Vagina
| Vagina | |
|---|---|
 Organs of the female reproductive system, with vagina seen in center. | |
 Vulva with vaginal opening | |
| Details | |
| Precursor | urogenital sinus and paramesonephric ducts |
| Artery | superior part to uterine artery, middle and inferior parts to vaginal artery |
| Vein | uterovaginal venous plexus, vaginal vein |
| Nerve | Sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic plexus Parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic plexus |
| Lymph | upper part to internal iliac lymph nodes, lower part to superficial inguinal lymph nodes |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | "sheath" or "scabbard" |
| MeSH | D014621 |
| TA98 | A09.1.04.001 |
| TA2 | 3523 |
| FMA | 19949 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The vagina (from Latin vāgīna, literally "sheath" or "scabbard") is a fibromuscular tubular tract which is a sex organ. In humans, this passage leads from the opening of the vulva to the uterus (womb), but the vaginal tract ends at the cervix. Unlike men, who have only one genital orifice, women have two, the urethra and the vagina. The vaginal opening is much larger than the urethral opening, and both openings are protected by the labia.[1][2] The inner mould of the vagina has a foldy texture which is meant to provide friction for the penis during sexual intercourse.[3]
In other species, it leads from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles. Female insects and other invertebrates also have a vagina, which is the terminal part of the oviduct. The Latinate plural "vaginae" is rarely used in English. The word vagina is often used colloquially to refer to the vulva or to the female genitals in general; technically, the vagina is the specific internal structure.
Location and structure
The human vagina is an elastic muscular canal that extends from the cervix to the vulva.[4] It consists of three layers of tissue: the mucosa is the layer on the surface that can be touched, which consists of mucous membranes and is a surface similar to the lining of the mouth.[5]
Although there is wide anatomical variation, the length of the unaroused vagina of a woman of child-bearing age is approximately 6 to 7.5 cm (2.5 to 3 in) across the anterior wall (front), and 9 cm (3.5 in) long across the posterior wall (rear).[6] During sexual arousal the vagina expands in both length and width.[7] Its elasticity allows it to stretch during sexual intercourse and during birth to offspring.[8] The vagina connects the superficial vulva to the cervix of the deep uterus.
If the woman stands upright, the vaginal tube points in an upward-backward direction and forms an angle of slightly more than 45 degrees with the uterus. The vaginal opening is at the caudal end of the vulva, behind the opening of the urethra. The upper one-fourth of the vagina is separated from the rectum by the recto-uterine pouch. Above the vagina is the Mons pubis. The vagina, along with the inside of the vulva, is reddish pink in color, as are most healthy internal mucous membranes in mammals. A series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of the outer third of the vagina is called the vaginal rugae. They are transverse epithelial ridges and their function is to provide the vagina with increased surface area for extension and stretching.
Vaginal lubrication is provided by the Bartholin's glands near the vaginal opening and the cervix. The membrane of the vaginal wall also produces moisture, although it does not contain any glands. Before and during ovulation, the cervix's mucus glands secretes different variations of mucus, which provides an alkaline environment in the vaginal canal that is favorable to the survival of sperm. "Vaginal lubrication typically decreases as women age, but this is a natural physical change that does not normally mean there is any physical or psychological problem. After menopause, the body produces less estrogen, which, unless compensated for with estrogen replacement therapy, causes the vaginal walls to thin out significantly."[5]
The hymen is a membrane of tissue which is situated at the opening of the vagina. As in many female animals, the hymen covers the opening of the vagina from birth until it is ruptured during sexual or other activity. The tissue may be ruptured by vaginal penetration, delivery, a pelvic examination, injury, or sports. The absence of a hymen does not indicate prior sexual activity, as it is not always ruptured during sexual intercourse.[9] Similarly, its presence does not indicate a lack of prior sexual activity, as light activity may not rupture it, and it can be surgically restored.
Function
The vagina has several biological functions.
Sexual activity
The concentration of the nerve endings that lie close to the entrance of a woman's vagina (the lower third) can provide pleasurable sensation during sexual activity when stimulated in a way that the particular woman enjoys. However, the vagina has insufficient nerve endings for sexual stimulation and orgasm,[5][10][11] which is considered to make the process of child birth significantly less painful.[10] "The outer one-third of the vagina, especially near the opening, contains nearly 90 percent of the vaginal nerve endings and therefore is much more sensitive to touch than the inner two-thirds of the vaginal barrel."[5]
Research has found that clitoral tissue extends considerably into the vulva and vagina.[12] During sexual arousal, and particularly the stimulation of the clitoris, the walls of the vagina self-lubricate. This reduces friction that can be caused by various sexual activities.[5] With arousal, the vagina lengthens rapidly,[5][7] to an average of about 4 in.(10 cm), but can continue to lengthen in response to pressure.[13] As the woman becomes fully aroused, the vagina tents (last ²⁄₃) expands in length and width, while the cervix retracts.[14] The walls of the vagina are composed of soft elastic folds of mucous membrane which stretch or contract (with support from pelvic muscles) to the size of the inserted penis or other object,[5] stimulating the penis and helping to cause the male to experience orgasm and ejaculation, thus enabling fertilization.
