Václav Klaus
Václav Klaus | |
---|---|
President of the Czech Republic | |
In office 7 March 2003 – 7 March 2013 | |
Prime Minister | Vladimír Špidla Stanislav Gross Jiří Paroubek Mirek Topolánek Jan Fischer Petr Nečas |
Preceded by | Václav Havel[1] |
Succeeded by | Miloš Zeman |
Chairperson of the Chamber of Deputies | |
In office 17 July 1998 – 20 June 2002 | |
Preceded by | Miloš Zeman |
Succeeded by | Lubomír Zaorálek |
Prime Minister of the Czech Republic | |
In office 1 January 1993 – 17 December 1997 | |
President | Václav Havel |
Preceded by | Position established |
Succeeded by | Josef Tošovský |
Prime Minister of the Czech Socialist Republic | |
In office 2 July 1992 – 1 January 1993 | |
President | Václav Havel |
Preceded by | Petr Pithart |
Succeeded by | Position abolished |
Minister of Finance of Czechoslovakia | |
In office 10 December 1989 – 2 July 1992 | |
Prime Minister | Marián Čalfa |
Preceded by | Jan Stejskal |
Succeeded by | Jan Klak |
Personal details | |
Born | Prague, Bohemia and Moravia (now Czech Republic) | 19 June 1941
Political party | Civic Democratic Party (Before 2009) Independent (2009–present) |
Spouse | Livia Mištinová (1968–present) |
Children | 2 sons |
Alma mater | University of Economics, Prague |
Signature | ![]() |
Website | Official website |
Václav Klaus (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvaːtslaf ˈklaus]; born 19 June 1941) is a former President of the Czech Republic. He also served as a Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 1992 to 1997.
An economist, Klaus was the principal co-founder of the Civic Democratic Party, the Czech Republic's largest center-right political party.[3][4] Klaus is a eurosceptic,[5][6] but he reluctantly endorsed the Lisbon treaty as President of his country.[7] He has been called the "Margaret Thatcher of Central Europe".[8] On 4 March 2013, the Czech Senate charged Klaus with high treason over his controversial 2013 amnesty as well as his reluctance to sign international treaties and to appoint judges. If the Constitutional Court decides Klaus is guilty, he will lose the eligibility for acquiring the presidential office again after his second consecutive term ends on 7 March 2013.[9]
Early life
Klaus was born in Prague during the Nazi occupation, and grew up in the large (up to 1948 middle-class) Vinohrady neighborhood. He studied what was then called "economics of foreign trade" and graduated from the University of Economics, Prague in 1963. He also spent some time at universities in Italy (1966) and at Cornell University in the United States in 1969.
He then pursued a postgraduate academic career at the State Institute of Economics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, which he was forced to leave in 1970. However, he soon obtained a position in the Czechoslovak State Bank, where he held various staff positions from 1971 to 1986. It was reported that he obtained a limited permission to travel mainly to so-called socialist foreign countries. This might have been a small privilege at that time.[10] In 1987, Klaus joined the Institute for Prognostics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
Rise to premiership
Klaus entered the Czechoslovak politics during the Velvet Revolution in 1989, during the second week of the political uprising, when he offered his co-operation as economist to the Civic Forum, whose purpose was to unify the anti-authoritarian forces in Czechoslovakia and to overthrow the Communist regime. Klaus became Czechoslovakia's Minister of Finance in the "government of national unity" on 10 December 1989.
In October 1990, Klaus was elected chairman of the Civic Forum. Klaus was then principal co-founder of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS), the Czech Republic's largest center-right political party. In the following period of successful economic growth, he became Prime Minister of the Czech Republic on the grounds of impressive electoral results of his party. He was re-elected as Prime Minister after the 1996 election.
