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This article primarily concerns student-related bullying at school. For teacher-related bullying at school, see Bullying in teaching.
Bullying, of which one form is depicted in this staged photograph, is detrimental to students’ well-being and development.[1]

School bullying is a type of bullying in which occurs during the time period a child is in school.[2][3] Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional.

There is some research suggesting that a significant portion of "normal" school children may not evaluate school-based violence (student-on-student victimization) as negatively or as being unacceptable as much as adults generally do, and may even derive enjoyment from it, and they may thus not see a reason to prevent it, if it brings them joy on some level.[4] Both males and females have differently toll on how they bully their victims. Men/boys usually bully other boys in physical ways like pushing, punching, and aggression, whereas females are more likely to spread rumors, talk bad about the person, etc. Although they are different ways in which boys and girls do bullying a lot of the ways may be similar as well, and they both can be bullied or be the bullies.[5]

Bullying can also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself. There is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse (relational aggression or passive aggression), humiliation, or exclusion — even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies.[6][7][8]

Anti-bullying programs are designed to teach students cooperation, as well as training peer moderators in intervention and dispute resolution techniques, as a form of peer support.[citation needed]

Types of school bullying include

Physical

See also: Physical abuse
A female bully, portrayed in the 1917 silent film Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm.

Physical bullying is any unwanted physical contact between the bully and the victim. This is one of the most easily identifiable forms of bullying. Physical Bullying was made illegal in England in 2009 and has a minimum penalty of 7 years in prison[9] Examples include:[2][10]

Emotional

See also: Psychological abuse

Emotional bullying is any form of bullying that causes damage to a victim’s psyche and/or emotional well-being. Examples include:[2][10]

  • spreading malicious rumors about people
  • keeping certain people out of a "group"
  • getting certain people to "gang up" on others (this also could be considered physical bullying)
  • making fun of certain people
  • ignoring people on purpose – the silent treatment, also known as 'Sending to Coventry'
  • harassment
  • provocation
  • pretending the victim is non-existant
  • saying hurtful sentences (also a form of verbal bullying)

Verbal

See also: Verbal abuse

Verbal bullying is any slanderous statements or accusations that cause the victim undue emotional distress. Examples include:[10]

  • directing foul language (profanity) at the target
  • using derogatory terms or playing with the person's name
  • commenting negatively on someone's looks, clothes, body etc. – personal abuse
  • tormenting
  • harassment
  • being laughed at
  • teasing

Cyber-bullying

Main article: Cyber-bullying

Cyber-bullying is any bullying done through the use of technology. This form of bullying can easily go undetected because of lack of parental/authoritative supervision. Because bullies can pose as someone else, it is the most anonymous form of bullying. Cyber bullying includes, but is not limited to, abuse using email, blog, instant messaging, text messaging, or websites. A lot of kids who are bullied in school are likely to be bullied over the internet, and vice versa.[10]

Sexual

Main article: Sexual bullying

Sexual bullying is "any bullying behavior, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person’s sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls — although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person’s face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[11]

As part of its research into sexual bullying in schools, the BBC Panorama program commissioned a questionnaire aimed at young people aged 11–19 years in schools and youth clubs across five regions of England.[12] The survey revealed that of the 273 young people who responded to the questionnaire, 28 had been forced to do something sexual and 31 had seen it happen to someone else. Of the 273 respondents, 40 had experienced unwanted touching.[13] UK Government figures show that in school year 2007/8, there were 3,450 fixed period exclusions and 120 expulsions from schools in England due to sexual misconduct.[14] This includes incidents such as groping and using sexually insulting language. From April 2008 to March 2009, ChildLine counselled a total of 156,729 children. Of these, 26,134 children spoke about bullying as a main concern and 300 of these talked specifically about sexual bullying.[11]