G-Spot
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An erogenous zone commonly referred to as the G-Spot (also known as the Gräfenberg Spot) is typically defined as being located at the anterior wall of the vagina, about five centimeters in from the entrance. Some women experience intense pleasure if the G-Spot is stimulated appropriately during sexual activity. A G-Spot orgasm may be responsible for female ejaculation, leading some doctors and researchers to believe that G-Spot pleasure comes from the Skene's glands, a female homologue of the prostate, rather than any particular spot on the vaginal wall.[15][16][17] Other researchers consider the connection between the Skene's glands and the G-Spot to be weak.[18][19][20] They contend that the Skene's glands do not appear to have receptors for touch stimulation, and that there is no direct evidence for their involvement.[20]
The G-Spot's existence, and existence as a distinct structure, is still under dispute, as its location can vary from woman to woman and appears to be nonexistent in some women,[18][21][22][23] and it is hypothesized to be an extension of the clitoris.[12][24]
Childbirth
During childbirth, the vagina provides the channel to deliver the infant from the uterus to its independent life outside the body of the mother. During birth, the elasticity of the vagina allows it to stretch to many times its normal diameter. The vagina is often typically referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy and childbirth, though the term is, by definition, the area between the outside of the vagina and the fully dilated uterus.[25]
Uterine secretions
The vagina provides a path for menstrual blood and tissue to leave the body. In industrial societies, tampons, menstrual cups and sanitary napkins may be used to absorb or capture these fluids.
Clinical relevance
The vagina is self-cleansing and therefore usually needs no special treatment. Doctors generally discourage the practice of douching.[26] Since a healthy vagina is colonized by a mutually symbiotic flora of microorganisms that protect its host from disease-causing microbes, any attempt to upset this balance may cause many undesirable outcomes, including but not limited to abnormal discharge and yeast infection. The acidity of a healthy vagina of a woman of child-bearing age (a pH of around 4.5) is due to the degradation of glycogen to the lactic acid by enzymes secreted by the Döderlein's bacillus. This is a normal commensal of the vagina. The acidity retards the growth of many strains of dangerous microbes.[27]
The vagina is examined during gynecological exams, often using a speculum, which holds the vagina open for visual inspection of the cervix or taking of samples (see pap smear).
Vaginismus
Vaginismus, not to be confused with Vaginitis, refers to an involuntary tightening of the vagina, due to a conditioned reflex of the muscles in the area. It can affect any form of vaginal penetration, including sexual intercourse, insertion of tampons and menstrual cups, and the penetration involved in gynecological examinations. Various psychological and physical treatments are possible to help alleviate it.
Signs of disease
Vaginal diseases present with lumps, discharge and sores.
Lumps
The presence of unusual lumps in the wall or base of the vagina is always abnormal. The most common of these is Bartholin's cyst.[28] The cyst, which can feel like a pea, is formed by a blockage in glands which normally supply the opening of the vagina. This condition is easily treated with minor surgery or silver nitrate. Other less common causes of small lumps or vesicles are herpes simplex. They are usually multiple and very painful with a clear fluid leaving a crust. They may be associated with generalized swelling and are very tender. Lumps associated with cancer of the vaginal wall are very rare and the average age of onset is seventy years.[29] The most common form is squamous cell carcinoma, then cancer of the glands or adenocarcinoma and finally, and even more rarely, melanoma.