Resignation as Prime Minister
Towards the end of 1997 Klaus was forced to step down as Prime Minister by several opponents in his party in connection with accusations of funding irregularities in the ODS.[11]
In this time, Czech President Václav Havel heavily criticized Klaus' policy of voucher privatization of previously state-owned enterprises. This policy was designed as a cornerstone for a speedy transition from command economy to free-market economy. However, Havel blamed the voucher privatization as a reason for current economic difficulties. He also expressed strong criticism of some political allies of Klaus like Miroslav Macek, who was a dentist by profession.[12]
Chairman of ODS
At a congress end of 1997, Klaus was confirmed as chairman of the Civic Democratic Party by 227 out of 312 votes. The defeated faction within the ODS subsequently left the party, and in early 1998 they established a new party named Freedom Union (Unie svobody, US), with President Havel's sympathies.
The ODS lost the early elections in 1998 to the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD). The election results would have allowed each of the two major political parties to create a safe Parliamentarian majority with smaller centrist parties. However, chairman of the Union of Freedom Jan Ruml refused to support the Social Democrats. Subsequently, Klaus negotiated an "Opposition Agreement" (opoziční smlouva) with ČSSD chairman Miloš Zeman, his long-time political adversary, though both also had much mutual respect. During the following legislative period, the ODS tolerated Zeman's minority government in exchange for a share in the control of Parliament positions, including the post of the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies for Klaus himself.[13] The Opposition Agreement led to some public demonstrations, particularly against an attempt to regulate the Czech Television. This, in turn, caused Zeman to announce that he would not stand again for the post of Prime Minister.
ODS went to the elections of June 2002 relying on Klaus' image. This time, however, ODS was again defeated by the ČSSD under their new leader Vladimír Špidla, who previously rejected the Opposition Agreement. Eventually, Špidla created a left-center coalition. After a long hesitation and a defeat of his party in October 2002 Senate elections, Klaus did not run for re-election as party chairman at the December ODS congress. However, he became Honorary chairman of the party.[14] Against his declared wish, Klaus was succeeded by Mirek Topolánek as the new party chairman.[15]
Presidency
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png)
Having lost two general elections in a row, Klaus's hold on the ODS appeared to become weaker, and he announced his intention to step down from the leadership and run for President to succeed Václav Havel, who had been one of his greatest political opponents. However, the governing coalition, buffeted especially by feuds within ČSSD, was unable to agree on a common candidate to oppose him.
Klaus was elected President of the Czech Republic by secret ballot of the parliament on 28 February 2003 after two failed elections earlier in the month, in the third round of the 2003 presidential election (both chambers vote on two top candidates jointly).[citation needed] He won with a majority of 142 votes out of 281. It was widely reported that Klaus won because of the support of Communist members of parliament, support which his opponent, Jan Sokol, publicly refused to accept. Klaus denied the charge that he owed the Communists any debt for his election.[16]
Use of vetos
Although Klaus regularly criticized Václav Havel for having used his powers to veto a number of laws, and promised restraint, he exercises his veto more frequently than Havel,[17] generally labelling vetoed bills as illiberal, 'dangerous' and a threat to the country[citation needed]. He vetoed the Anti-Discrimination Law passed by parliament in 2008, characterizing it as a dangerous threat to personal freedoms. He also used his right to veto the bill implementing EU's Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals policy claiming it to be a burden for private enterprises.
