List of popes
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tafel_paepste.jpg/220px-Tafel_paepste.jpg)
This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Supreme Pontiffs of Rome), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes. Published every year by the Roman Curia, the Annuario Pontificio attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes, stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession, in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII, Pope Benedict V and some mid-11th-century popes.[1]
The 2001 edition of the Annuario Pontificio introduced "almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes, from St Peter to John Paul II". The corrections concerned dates, especially in the first two centuries, birthplaces and the family name of one pope.[2]
The term pope (Latin: papa "father") is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders (for example Coptic Pope). This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition, including Summus Pontifex, Pontifex Maximus, and Servus servorum Dei. Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives, is not incapable of modification.[3]
Hermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously. His list ends in 1049 with Pope Leo IX as number 154. Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century. Antipope Christopher was considered legitimate for a long time. Pope-elect Stephen was considered legitimate under the name Stephen II until the 1961 edition, when his name was erased. Although these changes are no longer controversial, a number of modern lists still include this "first Pope Stephen II". It is probable that this is because they are based on the 1913 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia, which is in the public domain.
A significant number of these popes have been recognized as saints, including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive Popes.
Chronological list of popes
1st–5th centuries
1st century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 33 – 64/67 | ![]() |
St Peter PETRUS |
Simon Peter CΙΜΗΟΝ ΚΗΦΑC (contemporary Greek) (modern Greek: Σίμων (or Συμεών) Κηφᾶς) ܫܶܡܥܽܘܢ ܟ݁ܺܐܦ݂ܳܐ |
Bethsaida, Galilea | Apostle of Jesus from whom he received the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven, according to Matthew 16:18–19. Executed by crucifixion upside-down; feast day (Feast of Saints Peter and Paul) 29 June, (Chair of Saint Peter) 22 February. Recognized by the Catholic Church as the first Bishop of Rome appointed by Christ. Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 29 June.[4] |
2 | 64/67(?) – 76/79(?) | ![]() |
St Linus LINUS |
Linus | Tuscia | Feast day 23 September. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 7 June. |
3 | 76/79(?) – 88/92 | St Anacletus (Cletus) ANACLETUS |
Anacletus | Rome | Martyred; feast day 26 April. Once erroneously split into Cletus and Anacletus[5] | |
4 | 88/92 – 97 | File:San Clemente de Roma.jpg | St Clement I CLEMENS |
Clement | Rome | Feast day 23 November. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 25 November. |
5 | 97/99 – 105/107 | ![]() |
St Evaristus EVARISTUS |
Aristus | Bethlehem, Judea | Feast day 26 October |
2nd century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | 105/107 – 115/116 | ![]() |
St Alexander I ALEXANDER |
Alexander | Rome | Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 16 March. |
7 | 115/116 – 125 | ![]() |
St Sixtus I XYSTUS |
Xystus | Rome | 6 April. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 10 August. |
8 | 125 – 136/138 | ![]() |
St Telesphorus TELESPHORUS |
Telesphorus | Terranova da Sibari, Calabria | |
9 | 136/138 – 140/142 | ![]() |
St Hyginus HYGINUS |
Hyginus | Athens, Greece | Traditionally martyred; feast day 11 January |
10 | 140/142 – 155 | ![]() |
St Pius I PIUS |
Pius | Aquileia, Friuli | Martyred by sword; feast day 11 July |
11 | 155–166 | ![]() |
St Anicetus ANICETUS |
Anicitus | Emesa, Syria | Traditionally martyred; feast day 17 April |
12 | c. 166 – 174/175 | ![]() |
St Soter SOTERIUS |
Soter | Fondi, Latium | Traditionally martyred; feast day 22 April |
13 | 174/175 – 189 | ![]() |
St Eleuterus ELEUTHERIUS |
Eleuther | Nicopoli, Epirus | Traditionally martyred; feast day 6 May |
14 | 189 – 198/199 | ![]() |
St Victor I VICTOR |
Victor | Roman Africa | |
15 | 199–217 | ![]() |
St Zephyrinus ZEPHYRINUS |
Zephyrinus | Rome |
3rd century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 | c. 217 – 222/223 | ![]() |
St Callixtus I CALLISTUS |
Callistus | Iberian Peninsula | Martyred; feast day 14 October |
17 | 222/223 – 230 | ![]() |
St Urban I URBANUS |
Urban | Rome | Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 25 May. |
18 | 21 July 230 – 28 September 235 (5 years+) |
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St Pontian PONTIANUS |
Pontianus | Rome | First to abdicate office after exile to Sardinia by Emperor Maximinus Thrax. The Liberian Catalogue records his death on 28 September 235, the earliest exact date in papal history.[6][7] |
19 | 21 November 235 – 3 January 236 (44 days) |
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St Anterus ANTERUS |
Anterus | Petilia Policastro - Calabria | Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 5 August. |
20 | 10 January 236 – 20 January 250 (14 years+) |
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St Fabian FABIANUS |
Fabianus | Rome | Feast day 20 January. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 5 August. |
21 | 6/11 March 251 – June 253 (2 years+) |
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St Cornelius CORNELIUS |
Cornelius | Died a martyr, through extreme hardship; feast day 16 September | |
22 | 25 June 253 – 5 March 254 (256 days) |
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St Lucius I LUCIUS |
Lucius | Rome | Feast day 4 March |
23 | 12 May 254 – 2 August 257 (3 years+) |
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St Stephen I STEPHANUS |
Stephanus | Rome | Martyred by beheading; feast day 2 August. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with the same feast day. |
24 | 30/31 August 257 – 6 August 258 (340/341 days) |
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St Sixtus II XYSTUS Secundus |
Sixtus | Greece | Martyred by beheading. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 10 August. |
25 | 22 July 259 – 26 December 268 (9 years+) |
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St Dionysius DIONYSIUS |
Dionysius | Greece | Feast day 26 December |
26 | 5 January 269 – 30 December 274 (5 years+) |
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St Felix I FELIX |
Felix | Rome | |
27 | 4 January 275 – 7 December 283 (8 years+) |
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St Eutychian EUTYCHIANUS |
Eutychianus | ||
28 | 17 December 283 – 22 April 296 (12 years+) |
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St Caius CAIUS |
Gaius | Salona, Dalmatia | Martyred (according to legend) Feast day 22 April. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 11 August. |
29 | 30 June 296 – 1 April 304 (7 years+) |
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St Marcellinus MARCELLINUS |
Marcellinus | Rome | Feast day 26 April. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 7 June. |
4th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 | 308–309 | ![]() |
St Marcellus I MARCELLUS |
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31 | 18 April – 17 August 309 or 310 | ![]() |
St Eusebius EUSEBIUS |
Sardinia | ||
32 | 2 July 311 – 10 January 314 (2 years+) |
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St Miltiades (Melchiades) MILTIADES |
Africa | First pope after the end of the persecution of Christians through the Edict of Milan (313 AD) issued by Constantine the Great | |
33 | 31 January 314 – 31 December 335 (21 years+) |
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St Sylvester I SILVESTER |
Sant'Angelo a Scala, Avellino | Feast day 31 December. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 2 January. First Council of Nicaea, 325. | |
34 | 18 January 336 – 7 October 336 (263 days) |
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St Mark MARCUS |
Rome | Feast day 7 October | |
35 | 6 February 337 – 12 April 352 (15 years+) |
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St Julius I IULIUS |
Rome | ||
36 | 17 May 352 – 24 September 366 (14 years+) |
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Liberius LIBERIUS |
Earliest Pope not yet canonized by the Roman Church. Revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 27 August.[8] | ||
37 | 1 October 366 – 11 December 384 (18 years+) |
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St Damasus I DAMASUS |
Idanha-a-Velha, Portugal | Patron of Jerome, commissioned the Vulgate translation of the Bible. Council of Rome, 382. | |
38 | 11 December 384 – 26 November 399 (14 years+) |
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St Siricius Papa SIRICIUS |