Discharge
The great majority of vaginal discharges are normal or physiological and include blood or menses (from the uterus), the most common, and clear fluid either as a result of sexual arousal or secretions from the cervix. Other non infective causes include dermatitis, discharge from foreign bodies such as retained tampons or foreign bodies inserted by curious female children into their own vaginas. Non-sexually transmitted discharges occur from bacterial vaginosis and thrush or candidiasis. The final group of discharges include the sexually transmitted diseases gonorrhea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. The discharge from thrush is slightly pungent and white, that from trichomoniasis more foul and greenish, and that from foreign bodies resembling the discharge of gonorrhea, greyish or yellow and purulent (like pus).[30]
Sores
All sores involve a breakdown in the walls of the fine membrane of the vaginal wall. The most common of these are abrasions and small ulcers caused by trauma. While these can be inflicted during rape most are actually caused by excessive rubbing from clothing or improper insertion of a sanitary tampon. The typical ulcer or sore caused by syphilis is painless with raised edges. These are often undetected because they occur mostly inside the vagina. The sores of herpes which occur with vesicles are extremely tender and may cause such swelling that passing urine is difficult. In the developing world a group of parasitic diseases also cause vaginal ulceration such as Leishmaniasis but these are rarely encountered in the west. HIV/AIDS can be contracted through the vagina during intercourse but is not associated with any local vaginal or vulval disease.[31] All the above local vulvovaginal diseases are easily treated. Often only shame prevents patients from presenting for treatment.[32]
Route of administration
Intravaginal administration is a route of administration where the substance is applicated inside the vagina. Pharmacologically, it has the potential advantage to result in effects primarily in the vagina or nearby structures (such as the vaginal portion of cervix) with limited systemic adverse effects compared to other routes of administration.
See also
References
- ^ Clinical pediatric urology: A. Barry Belman, Lowell R. King, Stephen Alan Kramer (2002)
- ^ Health and Wellness for Life
- ^ the female genitals retrieved 23 February 2012
- ^ "Glossary". womenshealth.gov. 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Vagina". health.discovery.com. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ Gray's Anatomy
- ^ a b "The sexual response cycle". EngenderHealth. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
- ^ http://www.metrokc.gov/HEALTH/famplan/flash/grades11-12/G1112-L17.pdf
- ^ Rogers DJ, Stark M (1998). "The hymen is not necessarily torn after sexual intercourse". BMJ. 317 (7155): 414. PMC 1113684. PMID 9694770.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century. Cengage Learning. 2011. pp. 688 pages. ISBN 1111186634, 9781111186630. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ "I'm a woman who cannot feel pleasurable sensations during intercourse". Go Ask Alice!. October 08, 2004 (Last Updated/Reviewed on October 17, 2008). Retrieved November 19, 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM (2005). "Anatomy of the clitoris". The Journal of Urology. 174 (4 Pt 1): 1189–95. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd. PMID 16145367.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|laydate=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|laysource=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|laysummary=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Does size matter". TheSite.org. Retrieved 2006-08-12.
- ^ "do big penises hurt?". AskMen.com. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
- ^ Crooks, R (1999). Our Sexuality. California: Brooks/Cole.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Jannini E, Simonelli C, Lenzi A (2002). "Sexological approach to ejaculatory dysfunction". Int J Androl. 25 (6): 317–23. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2605.2002.00371.x. PMID 12406363.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jannini E, Simonelli C, Lenzi A (2002). "Disorders of ejaculation". J Endocrinol Invest. 25 (11): 1006–19. PMID 12553564.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Hines T (2001). "The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 185 (2): 359–62. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x. PMID 11518892.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Santos, F Taboga, S. (2003). "Female prostate: a review about biological repercussions of this gland in humans and rodents". Animal Reproduction. 3 (1): 3–18.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Alzate H Hoch Z (1986). "The "G spot" and "female ejaculation": a current appraisal". J Sex Marital Ther. 12 (3): 211–20. PMID 3531529.
- ^ "The G-spot". health.discovery.com. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ "Finding the G-spot: Is it real?". CNN.com. January, 05, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?". Journal of Sexual Medicine . 2011. 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x. PMID 22240236.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laysource=,|laysummary=, and|laydate=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|journal=(help); Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Federation of Feminist Women’s Health Centers (1991). A New View of a Woman’s Body. Feminist Heath Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-929945-0-2.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help) - ^ "Princeton University's Wordnet search results for Birth Canal". Princeton. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
- ^ "Vaginal Problems — Home Treatment". Women's Health. WebMD, LLC. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
- ^ Todar, Kenneth (2008). "The Nature of Bacterial Host-Parasite Relationships in Humans". Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
- ^ "Bartholin cyst". MayoClinic.com. 2010-01-19. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ Manetta A, Pinto JL, Larson JE, Stevens CW, Pinto JS, Podczaski ES (1988). "Primary invasive carcinoma of the vagina". Obstet Gynecol. 72 (1): 77–81. PMID 3380510.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Spence D, Melville C (2007). "Vaginal discharge". BMJ. 335 (7630): 1147–51. doi:10.1136/bmj.39378.633287.80. PMC 2099568. PMID 18048541.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Hiv/Aids". MayoClinic.com. 2010-08-11. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ Butcher J (1999). "Female sexual problems II: sexual pain and sexual fears". BMJ. 318 (7176): 110–2. PMC 1114576. PMID 9880287.
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External links
The dictionary definition of vagina at Wiktionary
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