Some people, including the UK charity Beatbullying, have claimed that children are being bullied into providing ‘sexual favours’ in exchange for protection as gang culture enters inner city schools.[15] Other anti-bullying groups and teachers' unions, including the National Union of Teachers, challenged the charity to provide evidence of this, as they had no evidence that this sort of behaviour was happening in schools.[15]

Homophobic bullying

Main article: Gay bullying

Doctor Melinda Gentry Executive Director of an Atlanta Based Non-Profit created a task force that addressed the issue of bullying as it relates to sexual orientation. "After working in Atlanta Public Schools, Atlanta, Georgia, I experienced bullying first hand. Due to my sexual orientation my co-workers rallied to have me demoted so that I was not in charge of them. I was told that I was not wanted or welcomed in the school. I was hired to empower children and as a resort I was demoralized. There was no support in the community. People need to be represented, I am an advocate for Human Rights of LGBT individuals in the community. These individuals pay taxes, raise articulate citizens and they love and respect others; they deserve reciprocity. I know from my own experience that bullying takes place in elementary and secondary schools. People in positions of authority do not always respect diversity. The House of Pink Inc. is working to create strategies to combat school bullying. It is unacceptable for adults and/or children to be bullied in schools based on the premises of their sexuality. Schools need a unified system that strategically addresses issues such as bullying and violence. These issues are often minimized but have a very long lasting effect on the individuals involved. Victims of bullying become victims of domestic violence in the future. Bullying is a precursor for other acts of civil and criminal violations. The studies on the number of children and adults who become suicidal or murdered in hate crime acts are ridiculously high and there needs to be something done now." Doctor Melinda Gentry.[clarification needed]

In the United Kingdom, the Equality and Human Rights Commission reported in 2010 that "Homophobic bullying is widespread in British secondary schools. Nearly half of all secondary schoolteachers in England acknowledge that such bullying is common, and just 1 in 6 believe that their school is very active in promoting respect for LGBT students."[16]

Statistics

Bullying is a common occurrence in most schools. According to the American Psychological Association, approximately "40% to 80% of school-age children experience bullying at some point during their school careers".[17] Regardless of the grade level, socioeconomic environment, gender, religion, or sexual orientation, bullying can happen to anyone. However, various studies point out that students from lower socio-economic backgrounds are more bullied than students from higher socio-economic backgrounds.[18] Most children experience bullying at some point in their academic careers. The following is a list of statistics that illustrate the severity of bullying within classrooms:[17]

  • 20–40% of bullying victims actually report being bullied
  • 70% of middle school and high school students experience bullying in school
  • 7–12% of bullies are habitual and pose a serious threat
  • 23% of 9th graders have carried a weapon to school recently[19]
  • 5–15% of students are constantly bullied
  • 27% of students are bullied because of their refusal to engage in common sexual practices
  • 25% of students encourage bullying if not given proper education and support in anti-bullying techniques[20]

This was a survey conducted by the NICHD where a results on what student did in a school. "The children were asked to complete a questionnaire during a class period that asked how often they either bullied other students, or were the target of bullying behavior. A total of 10.6 percent of the children replied that they had 'sometimes' bullied other children, a response category defined as 'moderate' bullying. An additional 8.8 percent said they had bullied others once a week or more, defined as 'frequent' bullying. Similarly, 8.5 percent said they had been targets of moderate bullying, and 8.4 percent said they were bullied frequently. Out of all the students, 13 percent said they had engaged in moderate or frequent bullying of others, while 10.6 percent said they had been bullied either moderately or frequently. Some students-6.3 percent-had both bullied others and been bullied themselves. In all, 29 percent of the students who responded to the survey had been involved in some aspect of bullying, either as a bully, as the target of bullying, or both." [21] According to Tara Kuther, associate professor of psychology at Western Connecticut State University, "...bullying gets so much more sophisticated and subtle in high school. It's more relational. It becomes more difficult for teens to know when to intervene, whereas with younger kids bullying is more physical and therefore more clear cut".[20]

Because of the low numbers of students who actually report incidents of bullying, teachers need to have a certain level of awareness that will thwart any potential problems. This awareness starts with understanding bullying.