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39 | 27 November 399 – 19 December 401 (2 years+) |
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St Anastasius I Papa ANASTASIUS |
Rome |
5th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 | 22 December 401 – 12 March 417 (15 years+) |
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St Innocent I Papa INNOCENTIUS |
Albano, Latium | Visigoth Sack of Rome (410) under Alaric | |
41 | 18 March 417 – 26 December 418 (1 year+) |
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St Zosimus Papa ZOSIMUS |
Mesoraca - Calabria | ||
42 | 28/29 December 418 – 4 September 422 (3 years+) |
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St Boniface I Papa BONIFATIUS |
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43 | 10 September 422 – 27 July 432 (9 years+) |
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St Celestine I Papa COELESTINUS |
Rome, Western Roman Empire | Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 8 April. | |
44 | 31 July 432 – March/August 440 (~8 years) |
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St Sixtus III Papa SIXTUS Tertius |
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45 | 29 September 440 – 10 November 461 (21 years+) |
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St Leo I (Leo the Great) Papa LEO MAGNUS |
Rome | Convinced Attila the Hun to turn back his invasion of Italy. Wrote the Tome which was instrumental in the Council of Chalcedon and in defining the hypostatic union. Feast day 10 November. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 18 February. | |
46 | 19 November 461 – 29 February 468 (6 years+) |
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St Hilarius Papa HILARIUS |
Hilarius | Sardinia | |
47 | 3 March 468 – 10 March 483 (15 years+) |
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St Simplicius Papa SIMPLICIUS |
Simplicius | Tivoli | |
48 | 13 March 483 – 1 March 492 (8 years+) |
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St Felix III (Felix II) Papa FELIX Tertius (Secundus) |
Felice | Rome | Sometimes called Felix II |
49 | 1 March 492 – 21 November 496 (4 years+) |
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St Gelasius I Papa GELASIUS |
Gelasius | Africa | To date, the last pope to have been born on the continent of Africa. |
50 | 24 November 496 – 19 November 498 (~2 years) |
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Anastasius II Papa ANASTASIUS Secundus |
Anastasius | Rome | |
51 | 22 November 498 – 19 July 514 (15 years+) |
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St Symmachus Papa SYMMACHUS |
Simmaco | Sardinia |
6th–15th centuries
6th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
52 | 20 July 514 – 19 July 523 (~9 years) |
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St Hormisdas Papa HORMISDAS |
Hormisdas | Frosinone, Southern Latium | Father of Pope Silverius |
53 | 13 August 523 – 18 May 526 (2 years+) |
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St John I Papa IOANNES |
Giovanni | Toscana | |
54 | 13 July 526 – 22 September 530 (4 years+) |
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St Felix IV (Felix III) Papa FELIX Quartus (Tertius) |
Felice | Samnium | Sometimes called Felix III |
55 | 22 September 530 – 17 October 532 (2 years+) |
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Boniface II Papa BONIFATIUS Secundus |
Bonifacio | Rome to Ostrogoth parents | |
56 | 2 January 533 – 8 May 535 (2 years+) |
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John II Papa IOHANNES Secundus |
Mercurio | Rome | First pope to not use personal name. This was due to Mercury being a Roman god. |
57 | 13 May 535 – 22 April 536 (346 days) |
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St Agapetus I Papa AGAPITUS |
Agapito | Rome, Ostrogothic Kingdom | Feast days 22 April 20 September. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 17 April. |
58 | 1 June 536 – 11 November 537 (1 year+) |
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St Silverius Papa SILVERIUS |
Silverius | Exiled; feast day 20 June, son of Pope Hormisdas | |
59 | 29 March 537 – 7 June 555 (18 years+) |
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Vigilius Papa VIGILIUS |
Rome | ||
60 | 16 April 556 – 4 March 561 (~5 years) |
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Pelagius I Papa PELAGIUS |
Rome | ||
61 | 17 July 561 – 13 July 574 (~13 years) |
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John III Papa IOANNES Tertius |
Catelinus | Rome, Eastern Roman Empire | |
62 | 2 June 575 – 30 July 579 (4 years+) |
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Benedict I Papa BENEDICTUS |
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63 | 26 November 579 – 7 February 590 (10 years+) |
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Pelagius II Papa PELAGIUS Secundus |
Rome | ||
64 | 3 September 590 – 12 March 604 (13 years+) |
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St Gregory I (Gregory the Great) Papa GREGORIUS MAGNUS |
Gregorio O.S.B. |
Rome | First to formally employ the titles "Servus servorum Dei" and "Pontifex Maximus". Feast day 3 September. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 12 March. |
7th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
65 | 13 September 604 – 22 February 606 (1 year+) |
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Sabinian Papa SABINIANUS |
Blera | ||
66 | 19 February 607 – 12 November 607 (267 days) |
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Boniface III Papa BONIFATIUS Tertius |
Bonifacio | Rome | |
67 | 25 August 608 – 8 May 615 (6 years+) |
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St Boniface IV Papa BONIFATIUS Quartus |
Bonifacio O.S.B. |
Marsi | First Pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor. Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. |
68 | 19 October 615 – 8 November 618 (3 years+) |
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St Adeodatus I (Deusdedit) Papa ADEODATUS sive DEUSDEDIT |
Rome | Sometimes called Deusdedit, as a result Pope Adeodatus II is sometimes called Pope Adeodatus without a number | |
69 | 23 December 619 – 25 October 625 (5 years+) |
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Boniface V Papa BONIFATIUS Quintus |
Bonifacio | Naples | |
70 | 27 October 625 – 12 October 638 (12 years+) |
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Honorius I Papa HONORIUS |
Onorio | Campania, Byzantine Empire | Named a heretic and anathematized by the Third Council of Constantinople (680) |
71 | October 638 – 2 August 640 (1 year+) |
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Severinus Papa SEVERINUS |
Severino | Rome | |
72 | 24 December 640 – 12 October 642 (1 year+) |
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John IV Papa IOANNES Quartus |
Zadar, Dalmatia, Byzantine Empire | ||
73 | 24 November 642 – 14 May 649 (6 years+) |
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Theodore I Papa THEODORUS |
Jerusalem | Last Israeli Pope | |
74 | 21 July 649 – 16 September 655 (6 years+) |
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St Martin I Papa MARTINUS |
Martino | Near Todi, Umbria, Byzantine Empire | Feast Day 12 November. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 14 April. |
75 | 10 August 654 – 1 June 657 (2 years+) |
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St Eugene I Papa EUGENIUS |
Eugenio | Rome | |
76 | 30 July 657 – 27 January 672 (14 years+) |
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St Vitalian Papa VITALIANUS |
Segni, Byzantine Empire | ||
77 | 11 April 672 – 17 June 676 (4 years+) |
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Adeodatus II Papa ADEODATUS Secundus |
unknown O.S.B. |
Rome, Byzantine Empire | Sometimes called Pope Adeodatus (without a number) in reference to Pope Adeodatus I sometimes being called Pope Deusdedit. Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. |
78 | 2 November 676 – 11 April 678 (1 year+) |
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Donus Papa DONUS |
Rome, Byzantine Empire | ||
79 | 27 June 678 – 10 January 681 (2 years+) |
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St Agatho Papa AGATHO |
Sicily | Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 20 February. | |
80 | 17 August 682 – 28 June 683 (315 days) |
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St Leo II Papa LEO Secundus |
Leo | Sicily | Feast day 3 July |
81 | 26 June 684 – 8 May 685 (317 days) |
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St Benedict II Papa BENEDICTUS Secundus |
Benedetto | Rome, Byzantine Empire | Feast day 7 May |
82 | 12 July 685 – 2 August 686 (1 year+) |
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John V Papa IOANNES Quintus |
Syria | ||
83 | 21 October 686 – 22 September 687 (335 days) |
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Conon Papa CONON |
Sicily | ||
84 | 15 December 687 – 8 September 701 (13 years+) |