Eurosceptic beliefs
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Klaus' euroscepticism and possibly also his scepticism about impacts of human activities on climate change are the cornerstones of his policy as President. He claimed that accession to the Union represented a significant reduction of Czech sovereignty and he chose not to give any recommendation before the 2003 accession referendum (77% voted yes).[citation needed]
Klaus' eurosceptic activism has manifested itself in his articles and numerous speeches, in which he warned against the gradual loss of sovereignty in favour of the EU. He promoted the publication of a work by the Irish Eurosceptic Anthony Coughlan. In 2005 Klaus called for the EU to be "scrapped" and replaced by a free trade area to be called the "Organisation of European States." He also attacked the EU as an institution which undermines freedom, calling the EU "as big a threat to freedom as the Soviet Union was".[citation needed]
Also in 2005 he remarked to a group of visiting U.S. politicians that the EU was a "failed and bankrupt entity."[citation needed]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus_and_Boris_Tadi%C4%87_in_Belgrade%2C_2008.jpg/220px-V%C3%A1clav_Klaus_and_Boris_Tadi%C4%87_in_Belgrade%2C_2008.jpg)
In November 2008 during his stay in Ireland after a state visit, Klaus held a joint press conference with Declan Ganley, head of Libertas, which at that time successfully campaigned for a "no" vote in the referendum on the Lisbon Treaty. Members of Irish government called this "an inappropriate intervention", "unusual and disappointing".[18]
On 5 December 2008, members of the Conference of Presidents of the European Parliament visited the Czech Republic prior to the start of the Czech presidency of the European Union. They were invited by Václav Klaus to meet him at Prague Castle. Daniel Cohn-Bendit, chairman of Green Group, brought a European flag and presented it to Klaus.[19] Cohn-Bendit also said that he "did not care about Klaus' opinions on the Lisbon Treaty, that Klaus would simply have to sign it". This was negatively commented in the Czech Republic as an undue interference in Czech affairs. Further, then Irish Prime minister Brian Crowley told Klaus that the Irish people wanted ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon and were "insulted" by Klaus' association with Declan Ganley and Libertas. Klaus responded that "the biggest insult to the Irish people is not to accept the results of the referendum".[20] Crowley replied, "You will not tell me what the Irish think. As an Irishman, I know it best."[20] In the UK the confrontative atmosphere of this meeting was criticized by some of the media: "This bizarre confrontation ... confirms the inability of the Euro-elite to accept that anyone holds views different from their own."[19]
Eurozone
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Klaus is a long-term opponent of centrally implemented economic policies in the EU and of the euro as common currency of the eurozone countries. During the observance of the 10th anniversary of the euro in 2008 he expressed his beliefs in a Financial Times article:
If Europe does not wake up, it will face hard times. A common monetary policy will not help. Member countries already react differently to the appreciation of the euro against the dollar, the rising cost of energy, food or raw materials, and Asian competition. . . . In practice, the existence of euro has shown that forcing an economically disparate Europe into a homogeneous entity through a political decision is political engineering par excellence, far from beneficial for all countries concerned.[21]
Signing the Lisbon treaty
Klaus long refused to sign the Treaty of Lisbon, being the last head of state in the EU to provide a signature. Other European leaders ignored his reluctance, making it clear that they would not consent to be "held hostage" by the Czech President.[7] Czech Prime Minister of that time Jan Fischer, however, was confident that Klaus would eventually sign the Lisbon treaty, saying: "There is no reason for anxiety in Europe. The question is not Yes or No, it is only when."[22]
As early as in November 2008 Klaus said in an interview with the Czech Television:
I can only repeat aloud one of my verdicts. If indeed all agree that the Lisbon Treaty is a 'golden nut' for Europe that must be, and that there is only one single person who would block it, and that person is the Czech president, so this is what I will not do. This is all.[23]
Russian oil and gas supplies
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vladimir_Putin_in_the_Czech_Republic_1-2_March_2006-3.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_the_Czech_Republic_1-2_March_2006-3.jpg)
On some issues like energy policy, Klaus has sought cooperation with Russia.[10][24]
In the 1990s, Klaus promoted renewed oil and gas agreements between the Czech Republic and Russia. He was at that time, for economic reasons, reluctant to seek other energy sources.[24] He was rather negative towards the construction of a pipeline between the Czech Republic and Germany. According to former Czech secret service directors, he was allegedly warned by the secret service of Russian organized crime spreading in the Czech economy. In one scheme, oil was imported to the Czech Republic as heating oil and re-sold as diesel, which created huge profits for Russian entrepreneur Semion Mogilevich.[10]
Later, Klaus was characterized by The Economist as one of Russian President Vladimir Putin's "warmest admirers abroad".[25] Furthermore, Klaus obtained the 2007 Pushkin Medal for the promotion of Russian culture from President Putin. It was suggested that this was due to his use of Russian language in conversations with Putin and Russian diplomats.[26][27][28] According to Klaus, as far as Russia is concerned there have been "challenges and successes, tremendous successes".[29]
Otherwise, in a May 2009 interview[30] for Lidové noviny, Klaus said Russia was not a threat but still a big, strong and ambitious country, of which the Czech authorities should beware more than the likes of Estonia and Lithuania should.[31]
Kosovo
Klaus criticised NATO bombings of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo crisis.[24] Afterwards, he voiced many times his disagreement with the unilateral Kosovo declaration of independence. During his visit to Slovakia in March 2008, a country that together with Spain, Romania, Greece and Cyprus has not recognized the independence of Kosovo, Klaus categorically rejected the argument that Kosovo was a special case. He stated that a precedent was set, as those who have recognized Kosovo opened a Pandora's box in Europe. According to Klaus this could lead to disastrous consequences, and he compared the situation of Serbia to the 1938 Munich treaty.[32][33] When Serbia recalled its ambassador in protest of the Czech government's recognition of Kosovo, the Serbian ambassador was invited to the Prague Castle for a friendly farewell.[34] During his visit to Serbia in January 2011, Klaus stated that as long as he was President the Czech Republic would not appoint an ambassador to Kosovo.[35]
Re-election
The Czech Presidential election of 2008 differed from past ones in that the voting was on the record, rather than by secret ballot. This was a precondition demanded by several Czech political parties after the last experience, but long opposed by Klaus' Civic Democratic Party[36] which had strengthened since 2003, already had the safe majority in the Senate even by itself and needed only to secure a few votes in the House for the third round.