Short-term and long-term effects

See also: Post traumatic stress disorder and Psychological trauma

Dombeck says that as a forty-year-old man, he still feels the effects of the bullying he received as a ten-year-old. Every day, he would dread riding the bus home from school because he was bullied by the older children on the bus. Dombeck defines some common short-term and long-term effects of bullying. These include, but are not limited to:[22]

Short-term:

Long-term:

School shootings

"Bullying is common in schools and seemed to play a role in the lives of many of the school shooters"[23] School bullying is associated with school shootings. 87% of the attackers were motivated by being bullied. School shooters that died or committed suicide left behind evidence that they were bullied, including Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, Nathan Ferris, Edmar Aparecido Freitas, Brian Head, Seung-Hui Cho, Wellington Menezes Oliveira, and Jeff Weise.[24]

Complex dynamics of a school bullying culture

Parsons identifies school bullying cultures as typically having a web of dynamics which are much more complex than just considering bullying amongst students. These dynamics include:[25]

  • some students bully other students; some of these student bullies are themselves bullied by other student bullies; some of these student bullies bully teachers
  • some teachers bully students; some teacher bullies bully other teachers; some teacher bullies bully parents
  • some office staff bully teachers, students and parents
  • some principals bully teachers, office staff, students and parents
  • some parents bully teachers, office staff, principals, and their own children.[26]

Strategies to reduce school bullying

Researchers (Olweus, 1993);[27] Craig & Peplar, 1999;[28] Ross, 1998;[29] Morrison, 2002;[30] Whitted & Dupper, 2005;[31] Aynsley-Green, 2006;[32] Fried-Sosland[33] provide several strategies which address ways to help reduce bullying, these include:

  • Make sure an adult knows what is happening to their child[ren].
  • Enforce anti bullying laws.
  • Make it clear that bullying is never acceptable.
  • Recognize that bullying can occur at all levels within the hierarchy of the school (i.e., including adults).
  • Hold a school conference day or forum devoted to bully/victim problems.
  • Increase adult supervision in the yard, halls and washrooms more vigilantly.
  • Emphasize caring, respect and safety.
  • Emphasize consequences of hurting others.
  • Enforce consistent and immediate consequences for aggressive behaviors.
  • Improve communication among school administrators, teachers, parents and students.
  • Have a school problem box where kids can report problems, concerns and offer suggestions.
  • Teach cooperative learning activities.
  • Help bullies with anger control and the development of empathy.
  • Encourage positive peer relations.
  • Offer a variety of extracurricular activities which appeal to a range of interests
  • Teach your child to defend him/herself verbally. Fighting back physically may land the bullied in school trouble or even legal trouble.[34]
  • Keep in mind the range of possible causes: e.g., medical, psychiatric, psychological, developmental, family problems, etc.
  • If problems continue in your school, press harassment charges against the family of the person who is bullying you.
  • Adjust teacher preparation programs to include appropriate bullying interventions to use in their classroom.[35]

Forms

Bullying is delivered in a number of different forms and is not limited to one gender. Forms include verbal, physical, direct, sexual harassment, and relational bullying. Bullying covers a wide range of age groups but is particularly prominent between the ages of 9–18. Boys tend to do more bullying than girls, especially in the form of physical bullying. However girls are just as guilty. They usually tend to bully in verbal forms.[36]

Understanding the semiotics of school-age bullying may increase the chances of stopping the problem before drastic measures are taken by the victims, such as suicide. Bully, target, and bystander are labels that have been created to help describe and understand the roles of the individuals involved in the vicious cycle. Barbara Coloroso, an expert in the field of bullying prevention, explains that the labels serve as descriptors of a child’s behavior rather than permanently labeling the child.[36]

Associated with

Bullying is usually associated with an imbalance of power. A bully has a perceived authority over another due to factors such as size, gender, or age.[37] Bullies are not identifiable by their appearance or group identification; rather we need to focus on how they act. The definition of bullying briefly describes actions that are exhibited by an individual that is playing the role of a bully.[38] Boys find motivation for bullying from factors such as not fitting in, physical weakness, short-tempered, who their friends were, and the clothes they wore. Girls on the other hand, result from factors like not fitting in, facial appearance, emotional, overweight, and academic status.[36] In both sexes, a speech impediment of some sort (such as stutter) can also become the target of a bully.