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St Sergius I Papa SERGIUS |
Sicily |
8th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
85 | 30 October 701 – 11 January 705 (3 years+) |
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John VI Papa IOANNES Sextus |
Ιωάννης | Greece | Last Greek Pope |
86 | 1 March 705 – 18 October 707 (2 years+) |
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John VII Papa IOANNES Septimus |
Ιωάννης | Rossano - Calabria | Second pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor |
87 | 15 January 708 – 4 February 708 (21 days) |
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Sisinnius Papa SISINNIUS |
Syria | ||
88 | 25 March 708 – 9 April 715 (7 years+) |
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Constantine Papa COSTANTINUS sive CONSTANTINUS |
Syria | Last pope to visit Greece while in office, until John Paul II in 2001 | |
89 | 19 May 715 – 11 February 731 (15 years+) |
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St Gregory II Papa GREGORIUS Secundus |
Gregorio | Rome, Byzantine Empire | Feast day 11 February |
90 | 18 March 731 – 28 November 741 (10 years+) |
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St Gregory III Papa GREGORIUS Tertius |
Syria | Third pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor. Was previously the last pope to have been born outside Europe until the election of Francis in 2013. | |
91 | 3 December 741 – 14/22 March 752 (10 years+) |
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St Zachary Papa ZACHARIAS |
Santa Severina - Calabria | Feast day 15 March | |
(never consecrated) | 23 March 752 – 25 March 752 (Never took office as pope) |
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Pope-elect Stephen Papa Electus STEPHANUS |
Sometimes known as Stephen II. Died three days after his election having never received episcopal consecration. Some lists still include his name. The Vatican sanctioned his addition to the list of popes in the sixteenth century; however he was removed in 1961. He is no longer considered a pope by the Catholic Church. | ||
92 | 26 March 752 – 26 April 757 (5 years+) |
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Stephen II (Stephen III) Papa STEPHANUS Secundus (Tertius) |
Rome | Sometimes called Stephen III | |
93 | 29 May 757 – 28 June 767 (10 years+) |
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St Paul I Papa PAULUS |
Paolo | Rome | |
94 | 1/7 August 767 – 24 January 772 (4 years+) |
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Stephen III (Stephen IV) Papa STEPHANUS Tertius (Quartus) |
Stefano | Sicily | Sometimes called Stephen IV |
95 | 1 February 772 – 26 December 795 (23 years+) |
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Adrian I Papa HADRIANUS |
Adriano | Rome | |
96 | 26 December 795 – 12 June 816 (20 years+) |
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St Leo III Papa LEO Tertius |
Leo | Rome | Crowned Charlemagne Imperator Augustus on Christmas Day, 800, thereby initiating what would become the office of Holy Roman Emperor requiring the imprimatur of the pope for its legitimacy |
9th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Age at election / death or resigned | # years as pope | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
97 | 12 June 816 – 24 January 817 | ![]() |
Stephen IV (Stephen V) Papa STEPHANUS Quartus (Quintus) |
Stephanus | Rome | <1 | Sometimes called Stephen V | |
98 | 25 January 817 – 11 February 824 | ![]() |
St Paschal I Papa PASCHALIS |
Pasquale | Rome | 7 | ||
99 | 8 May 824 – August 827 | ![]() |
Eugene II Papa EUGENIUS Secundus |
Eugenio | Rome | 3 | ||
100 | August 827 – September 827 | ![]() |
Valentine Papa VALENTINUS |
Valentino | Rome | <1 | ||
101 | 827 – January 844 | ![]() |
Gregory IV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus |
Gregorio | Rome | 17 | ||
102 | January 844 – 7 January 847 | ![]() |
Sergius II Papa SERGIUS Secundus |
Rome | 3 | |||
103 | January 847 – 17 July 855 | ![]() |
St Leo IV Papa LEO Quartus |
Leo O.S.B. |
Rome | 8 | Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. | |
104 | 855 – 7 April 858 | ![]() |
Benedict III Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius |
Benedetto | Rome | |||
105 | 24 April 858 – 13 November 867 | ![]() |
St Nicholas I (Nicholas the Great) Papa NICOLAUS MAGNUS |
Niccolò | Rome | 9 | ||
106 | 14 December 867 – 14 December 872 | ![]() |
Adrian II Papa HADRIANUS Secundus |
Adriano | Rome | 5 | ||
107 | 14 December 872 – 16 December 882 | ![]() |
John VIII Papa IOANNES Octavus |
Giovanni | Rome | 10 | ||
108 | 16 December 882 – 15 May 884 | ![]() |
Marinus I Papa MARINUS |
Marino | Gallese, Rome | 1 | ||
109 | 17 May 884 – c.September 885 | ![]() |
St Adrian III Papa HADRIANUS Tertius |
Adriano | Rome | |||
110 | 885 – 14 September 891 | ![]() |
Stephen V (Stephen VI) Papa STEPHANUS Quintus (Sextus) |
Stefano | Rome | Sometimes called Stephen VI | ||
111 | 19 September 891 – 4 April 896 | ![]() |
Formosus Papa FORMOSUS |
Formoso | Ostia | 4 | Posthumously ritually executed following the Cadaver Synod | |
112 | 4 April 896 – 19 April 896 | ![]() |
Boniface VI Papa BONIFATIUS Sextus |
Bonifacio | Rome | <1 | ||
113 | 22 May 896 – August 897 | ![]() |
Stephen VI (Stephen VII) Papa STEPHANUS Sextus (Septimus) |
Stefano | 1 | Sometimes called Stephen VII | ||
114 | August 897 – November 897 | ![]() |
Romanus Papa ROMANUS |
Romano | Gallese, Rome | <1 | ||
115 | December 897 | ![]() |
Theodore II Papa THEODORUS Secundus |
Teodoro | Rome | <1 | ||
116 | January 898 – January 900 | ![]() |
John IX Papa IOANNES Nonus |
Giovanni O.S.B. |
Tivoli | Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. | ||
117 | 900 – 903 | ![]() |
Benedict IV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus |
Benedetto | Rome |
10th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Age at election / death or resigned | # years as pope | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
118 | July 903 – September 903 | ![]() |
Leo V Papa LEO Quintus |
Leo | Ardea | <1 | |||
119 | 29 January 904 – 14 April 911 | ![]() |
Sergius III Papa SERGIUS Tertius |
Sergio | Rome | 7 | "Saeculum obscurum" begins | ||
120 | April 911 – June 913 | ![]() |
Anastasius III Papa ANASTASIUS Tertius |
Rome | 2 | ||||
121 | July/August 913 – February/March 914 | ![]() |
Lando Papa LANDUS |
Lando | Sabina | <1 | |||
122 | March 914 – May 928 | ![]() |
John X Papa IOANNES Decimus |
Giovanni | Romagna | 14 | |||
123 | June 928 – February 929 | ![]() |
Leo VI Papa LEO Sextus |
Leo | Rome | <1 | |||
124 | February 929 – March 931 | ![]() |
Stephen VII (Stephen VIII) Papa STEPHANUS Septimus (Octavus) |
Stefano | Rome | 2 | Sometimes called Stephen VIII | ||
125 | February/March 931 – December 935 | ![]() |
John XI Papa IOANNES Undecimus |
Giovanni | Rome | 4 | |||
126 | 3 January 936 – 13 July 939 | ![]() |
Leo VII Papa LEO Septimus |
Leo O.S.B. |
3 | Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. | |||
127 | 14 July 939 – October 942 | ![]() |
Stephen VIII (Stephen IX) Papa STEPHANUS Octavus (Nonus) |
Stephan | Rome | 3 | Sometimes called Stephen IX | ||
128 | 30 October 942 – May 946 | ![]() |
Marinus II Papa MARINUS Secundus |
Marino | Rome | 3 | |||
129 | 10 May 946 – December 955 | ![]() |
Agapetus II Papa AGAPITUS Secundus |
Agapito | Rome | 9 | |||
130 | 16 December 955 – 14 May 964 | ![]() |
John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus |
Octavian | Rome | 8 | Deposed in 963 by Emperor Otto invalidly; end of the "Saeculum obscurum" | ||
131 | 22 May 964 – 23 June 964 | ![]() |
Benedict V Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus |
Rome | <1 | Elected after John XII's death by the people of Rome, in opposition to the Antipope Leo VIII who was appointed by Emperor Otto; Benedict accepted his deposition in 964 leaving Leo as sole pope. | |||
132 | July 964 – 1 March 965 | ![]() |
Leo VIII Papa LEO Octavus |
Rome | <1 | Appointed antipope by Emperor Otto in 963 in opposition to John XII and Benedict V. He became the true Pope after Benedict V was deposed | |||
133 | 1 October 965 – 6 September 972 | ![]() |
John XIII Papa IOANNES Tertius Decimus |
Rome | 6 | ||||
134 | 19 January 973 – June 974 | ![]() |
Benedict VI Papa BENEDICTUS Sextus |
Rome, Papal States | 1 | Deposed and murdered | |||
135 | October 974 – 10 July 983 | ![]() |
Benedict VII Papa BENEDICTUS Septimus |
Rome | 8 | ||||
136 | December 983 – 20 August 984 | ![]() |
John XIV Papa IOANNES Quartus Decimus |
Pietro Campanora | Pavia | <1 | |||
137 | August 985 – March 996 | ![]() |
John XV Papa IOANNES Quintus Decimus |
John | Rome | 10 | |||
138 | 3 May 996 – 18 February 999 | ![]() |
Gregory V Papa GREGORIUS Quintus |
Bruno of Carinthia | Germany, Holy Roman Empire | 2 | First German Pope | ||
139 | 2 April 999 – 12 May 1003 | Sylvester II Papa SILVESTER Secundus |
Gerbert d'Aurillac | Auvergne region of France | 4 | First French Pope |
11th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
140 | June 1003 – 6 December 1003 |