Klaus' opponent was the former émigré, naturalized United States citizen and University of Michigan economics professor Jan Švejnar.[37] He was nominated by the Green Party as a pro-EU moderate candidate. He gained the support of the leading opposition Social Democratic Party, a small number of deputies and senators of the KDU-ČSL and some independent Senators. The first ballot on 8–9 February 2008 resulted in no winner. Švejnar won the Chamber of Deputies, but Klaus led in the assembly as a whole and barely failed to achieve the requisite majority.[36]
The second ballot on 15 February 2008 brought a new candidate MEP Jana Bobošíková, nominated by the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia. However not drawing any wider support, she withdrew her candidacy before the election itself.[37] The first and second rounds ended similarly to the previous weekend. However, Klaus consistently had 141 votes. Thus in the third round, where the only goal is to achieve a majority of all legislators present from both houses, Klaus won by the smallest possible margin.[clarification needed] Švejnar received 111 votes, the 29 Communists voting for neither.[38]
Klaus's first term as President concluded on 7 March 2008; he took oath for the second term on the same day so as not to create a president-less interregnum since the Parliament could not otherwise come to a joint session before the following Tuesday. Thus, he lost the day of overlap and his second term will end on 6 March 2013.
2013 Amnesty
On 1 January 2013, using his constitutional rights, Klaus announced an amnesty to mark the 20th anniversary of the Czech Republic's independence. The amnesty took effect on 2 January and released all prisoners sentenced to one year or less whose sentences had not been served, and all prisoners over 75 years of age sentenced to ten years or less whose sentences had not been served, as well as cancelling all court proceedings which had been ongoing for longer than eight years.[39] As of 11 January, 6318 prisoners have been released due to the amnesty; others may yet be released depending on the outcome of court appeals.[40]
The large extent of this amnesty was widely criticized in the Czech Republic during the first weeks of 2013, with the opposition demanding a vote of no confidence to be held against prime minister Petr Nečas due to his support of it.[41] Meanwhile, a comparison was drawn with similar actions by Klaus's predecessor, Václav Havel, who dispensed three amnesties while Czechoslovak and later Czech president (1989–2003). Havel's first amnesty of January 1990 was the largest post-war one. Some 23,000 people, or two thirds of then 31,000 prisoners in then 15 million Czechoslovakia, were released from prison.[39]
The amnesty also sparked a series of petitions against the president, the chief of which is supported by several civic initiatives and its goals are to persuade the Senate of Czech Republic to charge the president of high treason in front of the Constitutional court, effectively impeaching him.[42] As of the beginning of February 2013, the petition was signed by more than 64,000 people and during the first 24 hours after its launch, it accumulated 24,500 signatures, which is a Czech record.[43]
Post-presidency
Klaus plans to work with the libertarian Cato Institute after his presidential term expires in March 2013.[44] He will also move to the Vaclav Klaus Institute, which is co-financed by Petr Kellner. He is considering a run for the European Parliament.[45]
Criticism of theories of anthropogenic global warming
Klaus is a strong critic of the theories that any global warming is anthropogenic. He has also criticized the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as a group of politicized scientists with one-sided opinions and one-sided assignments. He has said that some other top-level politicians do not expose their doubts about global warming being anthropogenic because "a whip of political correctness strangles their voices."[46]