Individuals that choose to be a bully are not typically born with the characteristic. It is a result from the treatment they receive from authority figures, including parents. Bullies often come from families that use physical forms of discipline.[39] This somewhat turns the tables on the bully, making them the victim. Unfortunately, this leads to a strategy of bully or be bullied.[38]

Bullies come in all shapes and sizes. Girls and boys are both bullies. Girls are more likely social bullies, spreading rumors, breaking up friendships, etc. Boys are more physical bullies, hitting, punching, and slapping.[40] Bullies are typically overly concerned about their appearance and the popularity standings. They have an urge to be dominate, or in charge of others. Bullies are usually easily pressured by their peers and feel the need to impress them.[41] There are several different types of bullies; confident, social, fully armored, hyperactive, bullied bully, bunch of bullies, and a gang of bullies. The confident bully has a very high opinion of themself and feels a sense of superiority over other students. The social bully uses rumors, gossip, and verbal taunts to insult others. Social bullies are typically a female who has low self-esteem and therefore tries to bring others down. The fully armored bully shows very little emotion and often bullies when no one will see or stop them. The hyperactive bully typically has problems with academics and social skills. This student will often bully someone then place the blame on someone else. A bullied bully is usually someone who has been bullied in the past or is bullied by an older sibling. A bunch of bullies is a group of friends who gang up on others. A gang of bullies is a group of students who are not really friends but are drawn together due to their desire for power.[42] Print Students become bullies for many reasons such as they want to impress their peers, they were once bullied themselves and now feel big bullying others, and some even do it as retaliation for being punished in school.[40]

Identifying

Verifying the signs that signify bullying characteristics are slightly harder than expected. They are usually viewed as loud and assertive and may even be hostile in particular situations. Bullies are not usually the largest kid in a class, but may be part of the popular or cool kids group.[43] The bullies that are part of a popular group may not come from intense disciplinary homes, rather they gain acceptance from the peer group by bullying a victim.[39]

Victims of bullying typically are physically smaller, more sensitive, unhappy, cautious, anxious, quiet, and withdrawn. They are often described as passive or submissive. Possessing these qualities make these individuals vulnerable to being victimized. Unfortunately bullies know that these students will not retaliate, making them an easy target.[39]

A general semantics term called indexing is useful in dealing with the different types of bullying. Indexing is a way to categorize of signs. This allows educators and parents a way to assist in recognizing how bullying behavior varies. By understanding and recognizing the different varieties of behavior it helps to allow flexibility in the responses to the variations.[38]

An interesting result from previous research states that the majority of children possess anti-bullying attitudes. However there is a small amount of children that admire those that bully and show little empathy for those that get bullied.[44]

Main article: School anti-bullying legislation
Some states of the United States have implemented laws to address school bullying.
  Law that prohibits discrimination against students based on sexual orientation and gender identity
  Law that prohibits discrimination against students based on sexual orientation only
  Law that prohibits bullying of students based on sexual orientation and gender identity
  School regulation or ethical code for teachers that address discrimination and/or bullying of students based on sexual orientation and gender identity
  School regulation or ethical code for teachers that address discrimination and/or bullying of students based on sexual orientation only
  Law that forbids school-based instruction of LGBT issues in a positive manner
  Law that forbids local school districts from having anti-bullying policies that enumerate protected classes of students
  Law that prohibits bullying in school but lists no categories of protection
  No statewide law that specifically prohibits bullying in schools