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John XVII Papa IOANNES Septimus Decimus |
Siccone | Rome, Papal States | |
141 | 25 December 1003 – July 1009 (5 years+) |
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John XVIII Papa IOANNES Duodevicesimus |
Giovanni Fasano; Phasianus | Rapagnano, Papal States | |
142 | 31 July 1009 – 12 May 1012 (2 years, 286 days) |
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Sergius IV Papa SERGIUS Quartus |
Pietro Boccapecora | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | |
143 | 18 May 1012 – 9 April 1024 (11 years, 327 days) |
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Benedict VIII Papa BENEDICTUS Octavus |
Theophylactus II, Conti di Tusculum | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | |
144 | April/May 1024 – 20 October 1032 (8 years+) |
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John XIX Papa IOANNES Undevicesimus |
Romanus, Conti di Tusculum | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | |
145 | 20 October 1032–31 December 1044
(12 years, 72 days) |
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Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus |
Theophylactus III, Conti di Tusculum | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | 1st Term |
146 | 1 January 1045-31 March 1045
(0 years, 89 days) |
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Sylvester III Papa SILVESTER Tertius |
John, Bishop of Sabina | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Validity of election questioned; considered Anti-Pope; deposed at the Council of Sutri. |
147 | 1 April 1045–10 November 1045
(0 years, 223 days) |
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Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus |
Theophylactus III, Conti di Tusculum | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | 2nd Term; deposed at the Council of Sutri |
148 | 10 November 1045– 23 December 1046
(1 year, 43 days) |
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Gregory VI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus, |
Johannes Gratianus | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Deposed at the Council of Sutri |
149 | 24 December 1046 – 9 October 1047 (0 years, 289 days) |
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Clement II Papa CLEMENS Secundus |
Suidger | Hornburg, Duchy of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire | Appointed by Henry III at the Council of Sutri; crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor. |
150 | November 1047–17 July 1048 | ![]() |
Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus |
Theophylactus III, Conti di Tusculum | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | 3rd Term; deposed and excommunicated |
151 | 17 July 1048 – 9 August 1048 (0 years, 23 days) |
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Damasus II Papa DAMASUS Secundus |
Poppo | Pildenau, Duchy of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire | |
152 | 12 February 1049 – 19 April 1054 (5 years, 66 days) |
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St Leo IX Papa LEO Nonus |
Bruno, Count of Dagsbourg | Eguisheim, Swabia, Holy Roman Empire | In 1054, mutual excommunications of Leo IX and Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius began the East–West Schism. The anathematizations were rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras in 1965.[9] |
153 | 13 April 1055 – 28 July 1057 (2 years, 106 days) |
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Victor II Papa VICTOR Secundus |
Gebhard, Count of Calw, Tollenstein, and Hirschberg | Kingdom of Germany, Holy Roman Empire | |
154 | 2 August 1057 – 29 March 1058 (0 years, 241 days) |
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Stephen IX (Stephen X) Papa STEPHANUS Nonus (Decimus) |
Frédéric de Lorraine, O.S.B. | Duchy of Lorraine, Holy Roman Empire | Sometimes called Stephen X. Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. |
155 | 6 December 1058 – 27 July 1061 (2 years+) |
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Nicholas II Papa NICOLAUS Secundus |
Gérard de Bourgogne | Château de Chevron, Kingdom of Arles | |
156 | 30 September 1061 – 21 April 1073 (11 years+) |
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Alexander II Papa ALEXANDER Secundus |
Anselmo da Baggio | Milan, Italy, Holy Roman Empire | Authorised the Norman conquest of England in 1066 |
157 | 22 April 1073 – 25 May 1085 (12 years+) |
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St Gregory VII Papa GREGORIUS Septimus |
Hildebrand O.S.B. |
Sovana, Italy, Holy Roman Empire | Initiated the Gregorian Reforms. Restricted the use of title "Papa" to the Bishop of Rome.[4] Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. Political struggle with German Emperor Henry IV, who had to go to Canossa (1077). |
158 | 24 May 1086 – 16 September 1087 (1 year+) |
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Bl. Victor III Papa VICTOR Tertius |
Desiderio; Desiderius; Dauferius O.S.B. |
Benevento, Duchy of Benevento | Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. |
159 | 12 March 1088 – 29 July 1099 (11 years+) |
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Bl. Urban II Papa URBANUS Secundus |
Odo of Lagery, O.S.B. | Lagery, County of Champagne, France | Started the First Crusade. Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. |
160 | 13 August 1099 – 21 January 1118 (18 years+) |
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Paschal II Papa PASCHALIS Secundus |
Raniero O.S.B. |
Bleda, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. |
12th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
161 | 24 January 1118 – 28 January 1119 (1 year, 4 days) |
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Gelasius II Papa GELASIUS Secundus |
Giovanni Coniulo, O.S.B. | Gaeta, Principality of Capua | Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. |
162 | 2 February 1119 – 13 December 1124 (5 years, 315 days) |
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Callixtus II Papa CALLISTUS Secundus |
Guido, Comte de Bourgogne | Quingey, County of Burgundy, Holy Roman Empire | Opened the First Council of the Lateran in 1123 |
163 | 15 December 1124 – 13 February 1130 (5 years, 60 days) |
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Honorius II Papa HONORIUS Secundus |
Lamberto Scannabecchi, Can.Reg. | Fiagnano, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Canon Regular of S. Maria di San Reno |
164 | 14 February 1130 – 24 September 1143 (13 years, 222 days) |
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Innocent II Papa INNOCENTIUS Secundus |
Gregorio Papareschi, Can.Reg. | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Canon Regular of Lateran; Convened the Second Council of the Lateran, 1139 |
165 | 26 September 1143 – 8 March 1144 (164 days) |
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Celestine II Papa COELESTINUS Secundus |
Guido | Città di Castello, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | |
166 | 12 March 1144 – 15 February 1145 (340 days) |
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Lucius II Papa LUCIUS Secundus |
Gerardo Caccianemici dal Orso, Can.Reg. | Bologna, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Canon Regular of S. Frediano di Lucca |
167 | 15 February 1145 – 8 July 1153 (8 years, 143 days) |
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Bl. Eugene III Papa EUGENIUS Tertius |
Bernardo da Pisa, O.Cist. | Pisa, Republic of Pisa, Holy Roman Empire | Member of the Order of Cistercians. Announced the Second Crusade. |
168 | 8 July 1153 – 3 December 1154 (1 year, 148 days) |
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Anastasius IV Papa ANASTASIUS Quartus |
Corrado Demetri della Suburra | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | |
169 | 4 December 1154 – 1 September 1159 (4 years, 271 days) |
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Adrian IV Papa HADRIANUS Quartus |
Nicholas Breakspear, Can.Reg. | Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire, Kingdom of England | First and only English pope; purportedly granted Ireland to Henry II, King of England. Canon Regular of St. Rufus Monastery . |
170 | 7 September 1159 – 30 August 1181 (21 years, 357 days) |
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Alexander III Papa ALEXANDER Tertius |
Rolando | Siena, Italy, Holy Roman Empire | Convened the Third Council of the Lateran, 1179 |
171 | 1 September 1181 – 25 November 1185 (4 years, 85 days) |
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Lucius III Papa LUCIUS Tertius |
Ubaldo | Lucca, Italy, Holy Roman Empire | |
172 | 25 November 1185 – 19 October 1187 (1 year, 328 days) |
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Urban III Papa URBANUS Tertius |
Uberto Crivelli | Cuggiono, Italy, Holy Roman Empire | |
173 | 21 October 1187 – 17 December 1187 (57 days) |
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Gregory VIII Papa GREGORIUS Octavus |