In addition he says, "Environmentalism should belong in the social sciences" along with other "isms" such as communism, feminism, and liberalism. Klaus said that "environmentalism is a religion" and, answering questions of U.S. Congressmen, a "modern counterpart of communism" that seeks to change peoples' habits and economic systems.[47]
In a June 2007 Financial Times article, Klaus called ambitious environmentalism "the biggest threat to freedom, democracy, market economy and prosperity". He hinted at present political and scientific debates on environment issues as a design to suppress freedom and democracy, and asked the readers to oppose the term "scientific consensus", adding that "it is always achieved only by a loud minority, never by a silent majority".[48] In an online Q&A session following the article he wrote "Environmentalism, not preservation of nature (and of environment), is a leftist ideology... Environmentalism is indeed a vehicle for bringing us socialist government at the global level. Again, my life in communism has made me oversensitive in this respect."[49] He reiterated these statements at a showing of Martin Durkin's The Great Global Warming Swindle organised by his think tank CEP in June 2007.[50]
In November 2007 BBC World's Hardtalk Klaus called the interviewer "absolutely arrogant" for claiming that a scientific consensus embracing the bulk of the world had been reached on climate change. He added that he was "absolutely certain" that in 30 years people would look back and express their thanks to him for his stands.[51]
At a September 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Klaus spoke of his disbelief in global warming, calling for a second IPCC to be set up to produce competing reports, and for countries to be left alone to set their priorities and prepare their own plans for the problem.[52]
In 2007, Klaus published a book titled Modrá, nikoli zelená planeta (literally "Blue planet – not green"). The book has been translated from the Czech into various languages.[53] The title in English, which is not a direct translation, is "Blue Planet in Green Shackles". It claims that "The theory of global warming and the hypothesis on its causes, which has spread around massively nowadays, may be a bad theory, it may also be a valueless theory, but in any case it is a very dangerous theory."
At the September 2009 UN Climate Change Conference, Klaus again voiced his disapproval, calling the gathering "propagandistic" and "undignified."[54]
On 26 July 2011 at the National Press Club Address, Klaus pronounced himself again against global warming calling it "a communist conspiracy".[55]
On 21 May 2012 Klaus addressed the climate sceptic Heartland Institute’s Seventh International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC-7).[56]
In August 2012 he delivered the Magistral Lecture to the World Federation of Scientists in Erice, Sicily.[57]
Other activities
In 1995, as Prime Minister, Klaus was awarded the title of Professor of Finance from his alma mater, so he is sometimes addressed as "Mr. Professor" as is customary in the Czech Republic. Since that time Klaus occasionally teaches seminars in economics at the University of Economics. He focuses on his free-market opinions.
His defining issue as economist since 1990 has been his enthusiasm for the free market economy as exemplified by Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman.[58] According to Klaus, legislation and institutions cannot be created before economic transformation, they have to go hand in hand.[59]
Since 1990, Václav Klaus has received nearly 50 honorary degrees, among them one from Universidad Francisco Marroquín,[60] and published more than 20 books on various social, political, and economic topics. Klaus is a member of the Mont Pelerin Society. He published articles in the libertarian Cato Journal. On 28 May 2008, Klaus gave the keynote address at an annual dinner hosted by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a free market advocacy group in Washington, D.C., and received its Julian L. Simon Memorial Award.
