque and the second is considered bad luck. To cleanse the bad luck, the offender must fill the hat with pulque and drink it down.[4]
Just before the peak of fermentation, the pulque is quickly shipped to market in barrels. The fermentation process is continuous, so the pulque must be consumed within a certain time frame before it spoils.[4]
Pulque consumption
Most pulque is consumed in bars called “pulquerías.” At the beginning of the 20th century, there were more than 1,000 of these in Mexico City alone. Traditional pulquerías tend to be like clubs with closed membership, with casual visitors ignored or sometimes stared at. Frequent visits and large consumption of the drink tends to win acceptance.[4] While some establishments may forbid the entrance of women,[4] it is much more common for the establishment to provide a separate seating area for them. However, intermingling of the sexes is not permitted.[12][13][14] In the more rural areas of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala, where most pulque is made, the pulque is fresher and better. A vending establishment usually displays a white flag over the door when a fresh shipment has arrived.[4]
Traditionally, pulque is served from large barrels on ice.[12] and served into glasses, using a “jicara,” which is a half of a calabash tree gourd. The bartender is called a “jicarero.” In a pulquería the word “cruzado” means something like “bottoms up.”[4]
Drinking glasses have colorful names and can reflect a customer’s ability to drink pulque. Large two-liter glasses are called "macetas" (flower pots), one-liter glasses are called Cañones (cannons), half–liters are called Chivitos (little goats), quarter-liter glasses are Catrinas (dandy), and eighth-liter glasses are Tornillos (screws). Traditionally, these glasses are made from a greenish, hand blown glass.[4] Pulque can be drunk straight from the barrel or can have a number of additives such as fruit or nuts mixed in. Pulque prepared this way is called “curado” or cured.[12]
One of the limitations to pulque’s popularity has been the inability to store it for long periods or ship it far. Recently, pulque makers have found a way to preserve the beverage in cans. However, they admit that this does change the flavor. The hope is that with this innovation, pulque can regain its lost market in Mexico and even achieve success as an export item, like tequila.[8] It is already being offered in the United States by Boulder Imports, selling the brand “Nectar del Razo.” The original market was Mexican-American men but the company reports that the product is having success as a health food, sought out by athletes and body builders.[15]
Health benefits
There is a saying that pulque “sólo le falta un grado para ser carne” (is one grade shy of being meat). This refers to the nutritional value of the drink.[13] This was recognized by the Mesoamericans who allowed pregnant woman and the elderly to imbibe what was normally reserved only for priests and nobility. Modern analysis of the liquid has found that it contains carbohydrates, vitamin C, B-complex, D, E, amino acids and minerals such as iron and phosphorous.[4][8]
Pulque tourism
From the glory days of pulque, the state of Hidalgo has about 250 pulque haciendas, many of which have been abandoned or converted to other uses, such as ranching. Their tinacals have either disappeared or have been converted into storage or party rooms. There are still a few that continue to make pulque, but using more modern and sanitary facilities.[3] In Tlaxcala, the federal Secretariat of Tourism and the state government have organized a tour called the “Pulque Route,” which includes the main haciendas that still make the beverage in this state. It is a two-day route which begins at the Church of La Barca de la Fe in Calpulalpan to the San Bartolo Hacienda, which is the principal exporter of canned pulque. This hacienda was the property of Ignacio Torres Adalid, who was called the “king of pulque.” Today, it belongs to Ricardo del Razo. The tour also covers maguey fields like those around a town called Guillermo Ramirez.[8]
These old haciendas varied widely. Some were ostentatious with great architectural harmony such as the Monteceillos Hacienda, of Spanish colonial style and originally built in the 17th century by the Jesuits or San Antonio Ometusco Hacienda built by architect Antonio Rivas Mercado. However, most haciendas were the result of a constructive process that started in the 16th century, with mixed architectural styles and methods of both Mexico and Europe. One characteristic feature is Neo-Gothic towers. The Santiago Tetlapayac Hacienda has murals related to charreada and attributed to the painter Icaza. The Zotoluca Hacienda has an octangonal floorplan in Neo-Moorish style and was restored in the 1950’s. But the center of each of these pulque haciendas is the tinacal. They were planned and decorated befitting their importance. Almost all have interesting architectural details, such as a specially-decorated main doorway, murals or sculpted windows. Some are considered works of art, such as the tinacal at the Montecillos Hacienda or the one at the San Antonio Ometusco Hacienda, which also has an elegant canopy covering the shipping dock with moulded iron columns and walls decorated with murals relating to the history of pulque.[3]
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Aztecs' Sacred Drink Pulque Losing Out to Beer in Mexico". Medindia. 2007-11-23. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g Del Maguey, Single Village Mezcal. "What if Pulque?". Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Bonnefoy, Anne (2007). "Haciendas pulqueras de Apan y Zempoala" (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 September 2009.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "The story of pulque (or Mayan Madness!)". Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ^ "El pulque, bebida de los dioses" (in Spanish). Restaurantes de Mexico. 2009-09-13. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Oliver Vega, Beatriz (1995). "El uso de maguey" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Lopez Velarde Estrada, Monica. "El Descubrimiento del Pulque" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Soumaya Museum. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g Notimex (2009). "Tlaxcala organiza recorridos por haciendas pulqueras" (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 September 2009.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Domínguez Aragonés, Edmundo (2008-01-20). "Xiuhtlaltzin, primera reina tolteca y Xóchitl, reina tolteca descubridora del pulque". El Sol de Mexico (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e "Brewers sought to disparage pulque". El Universal. Miami. Wire Services. 2007-01-11. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ a b "Mentira que se use excremento para elaborar pulque". El Siglo de Torreon. Torreon, Coahuila. 2007-01-11. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ a b c "El Pulque "La Bebida de los Dioses"" (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 September 2009.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Avila, Virgina (2008-12-18). "Resusitan pulquerías del siglo XIX,aquí" (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 September 2009.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Nuestro Pulque" (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 September 2009.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Nectar del Razo". Retrieved 11 September 2009.