Alberto di Morra, Can.Reg. | Benevento, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Canon Regular Premostratense. Proposed the Third Crusade |
174 | 19 December 1187 – 20 March 1191[10] (3 years, 91 days) |
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Clement III Papa CLEMENS Tertius |
Paolo Scolari | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | |
175 | 21 March 1191 – 8 January 1198 (6 years, 293 days) |
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Celestine III Papa COELESTINUS Tertius |
Giacinto Bobone | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | |
176 ![]() |
8 January 1198 – 16 July 1216 (18 years, 190 days) |
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Innocent III Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius |
Lothario dei Conti di Segni | Gavignano, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Convened the Fourth Council of the Lateran, 1215. Initiated the Fourth Crusade. |
13th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
177![]() |
18 July 1216 – 18 March 1227 (10 years, 243 days) |
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Honorius III Papa HONORIUS Tertius |
Cencio | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Initiated the Fifth Crusade. |
178![]() |
19 March 1227 – 22 August 1241 (14 years, 156 days) |
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Gregory IX Papa GREGORIUS Nonus |
Ugolino dei Conti di Segni | Anagni, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Canonized Elisabeth of Hungary, 1235. Initiated the Inquisition in France. |
179![]() |
25 October 1241 – 10 November 1241 (16 days) |
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Celestine IV Papa COELESTINUS Quartus |
Goffredo Castiglioni | Milan, Italy, Holy Roman Empire | Died before coronation. |
180![]() |
25 June 1243 – 7 December 1254 (11 years, 165 days) |
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Innocent IV Papa INNOCENTIUS Quartus |
Sinibaldo Fieschi | Genoa, Republic of Genoa, Holy Roman Empire | Convened the First Council of Lyons, 1245 |
181![]() |
12 December 1254 – 25 May 1261 (6 years, 164 days) |
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Alexander IV Papa ALEXANDER Quartus |
Rinaldo dei Conti di Jenne | Jenne, Papal States | |
182![]() |
29 August 1261 – 2 October 1264 (3 years, 34 days) |
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Urban IV Papa URBANUS Quartus |
Jacques Pantaléon | Troyes, County of Champagne, France | |
183![]() |
5 February 1265 – 29 November 1268 (3 years, 298 days) |
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Clement IV Papa CLEMENS Quartus |
Gui Faucoi | Saint-Gilles, Languedoc, France | |
N/A | 29 November 1268 – 1 September 1271 |
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Interregnum | Almost 3 year period without a valid pope elected. This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope. | ||
184![]() |
1 September 1271 – 10 January 1276 (4 years, 131 days) |
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Bl. Gregory X Papa GREGORIUS Decimus |
Tebaldo Visconti | Piacenza, Italy, Holy Roman Empire | Convened the Second Council of Lyons, 1274. |
185![]() |
21 January 1276 – 22 June 1276 (153 days) |
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Bl. Innocent V Papa INNOCENTIUS Quintus |
Pierre de Tarentaise, O.P. | County of Savoy, Holy Roman Empire | Member of the Dominican Order. |
186![]() |
11 July 1276 – 18 August 1276 (38 days) |
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Adrian V Papa HADRIANUS Quintus |
Ottobuono Fieschi | Genoa, Republic of Genoa, Holy Roman Empire | |
187![]() |
8 September 1276 – 20 May 1277 (254 days) |
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John XXI Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Primus |
Pedro Julião (a.k.a. Petrus Hispanus and Pedro Hispano) | Lisbon, Portugal | Due to a confusion over the numbering of popes named John in the 13th century, there was no John XX. There has never been a Pope John XX, because the 20th pope of this name, formerly Petrus Hispanus, when elected Pope in 1276, decided to skip the number XX and to be counted as John XXI instead. He wanted to correct what in his time was believed to be an error in the counting of his predecessors John XV to XIX |
188![]() |
25 November 1277 – 22 August 1280 (2 years, 271 days) |
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Nicholas III Papa NICOLAUS Tertius |
Giovanni Gaetano Orsini | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | |
189![]() |
22 February 1281 – 28 March 1285 (4 years, 34 days) |
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Martin IV Papa MARTINUS Quartus |
Simon de Brion | Meinpicien, Touraine, France | |
190![]() |
2 April 1285 – 3 April 1287 (2 years, 1 day) |
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Honorius IV Papa HONORIUS Quartus |
Giacomo Savelli | Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | |
191![]() |
22 February 1288 – 4 April 1292 (4 years, 42 days) |
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Nicholas IV Papa NICOLAUS Quartus |
Girolamo Masci, O.F.M. | Lisciano, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | Member of the Franciscan Order. |
N/A | 4 April 1292 – 5 July 1294 |
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Interregnum | 2 year period without a valid pope elected. This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope. | ||
192![]() |
5 July 1294 – 13 December 1294 (161 days) |
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St Celestine V Papa COELESTINUS Quintus |
Pietro da Morrone, O.S.B. | Sant'Angelo Limosano, Kingdom of Sicily | One of the few popes who resigned. Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. |
193![]() |
24 December 1294 – 11 October 1303 (8 years, 291 days) |
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Boniface VIII Papa BONIFATIUS Octavus |
Benedetto Caetani | Anagni, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire |
14th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
194![]() |
22 October 1303 – 7 July 1304 (259 days) |
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Bl. Benedict XI Papa BENEDICTUS Undecimus |
Niccolò Boccasini, O.P. | Treviso | Member of the Dominican Order. |
195![]() |
5 June 1305 – 20 April 1314 (8 years, 319 days) |
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Clement V Papa CLEMENS Quintus |
Bertrand de Got | Villandraut, Gascony, France | Pope at Avignon. Convened the Council of Vienne, 1311–1312. Initiated the persecution of the Knights Templar with the Pastoralis Praeeminentiae under pressure from King Philip IV of France. |
N/A | 20 April 1314 – 7 August 1316 |
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Interregnum | 2 year period without a valid pope elected. This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope. | ||
196![]() |
7 August 1316 – 4 December 1334 (18 years, 119 days) |
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John XXII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Secundus |
Jacques d'Euse; Jacques Duèse | Cahors, Quercy, France | Pope at Avignon |
197![]() |
20 December 1334 – 25 April 1342 (7 years, 126 days) |
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Benedict XII Papa BENEDICTUS Duodecimus |
Jacques Fournier, O.Cist. | Saverdun, County of Foix, France | Pope at Avignon. Member of the Order of Cistercians. |
198![]() |
7 May 1342 – 6 December 1352 (10 years, 213 days) |
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Clement VI Papa CLEMENS Sextus |
Pierre Roger, O.S.B. | Maumont, Limousin, France | Pope at Avignon |
199![]() |
18 December 1352 – 12 September 1362 (9 years, 268 days) |
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Innocent VI Papa INNOCENTIUS Sextus |
Étienne Aubert | Les Monts, Limousin, France | Pope at Avignon |
200![]() |
28 September 1362 – 19 December 1370 (8 years, 82 days) |
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Bl. Urban V Papa URBANUS Quintus |
Guillaume (de) Grimoard, O.S.B. | Grizac, Languedoc, France | Pope at Avignon. Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. |
201![]() |
30 December 1370 – 27 March 1378 (7 years, 87 days) |
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Gregory XI Papa GREGORIUS Undecimus |
Pierre Roger de Beaufort | Maumont, Limousin, France | Pope at Avignon; returns to Rome; last French Pope |
202![]() |
8 April 1378 – 15 October 1389 (11 years, 190 days) |
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Urban VI Papa URBANUS Sextus |
Bartolomeo Prignano | Naples, Kingdom of Naples | Western Schism |
203![]() |
2 November 1389 – 1 October 1404 (14 years, 334 days) |
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Boniface IX Papa BONIFATIUS Nonus |
Pietro Tomacelli | Naples, Kingdom of Naples | Western Schism |
15th century
- R This pope resigned his office.
- B The exact birth date of Innocent VIII and almost all popes prior to Eugene IV is unknown, therefore the lowest probable age has been assumed for this table.