Klaus was also elected to become a foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2009.[61]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus_visiting_ESO%27s_Paranal_Observatory.jpg/220px-V%C3%A1clav_Klaus_visiting_ESO%27s_Paranal_Observatory.jpg)
In April 2011, Klaus was seen taking a pen during a state visit to Chile.[62] The alleged theft, caught on television cameras, was widely reported around the world and has been dubbed an "international event"[63] causing a "diplomatic stir".[64] According to Klaus, the event was exaggerated, because official pens are normally free to be taken by official visitors and this one was not an exception.[65]
Australian Parliament House incident
In July 2011, President Klaus visited Canberra, the national capital of Australia. Klaus's visit to Australia was sponsored by the conservative Australian think tank, the Centre for Independent Studies, and so was not afforded the diplomatic protocol of an official visit. During his stay in Canberra Klaus was invited to an interview to be conducted by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in their Parliament House studios. At Parliament Klaus was requested to undergo standard security clearance, ABC staff tried to convince security staff to allow the President to bypass security but they declined the request, and so Klaus left the building.[66] Klaus commented that it was not an issue of his passing through the electronic security system, but rather of the treatment of his person by the officials. First, when he and his entourage arrived on time, nobody was expecting him. After waiting for ten minutes in front of the building, a worker of the ABC Television invited him in, where he was left "among perhaps as many as hundred school children". After another few minutes he found out that the whole group was waiting for a security clearance. Klaus refused to waste more time waiting in line behind the school children and offered ABC Television to conduct the interview in his hotel. This offer was declined by ABC as they were already set up for the interview in the Parliament House studio.[66][67] Klaus' approach was further backed up by the head of protocol in the Office of the Czech President, Jindřich Forejt, who described the whole incident as “incredible.” Former speaker of President Václav Havel, Ladislav Špaček,[68] commented that "it is absolutely out of place to check a head of state; it is disrespectful. I am not at all surprised that Klaus turned around and went off. He should not be there trying to argue with some operative that he is not a terrorist."[69]
Airsoft gun assault
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On 28 September 2012, Klaus was attacked during a bridge opening ceremony in Chrastava. While Klaus was walking through a thick crowd, shaking hands and chatting with bystanders, a 26-year-old man named Pavel Vondrouš came near, pressed an airsoft pistol against the President's right arm and pulled the trigger seven times before disappearing into the crowd. The attacker, a self-proclaimed communist, was detained after several minutes, but later released. He will be prosecuted, probably for misdemeanour. Before he was preliminarily taken into custody, he had even managed to comment to journalists that he "had done it because politicians were blind and deaf to the people's despair."
Klaus was taken to Prague's Střešovice hospital with what was described as a "minor wound", treated and immediately discharged.
The lack of action from the President's bodyguards was heavily criticised. The head of the President's security resigned after the incident.
Resignation as honorary ODS chairman
Václav Klaus resigned as honorary ODS chairman on 6 December 2008.[70] On the following day, the Mayor of Prague and friend of Klaus, Pavel Bém, stood against Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek for the post of ODS chairman at the ODS party congress.[70] Bém lost by 284 votes to 162,[70] and was replaced as first deputy chairman of ODS by David Vodrážka.[70]
Personal life
Václav Klaus is married to Livia Klausová, who is a Slovak by origin and an economist. They have two sons, Václav (a private secondary school headmaster) and Jan (an economist), and five grandchildren.[3]
Alleged extramarital affairs
It has been claimed that Klaus had several extramarital affairs. The extramarital affairs, if they have occurred, had no lasting impact on his married life.
The first alleged relationship might have been in 1991 with 29-year-old flight attendant Eva Svobodová.[71] In summer 2002, Klaus was photographed by a tabloid as having a "special relationship" with 24-year-old economy student Klára Lohniská.[72] One paper claimed he spent the night after his second presidential inauguration (7 March 2008) with 25-year-old flight attendant Petra Bednářová.[73] A tabloid reported in August 2011 that the affair of Klaus with Bednářová was continuing.[74]
State Awards
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Country | Awards[75] | Date
|
---|---|---|
![]() |
Order of the White Double Cross | March 2013 |
![]() |
Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria | May 2009[76] |
![]() |
Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great | April 2009[77] |
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Order of the White Eagle | July 2007 |
![]() |
Medal of Pushkin | December 2007 |
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Saxon Merit Cross | May 2008 |
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Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic | September 2004 |
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Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion | |
![]() |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk |
See also
References
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- ^ "Vlažné přijetí a ateismus Čechů, píší světové agentury". Týden(originally ČTK). Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ a b "Curriculum Vitae of Vaclav Klaus". Office of the President of the Republic. 5 March 2003. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
- ^ Klaus, Václav (6 May 2006). "The Threats to Liberty in the 21st century". Foundation for Economic Education. Archived from the original on 27 June 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- ^ "EU leaders brush off Czech threat to Lisbon". Financial Times. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ BST 8 October 2009 (8 October 2009). "Lisbon Treaty: Czech president Vaclav Klaus sets new condition". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Klaus opposition to Lisbon ignored". Financial Times. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ "Vaclav Klaus determined to weather the storm over Lisbon treaty veto". Roger Boyes. The Times. 17 October 2009.