American victims and their families have legal recourse, such as suing a school or teacher for failure to adequately supervise, for racial or gender discrimination, or for other civil rights violations. Special education students who are victimized may sue a school or school board under the ADA or Section 504. In addition, the victims of some school shootings have sued both the shooters' families and the schools.[45]

Victims

Phoebe Prince 24 November 1994 – 14 January 2010, moved from Ireland to the United States. She attended South Hadley High School in Massachusetts where she was a victim of bullying. After suffering from her bullies for a period of time, she committed suicide by hanging. This led to a criminal case. In May, 2011 the defendants plead guilty to lesser charges, receiving probation and community service. She was buried in Ireland.[46][47]

See also

2

References

  1. ^ Student Reports of Bullying, Results From the 2001 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, US National Center for Education Statistics
  2. ^ a b c So what is bullying? Stop Bullying Now! Information, Prevention, Tips, and Games.
  3. ^ Teen Bully. Parentingteens.about.com (2012-10-11). Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  4. ^ Kerbs, John J.; Jolley, Jennifer M. (2007). "The Joy of Violence: What about Violence is Fun in Middle-School?". American Journal of Criminal Justice. 32: 12. doi:10.1007/s12103-007-9011-1.
  5. ^ Williams, K., & Kennedy, J. H. (2012). "Bullying behaviors and attachment styles". North American Journal of Psychology. 14 (2): 321–338. hdl:10518/4809.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Ellen deLara; Garbarino, James (2003). And Words Can Hurt Forever: How to Protect Adolescents from Bullying, Harassment, and Emotional Violence. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-2899-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[page needed]
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  14. ^ "Permanent and Fixed Period Exclusions from Schools in England 2007/08". UK Government's Department for Children, Schools and Families. 30 July 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  15. ^ a b "Girls bullied for 'sex favours'". BBC. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  16. ^ "How fair is Britain? the first Triennial Review". Equality and Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  17. ^ a b Bullying: A Module for Teachers. APA.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  18. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.09.009, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.09.009 instead.
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  22. ^ Dr. Mark Dombeck. Mentalhelp.net. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
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  24. ^ http://www.makebeatsnotbeatdowns.org/facts_new.html Bullying in Schools
  25. ^ Les Parsons (2005). Bullied Teacher – Bullied Student: How to Recognize the Bullying Culture in Your School And What to Do About It. Pembroke Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-1-55138-190-9.
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  34. ^ Lakewood, Mark. "Bullying Prevention Skills and Techniques for Children".
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  37. ^ Sylvester, Ruth (2011). "Teacher as Bully: Knowingly or Unintentionally Harming Students". Morality in Education. 77 (2): 42–45.
  38. ^ a b c Liepe-Levinson, Katherine and Levinson, Martin H. (2005). "A General Semantics Approach to School-Age Bullying". Review of General Semantics. 62 (1): 4–16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  40. ^ a b Let's Get Real. Prod. Debra Chasnof, Helen S. Cohen, and Kate Stilley. New Day Films: Women's Educational Media, 2003. Videocassette
  41. ^ "Who Is at Risk for Bullying Others." StopBullying.gov. U.S. Government Web. Web. 1 Dec. 2011.
  42. ^ Coloroso, Barbara. The Bully, the Bullied, and the Bystander: from Preschool to High School—how Parents and Teachers Can Help Break the Cycle of Violence. New York: HarperResource, 2004. pp. 11–41 ISBN 0061744603
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  45. ^ Brownstein, A. The Bully Pulpit: Post-Columbine, Harassment Victims Take School To Court. TRIAL – the Journal of the Association of Trial Lawyers of America, December 2002.
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  47. ^ Peter Schworm, ‘Blind eye to bullying’ over, DA says, Boston Globe (2011-05-06), accessed 6 May 2011.

Fictional bullies

Further reading

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