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Age at start/end of papacy | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
204![]() |
17 October 1404 – 6 November 1406 (2 years, 20 days) |
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Innocent VII Papa INNOCENTIUS Septimus |
Cosimo Gentile Migliorati | Sulmona, Kingdom of Naples | 65 / 67 [B] | Western Schism |
205![]() |
30 November 1406 – 4 July 1415 (8 years, 216 days) |
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Gregory XII Papa GREGORIUS Duodecimus |
Angelo Correr | Venice, Republic of Venice | [R] | Western Schism; abdicated during the Council of Constance, which had been called by his opponent John XXIII. |
N/A | 4 July 1415 – 11 November 1417 |
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Interregnum | Two-year period without a valid pope elected. | |||
206![]() |
11 November 1417 – 20 February 1431 (13 years, 101 days) |
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Martin V Papa MARTINUS Quintus |
Oddone Colonna | Genazzano, Papal States | 48 / 62 | Convened the Council of Basel, 1431 |
207![]() |
3 March 1431 – 23 February 1447 (15 years, 357 days) |
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Eugene IV Papa EUGENIUS Quartus |
Gabriele Condulmer, O.S.A. | Venice, Republic of Venice | 47 / 63 [B] | Member of the Augustinian Order. Crowned Sigismund emperor at Rome in 1433. Transferred the Council of Basel to Ferrara. It was later transferred again, to Florence, because of the Bubonic plague. |
208![]() |
6 March 1447 – 24 March 1455 (8 years, 18 days) |
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Nicholas V Papa NICOLAUS Quintus |
Tommaso Parentucelli | Sarzana, Republic of Genoa | 49 / 57 | Held Jubilee of 1450. Crowned Frederick III emperor at Rome in 1452. Created a library in the Vatican which would eventually become the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana. |
209![]() |
8 April 1455 – 6 August 1458 (3 years, 120 days) |
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Callixtus III Papa CALLISTUS Tertius |
Alfonso de Borgia | Xàtiva, Kingdom of Valencia, Crown of Aragon | 76 / 79 | First Spanish pope |
210![]() |
19 August 1458 – 15 August 1464 (5 years, 362 days) |
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Pius II Papa PIUS Secundus |
Enea Silvio Piccolomini | Corsignano, Republic of Siena | 52 / 58 | Interest in urban planning. Founded Pienza (near Siena) as the ideal city (1462). |
211File:Coat of arms of Pope Paul II.png | 30 August 1464 – 26 July 1471 (6 years, 330 days) |
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Paul II Papa PAULUS Secundus |
Pietro Barbo | Venice, Republic of Venice | 47 / 54 | Nephew of Eugene IV |
212![]() |
9 August 1471 – 12 August 1484 (13 years, 3 days) |
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Sixtus IV Papa XYSTUS Quartus |
Francesco della Rovere, O.F.M. | Celle Ligure, Republic of Genoa | 57 / 70 | Member of the Franciscan Order. Commissioned the Sistine Chapel. Authorized an Inquisition targeting converted (Jewish) Christians in Spain, at the request of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. |
213![]() |
29 August 1484 – 25 July 1492 (7 years, 331 days) |
Innocent VIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Octavus |
Giovanni Battista Cybo | Genoa, Republic of Genoa | 51 / 59 [B] | Appointed Tomás de Torquemada | |
214![]() |
11 August 1492 – 18 August 1503 (11 years, 7 days) |
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Alexander VI Papa ALEXANDER Sextus |
Rodrigo de Lanzol-Borgia | Xàtiva, Kingdom of Valencia, Crown of Aragon | 61 / 72 | Nephew of Callixtus III. Father to Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia. Divided the extra-European world between Spain and Portugal in 1493 by the Bull Inter caetera. |
16th–20th centuries
16th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Age at start/end of papacy | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
215![]() |
22 September 1503 – 18 October 1503 (26 days) |
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Pius III Papa PIUS Tertius |
Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini | Siena, Republic of Siena | 64 / 64 | Nephew of Pius II |
216![]() |
31 October 1503 – 21 February 1513 (9 years, 113 days) |
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Julius II Papa IULIUS Secundus |
Giuliano della Rovere | Albisola, Republic of Genoa | 59 / 69 | Nephew of Sixtus IV; Convened the Fifth Council of the Lateran, 1512. Took effective control of the whole territory of the Papal States for the first time. Commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Proposed plans for rebuilding of St Peter's Basilica |
217![]() |
9 March 1513 – 1 December 1521 (8 years, 267 days) |
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Leo X Papa LEO Decimus |
Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici | Florence, Republic of Florence | 37 / 45 | Son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Excommunicated Martin Luther. Extended the Spanish Inquisition into Portugal. |
218![]() |
9 January 1522 – 14 September 1523 (1 year, 248 days) |
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Adrian VI Papa HADRIANUS Sextus |
Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens | Utrecht, Bishopric of Utrecht, Holy Roman Empire (presently The Netherlands) | 62 / 64 | The only Dutch pope. Due to the Netherlands being a part of the Holy Roman Empire at the time, he is occasionally referred to as a "German" pope, though not in an ethnic sense. Last non-Italian to be elected pope until John Paul II in 1978. The tutor of Emperor Charles V |
219![]() |
26 November 1523 – 25 September 1534 (10 years, 303 days) |
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Clement VII Papa CLEMENS Septimus |
Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici | Florence, Republic of Florence | 45 / 56 | Cousin of Leo X. Rome plundered by imperial troops ("Sacco di Roma"), 1527. He forbade the divorce of Henry VIII and crowned Charles V Emperor at Bologna in 1530. His niece Catherine de' Medici was married to the future Henry II of France. |
220![]() |
13 October 1534 – 10 November 1549 (15 years, 28 days) |
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Paul III Papa PAULUS Tertius |
Alessandro Farnese | Canino, Lazio, Papal States | 66 / 81 | Opened the Council of Trent in 1545. His illegitimate son became the first Duke of Parma. |
221![]() |
7 February 1550 – 29 March 1555 (5 years, 50 days) |
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Julius III Papa IULIUS Tertius |
Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte | Rome, Papal States | 62 / 67 | Established the Collegium Germanicum. |
222![]() |
9 April 1555 – 30 April or 1 May 1555 (0 years, 21/22 days) |
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Marcellus II Papa MARCELLUS Secundus |
Marcello Cervini | Montefano, Marche, Papal States | 53 / 53 | Last to use birth name as regnal name |
223![]() |
23 May 1555 – 18 August 1559 (4 years, 87 days) |
Paul IV Papa PAULUS Quartus |
Giovanni Pietro Carafa, C.R. | Capriglia Irpina, Campania, Kingdom of Naples | 78 / 83 | ||
224![]() |
26 December 1559 – 9 December 1565 (5 years, 348 days) |
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Pius IV Papa PIUS Quartus |
Giovanni Angelo Medici | Milan, Duchy of Milan | 60 / 66 | Reopened the Council of Trent, 1562, it concluded its proceedings in 1563 |
225![]() |
7 January 1566 – 1 May 1572 (6 years, 115 days) |
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St Pius V Papa PIUS Quintus |
Michele Ghislieri, O.P. | Bosco, Duchy of Milan | 61 / 68 | Member of the Dominican Order. Excommunicated Elizabeth I of England, 1570. Victory of Lepanto 1571 |
226![]() |
13 May 1572 – 10 April 1585 (12 years, 332 days) |
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Gregory XIII Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Decimus |
Ugo Boncompagni | Bologna, Papal States | 70 / 83 | Reform of the calendar 1582 |
227![]() |
24 April 1585 – 27 August 1590 (5 years, 125 days) |
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Sixtus V Papa XYSTUS Quintus |
Felice Peretti, O.F.M. Conv. | Grottammare, Marche, Papal States | 63 / 68 | Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order. |
228![]() |
15 September 1590 – 27 September 1590 (12 days) |
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Urban VII Papa URBANUS Septimus |
Giovanni Battista Castagna | Rome, Papal States | 69 / 69 | Shortest-reigning pope; died before coronation. |
229![]() |
5 December 1590 – 15/16 October 1591 (0 years, 314/315 days) |
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Gregory XIV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Decimus |
Niccolò Sfondrati | Somma Lombardo, Duchy of Milan | 55 / 56 | |
230![]() |
29 October 1591 – 30 December 1591 (62 days) |
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Innocent IX Papa INNOCENTIUS Nonus |
Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti | Bologna, Papal States | 72 / 72 | |
231![]() |