- ^ "Czech Senate charges President Vaclav Klaus with high treason".
- ^ a b c [1]. Business News Europe. 21 January 2009
- ^ Richter, Jan (7 February 2008). "Václav Klaus: the experienced and predictable". Radio Prague. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ Bilefsky, Dan. The New York Times http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/vaclav_klaus/index.html.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "Constitution Watch: A country-by-country update on constitutional politics in Eastern Europe and the ex-USSR". East European Constitutional Review. 7 (3). New York University School of Law and Central European University. 1998. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ "XIII. kongres ODS" (in Czech). Občanská demokratická strana. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ Petržílková, Eva (15 December 2002). "Zprávy: Nástupcem Václava Klause v čele ODS se stal nečekaně Mirek Topolánek" (in Czech). Radio Prague. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "News". Radio Prague. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ Havlín, Tomáš (9 June 2006). "Klaus už překonal Havla. Vetoval víc zákonů". Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Czech Republic. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
- ^ "Martin says Klaus comments on Lisbon 'inappropriate'". The Irish Times. 12 November 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
- ^ a b Booker, Christopher (14 December 2008). "Czech leader in shock after EU assault". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ a b National Platform for EU Research & Information (7 December 2008). "Guess Who's Coming To Dinner: Václav Klaus, Cohn-Bendit, Pöttering, Brian Crowley". Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ "Ten Years of Euro: A Reason for Celebration?". Financial Times. 12 June 2008.
- ^ EU leaders brush off Czech threat to Lisbon, Financial Times, 7 October 2009
- ^ Klaus: Lisabonská smlouva změní postavení ČR, 25 November 2008, České noviny, news server of ČTK
- ^ a b c Czech Power Games: How Russia Is Rebuilding Influence In The Former Soviet Bloc. RFE/EL. 26 September 2010
- ^ Russia and central Europe – Pretty pictures. 2 March 2006. The Economist.
- ^ Robert Eringer, Vaclav Klaus Exposed: http://recolumns.blogspot.com/2010/10/vaclac-klaus-exposed.html
- ^ ČTK (27 December 2007). "Czech president receives Russian Pushkin Medal". Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ Lazarová, Daniela (27 December 2007). "News: President Klaus receives Pushkin Medal". Radio Prague. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ Burnett, David (13 March 2005). "10 Questions For Vaclav Klaus". Time. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ "Interview for Lidové Noviny". 16 May 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- ^ Rettman, Andrew (25 May 2009). "Tensions at EU-Russia Summit". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ^ "Kosovo threatens to cause split in Czech government". B92. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ Dujisin, Zoltán (14 March 2008). "EUROPE: To Recognise Kosovo Or Not". Inter Press Service. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ "Česi ispratili ambasadora Srbije uz izvinjenj" (in Template:Sr icon). Pressonline. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Klaus: Dok sam ja predsednik, neće biti ambasadora na Kosovu". Blic Online. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ a b Larcom, Geoff (14 February 2008). "Prague's politics a sight to see". Ann Arbor News. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ a b Janicek, Karel (15 February 2008). "U-M prof loses bid for president of Czech Republic". Associated Press. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ "Klaus re-elected Czech president". Xinhua News Agency. 15 February 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ a b "Czech President declares amnesty on 20 years of Czech Republic". ČTK. České Noviny. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
- ^ "Vězeňskou službu zatím amnestie stála 890.000 korun" (in Czech). Czech Press Agency. 11 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
- ^ "Czech president's mass prison amnesty draws protests". BBC. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- ^ "Appeal for Impeachment against President Vaclav Klaus according to Article 65 of the Constitution". NFPK. NFPK. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- ^ "Chtěji žalobu na Klause, mohou být v knize rekordů". Aktualne.cz. Aktualne.cz. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- ^ Klaus to join U.S. Cato Institute in spring