30 January 1592 – 3 March 1605 (13 years, 32 days) |
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Clement VIII Papa CLEMENS Octavus |
Ippolito Aldobrandini | Fano, Marche, Papal States | 55 / 69 | Convened the Congregatio de Auxiliis which addressed doctrinal disputes between the Dominicans and Jesuits regarding free will and divine grace.[11] |
17th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Age at start/end of papacy | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
232![]() |
1 April 1605 – 27 April 1605 (26 days) |
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Leo XI Papa LEO Undecimus |
Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici | Florence, Duchy of Florence | 69 / 69 | Nephew of Leo X. |
233![]() |
16 May 1605 – 28 January 1621 (15 years, 257 days) |
![]() |
Paul V Papa PAULUS Quintus |
Camillo Borghese | Rome, Papal States | 52 / 68 | Known for building projects, including the facade of St Peter's Basilica. |
234![]() |
9 February 1621 – 8 July 1623 (2 years, 149 days) |
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Gregory XV Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Decimus |
Alessandro Ludovisi | Bologna, Papal States | 67 / 69 | Established the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 1622. |
235![]() |
6 August 1623 – 29 July 1644 (20 years, 358 days) |
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Urban VIII Papa URBANUS Octavus |
Maffeo Barberini | Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany | 55 / 76 | Trial against Galileo Galilei |
236![]() |
15 September 1644 – 7 January 1655 (10 years, 114 days) |
![]() |
Innocent X Papa INNOCENTIUS Decimus |
Giovanni Battista Pamphilj | Rome, Papal States | 70 / 80 | Great-great-great-grandson of Alexander VI. |
237![]() |
7 April 1655 – 22 May 1667 (12 years, 45 days) |
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Alexander VII Papa ALEXANDER Septimus |
Fabio Chigi | Siena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany | 56 / 68 | Great-nephew of Paul V. Commissioned St. Peter's Square. |
238![]() |
20 June 1667 – 9 December 1669 (2 years, 172 days) |
![]() |
Clement IX Papa CLEMENS Nonus |
Giulio Rospigliosi | Pistoia, Grand Duchy of Tuscany | 67 / 69 | Commissioned the colonnade of St. Peter's Square. |
239![]() |
29 April 1670 – 22 July 1676 (6 years, 84 days) |
![]() |
Clement X Papa CLEMENS Decimus |
Emilio Altieri | Rome, Papal States | 79 / 86 | Canonized the first saint from the Americas, Saint Rose of Lima, in 1671. |
240![]() |
21 September 1676 – 11/12 August 1689 (12 years, 324/325 days) |
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Bl. Innocent XI Papa INNOCENTIUS Undecimus |
Benedetto Odescalchi | Como, Duchy of Milan | 65 / 78 | Suspected to have secretly funded William III of Orange's Glorious Revolution to overthrow the Catholic James II of England. |
241![]() |
6 October 1689 – 1 February 1691 (1 year, 118 days) |
![]() |
Alexander VIII Papa ALEXANDER Octavus |
Pietro Vito Ottoboni | Venice, Republic of Venice | 79 / 80 | |
242![]() |
12 July 1691 – 27 September 1700 (9 years, 77 days) |
Innocent XII Papa INNOCENTIUS Duodecimus |
Antonio Pignatelli | Spinazzola, Kingdom of Naples | 76 / 85 | Issued Romanum decet Pontificem, 1692. |
18th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Age at start/end of papacy | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
243![]() |
23 November 1700 – 19 March 1721 (20 years, 116 days) |
![]() |
Clement XI Papa CLEMENS Undecimus |
Giovanni Francesco Albani | Urbino, Marche, Papal States | 51 / 71 | Chinese Rites controversy |
244![]() |
8 May 1721 – 7 March 1724 (2 years, 304 days) |
![]() |
Innocent XIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Decimus |
Michelangelo de’ Conti | Poli, Lazio, Papal States | 65 / 68 | |
245![]() |
29 May 1724 – 21 February 1730 (5 years, 268 days) |
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Servant of God Benedict XIII Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Decimus |
Pierfrancesco Orsini, O.P. | Gravina in Puglia, Kingdom of Naples | 75 / 81 | Member of the Dominican Order. Third and last member of the Orsini family to be Pope. |
246![]() |
12 July 1730 – 6 February 1740 (9 years, 209 days) |
![]() |
Clement XII Papa CLEMENS Duodecimus |
Lorenzo Corsini | Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany | 78 / 87 | Completed the new façade of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, 1735. Commissioned the Trevi Fountain, 1732. |
247![]() |
17 August 1740 – 3 May 1758 (17 years, 259 days) |
![]() |
Benedict XIV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Decimus |
Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini | Bologna, Papal States | 65 / 83 | |
248![]() |
6 July 1758 – 2 February 1769 (10 years, 211 days) |
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Clement XIII Papa CLEMENS Tertius Decimus |
Carlo della Torre Rezzonico | Venice, Republic of Venice | 65 / 75 | Provided the famous fig leaves on male statues in the Vatican. Defended the Society of Jesus in Apostolicum pascendi, 1765. |
249![]() |
19 May 1769 – 22 September 1774 (5 years, 126 days) |
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Clement XIV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Decimus |
Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, O.F.M. Conv. | Sant'Arcangelo di Romagna, Papal States | 63 / 68 | Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order. Suppressed the Jesuit Order. |
250![]() |
15 February 1775 – 29 August 1799 (24 years, 195 days) |
![]() |
Pius VI Papa PIUS Sextus |
Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi | Cesena, Papal States | 57 / 81 | Condemned the French Revolution and was expelled from the Papal States by French troops from 1798 until his death. |
N/A | 29 August 1799 –14 March 1800 |
![]() |
Interregnum | six-month period without a valid pope elected. This was due to unique logistical problems (the old pope died a prisoner and the Conclave was in Venice) and a deadlock among cardinals voting. |
19th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal |
Personal name | Place of birth | Age at start/end of papacy | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
251![]() |
14 March 1800 – 20 August 1823 (23 years, 159 days) |
![]() |
Pius VII Papa PIUS Septimus |
Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, O.S.B. | Cesena, Papal States | 57 / 81 | Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. Present at Napoleon's coronation as Emperor of the French. Temporarily expelled from the Papal States by the French between 1809 and 1814. |
252![]() |
28 September 1823 – 10 February 1829 (5 years, 135 days) |
Leo XII Papa LEO Duodecimus |
Count Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga | Genga or Spoleto, Papal States | 63 / 68 | Placed the Catholic educational system under the control of the Jesuits through Quod divina sapientia, 1824. | |
253![]() |
31 March 1829 – 30 November 1830 (1 year, 244 days) |
![]() |
Pius VIII Papa PIUS Octavus |
Francesco Saverio Castiglioni | Cingoli, Marche, Papal States | 67 / 69 | Accepted Louis Philippe I as King of the French. |
254![]() |
2 February 1831 – 1 June 1846 (15 years, 119 days) |
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Gregory XVI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Decimus |
Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, O.S.B. Cam. | Belluno, Republic of Venice | 65 / 80 | Member of the Camaldolese Order. The last non-bishop to be elected |
255![]() |
16 June 1846 – 7 February 1878 (31 years, 236 days) |
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Bl. Pius IX Papa PIUS Nonus |
Count Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, O.F.S. | Senigallia, Marche, Papal States | 54 / 85 | Opened First Vatican Council; lost the Papal States to Italy. Longest serving pope in history (see note on St Peter.) |
256![]() |
20 February 1878 – 20 July 1903 (25 years, 150 days) |
![]() |
Leo XIII Papa LEO Tertius Decimus |
Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci, O.F.S. | Carpineto Romano, Lazio, Papal States. | 67 / 93 | Issued the encyclical on social teaching, Rerum Novarum (On Capital and Labor) and supported Christian democracy as against communism; the fourth-longest reigning pope after Pius IX, St Peter and John Paul II. |
20th century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal Motto Latin (English) |
Personal name | Place of birth | Age at start/end of papacy | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
257![]() |
4 August 1903 – 20 August 1914 (11 years, 16 days) |
![]() |
St Pius X Papa PIUS Decimus [Instaurare Omnia in Christo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, O.F.S. | Riese, Treviso, Lombardy-Venetia, Austrian Empire | 68 / 79 | Encouraged and expanded reception of Holy Communion, and combatted Modernistic theology. Advocated the Gregorian Chant. The most recent pope to be canonized since Pope Saint Pius V. |
258![]() |
3 September 1914 – 22 January 1922 (7 years, 141 days) |