- ^ http://www.b92.net/eng/news/world-article.php?yyyy=2013&mm=01&dd=30&nav_id=84414
- ^ "Czech president derogates UN global-warming panel". m&c News. 9 February 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ Barillas, Martin (10 March 2007). "Czech president: Environmentalism is a religion". Spero News. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ Klaus, Vaclav (13 June 2007). "Freedom, not climate, is at risk". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ "Global warming: truth or propaganda?". Financial Times. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
- ^ "Klaus uvedl film o podvodu s globálním oteplováním". Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Czech Republic. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ "BBC News Hardtalk: Vaclav Klaus". BBC News. 12 November 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
- ^ Václav Klaus (24 September 2007). "Notes for the speech of the President of the Czech Republic at the UN Climate Change Conference" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- ^ Václav Klaus. "FAES – Foundation for social studies and analysis". Fundacionfaes.org. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ "UN climate meeting was propaganda: Czech president". Reuters. 22 September 2009.
- ^ "President Vaclav Klaus of the Czech Republic at the National Press Club Address". ABC. 26 July 2011.
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- ^ Klaus, Václav (22 August 2012). "Manmade Contribution to Global Warming is Not a Planetary Emergency". SPPI Reprint Series. Science and Public Policy Institute. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
- ^ John Fund from the June 1990 issue. "No Third Way Out – Reason Magazine". Reason. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
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- ^ Honorary Doctoral Degrees at Universidad Francisco Marroquín
- ^ "Novi članovi SANU-a". B92.net. 5 November 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ Wilson, Jenny (14 April 2011). "Czech Who's Watching: President Vaclav Klaus Pockets a Pen, World Catches Him". Time. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
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- ^ "Czech president steals pen". The Daily Telegraph. London. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "Czech President says pen episode in Chile was unnecessary". CeskeNoviny. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ a b Czech bounced: president denied entry to Parliament, Jeremy Thompson, ABC Online, 27 July 2011
- ^ Klaus: Na bezpečnostní rám jsem nechtěl čekat se stovkou školáků (in Czech), novinky.cz, 27 July 2011
- ^ "Etiketa a komunikace". Ladislav Spacek. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Czech President backed by protocol buffs, not public on security clash, Czech Position, 27 July 2011
- ^ a b c d "Breakfast Brief" (PDF). Prague Daily Monitor. 9 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ^ Charter, David (9 April 2008). "Vaclav Klaus admits having affair with airline attendant no 3". The Times. UK. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ "Odhalené milenky českých celebrit". Blesk. Ringier Axel Springer CZ a.s. 11. September 2008.
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(help) - ^ "Václav Klaus nachytán s další blondýnou" (in Czech). Novinky.cz. 11 March 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ "Václav Klaus znovu PŘISTIŽEN s milenkou Petrou!". A-ha! (in Czech). 18 August 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "State Decorations". Retrieved 17 August 2010.
- ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour" (pdf) (in German). p. 1922. Retrieved November 2012.
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(help) - ^ Lithuanian Presidency, Lithuanian Orders searching form
External links
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- Honorary Doctoral Degrees, Universidad Francisco Marroquín
- Biography and selected speeches at the President's office
- Luboš Motl: Klaus in an interview on Global Warming with Hospodářské noviny, a Czech economics daily; February 2007
- Facing a Challenge of the Current Era: Environmentalism, a Cato Institute policy forum featuring Václav Klaus
- The Economist: Grumpy Uncle Vaclav, 4.12.2008
- The New American: Czech Pres. Vaclav Klaus Enrages Eurocrats, 30 December 2008
- Statement of President Václav Klaus on the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty – Official personal pages
- Use dmy dates from January 2013
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