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Benedict XV Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Decimus [In te, Domine, speravi: |
Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista Della Chiesa, O.F.S. | Genoa, Pegli, Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia | 59 / 67 | Credited for intervening for peace during World War I and promulgating the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Remembered by Pope Benedict XVI as a "prophet of peace". |
259![]() |
6 February 1922 – 10 February 1939 (17 years, 4 days) |
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Pius XI Papa PIUS Undecimus [Pax Christi in Regno Christi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti, O.F.S. | Desio, Lombardy-Venetia, Austrian Empire | 64 / 81 | Signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy in 1929, establishing Vatican City as a sovereign state. Known as the pontiff that reigned between the two wars. Created the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936 and inaugurated Vatican Radio in 1931. Credited for speaking out against Nazism and Fascism. |
260![]() |
2 March 1939 – 9 October 1958 (19 years, 221 days) |
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Ven. Pius XII Papa PIUS Duodecimus [Opus Justitiae Pax] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, O.F.S. | Rome, Kingdom of Italy | 63 / 82 | Invoked papal infallibility in the papal encyclical Munificentissimus Deus and defined the dogma of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1950. Eliminated the Italian majority within the College of Cardinals in a 1946 consistory. Known for intervening for peace during World War II. Controversial for his actions or inactions in saving the lives of Jewish people during the Holocaust. |
261![]() |
28 October 1958 – 3 June 1963 (4 years, 218 days) |
File:JohnXXIII, photo.jpg | Bd. John XXIII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Tertius [Obedientia et Pax] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, O.F.S. | Sotto il Monte, Bergamo, Kingdom of Italy | 76 / 81 | Convoked and opened the Second Vatican Council; sometimes called "Good Pope John" and "Johnny Walker". Known for issuing the famed encyclicals Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris and intervening for peace during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. |
262![]() |
21 June 1963 – 6 August 1978 (15 years, 46 days) |
File:PABLO VI.jpg | Ven. Paul VI Papa PAULUS Sextus [Cum Ipso in Monte] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini | Concesio, Brescia, Kingdom of Italy | 65 / 80 | The last pope to be crowned in a Papal Coronation Mass with the Papal Tiara. First pope to travel to the United States of America and Australia. The first pontiff since 1870 to travel outside of Italy. Concluded the Second Vatican Council. Known for promulgating the controversial papal encyclical Humanae Vitae. |
263![]() |
26 August 1978 – 28 September 1978 (33 days) |
File:Papa Juan Pablo I.jpg | Servant of God John Paul I Papa IOANNES PAULUS Primus [Humilitas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
Albino Luciani | Forno di Canale, Veneto, Kingdom of Italy | 65 / 65 | Abolished the Papal Coronation opting for the Papal Inauguration. First pope to use 'the First' in regnal name. First pope with two names for his two immediate predecessors. Known for the shortest reign of the 20th century. Last to use the Sedia Gestatoria |
264![]() |
16 October 1978 – 2 April 2005 (26 years, 168 days) |
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Bd. John Paul II Papa IOANNES PAULUS Secundus [Totus Tuus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
Karol Józef Wojtyła | Wadowice, Republic of Poland | 58 / 84 | The first Polish pope and the first non-Italian pope in 455 years since Pope Adrian VI. Canonized more saints than all of his predecessors. Styled as the "Pope of the Youth" and the "Pilgrim Pope". Traveled extensively and the first pope to travel to Canada. Had the third longest reign after Pius IX and St Peter. |
21st century
Numerical order | Pontificate | Portrait | Name English · Regnal Motto Latin (English) |
Personal name | Place of birth | Age at start/end of papacy | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
265![]() |
19 April 2005 – 28 February 2013 (7 years, 315 days) |
![]() |
Benedict XVI Papa BENEDICTUS Sextus Decimus Cooperatores Veritatis |
Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger | Marktl am Inn, Bavaria, Germany | 78 / 85 | Oldest to become pope since Pope Clement XII in 1730. Elevated the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position. First pope to renounce the papacy on his own initiative since Pope Celestine V in 1294,[12] retaining regnal name with title of pope emeritus.[13] |
266![]() |
13 March 2013 – present (11 years, 155 days) |
![]() |
Francis Papa FRANCISCUS Miserando atque Eligendo |
Jorge Mario Bergoglio, S.J. | Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina | 76 / - | First pope born outside Europe since St. Gregory III and first from the Americas. First Pope from the Southern Hemisphere. First Jesuit pope. First to use a new and non-composed regnal name since Lando (913–914).First pope to use the name of St.Francis of Assisi |
Religious orders
35 popes have been members of religious orders. These have included:
- Benedictines (17):
- Gregory I, Boniface IV, Adeodatus II, Leo IV, John IX, Leo VII, Stephen IX, Gregory VII, Victor III, Urban II, Paschal II, Gelasius II, Celestine V, Clement VI, Urban V, Pius VII
- and including Camaldolese (1):
- Gregory XVI
- Augustinians (6):
- Eugene IV
- and including Canons Regulars (5):
- Honorius II, Innocent II, Lucius II, Gregory VIII, Adrian IV
- Dominicans (4):
- Innocent V, Benedict XI, Pius V, Benedict XIII
- Franciscans (4):
- Nicholas IV, Sixtus IV
- and including Conventual Franciscans (2):
- Sixtus V, Clement XIV
- Cistercians (2):
- Eugene III, Benedict XII
- Theatines (1):
- Paul IV
- Jesuits (1):
- Francis
Notes on numbering of popes
A number of anomalies in the list given above need further explanation:
- Felix II (356–357), Boniface VII (974, 984–985), John XVI (997–998), Benedict X (1058–1059) and Alexander V (1409–1410) are not listed because all of them are considered antipopes.[15]
- The numbering of popes named Felix has been amended to omit antipope Felix II; however, most lists still call the last two Felixes Felix III and Felix IV. Additionally, there was an antipope Felix V.[15]
- There has never been a pope John XX as a result of confusion of the numbering system in the 11th century.[16]
- Pope-elect Stephen, who died before being consecrated, has not been on the Vatican's official list of popes since 1961, but appears on lists dating from before 1960.[16] The numbering of following popes called Stephen are nowadays given as Pope Stephen II (752–757) to Pope Stephen IX (1057–1058), rather than Stephen III to Stephen X.
- When Simon de Brion became pope in 1281, he chose to be called Martin. At that time, Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and Martin III respectively, and so, erroneously, Simon de Brion became Pope Martin IV.[17]
- Pope Donus II, said to have reigned about 974, never existed. The belief resulted from the confusion of the title dominus (lord) with a proper name.
- Pope Joan also never existed; however, legends about her may have originated from stories about the pornocracy.[18]
- The status of Antipope John XXIII was uncertain for hundreds of years, and was finally settled in 1958 when Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli announced his own name as John XXIII. Baldassare Cossa, who was Antipope John XXIII, served as a Cardinal of the reunited church before his death in 1419 and his remains are found in the Florence Baptistery.
See also
- History of the papacy
- List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State
- Liber Pontificalis
- List of popes sorted alphabetically
- List of murdered popes
- List of popes from the Borgia family
- List of popes from the Conti family
- List of popes from the Medici family
- List of sexually active popes
- Pope John (numbering)
- Prophecy of the Popes
References
Specific
- ^ Annuario Pontificio 2012 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0), p. 12*
- ^ "Corrections Made to Official List of Popes". ZENIT. 5 June 2001. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ "Papal Primacy of honour: titles and insignia". Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
- ^ a b Fahlbusch, Erwin ; Bromiley (English translation), Geoffrey William; et al., eds. (2005). "Pope, Papacy". Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 272–282. ISBN 0-8028-2416-1. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
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suggested) (help) - ^ The fourth pope Discussed in the article on Clement I
- ^ Mcbrien, Richard P. (31 October 2006). The Pocket Guide to the Popes. HarperCollins. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-0-06-113773-0. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 13: Bishops of Rome". pp. from Theosodr Mommsen, MGH Chronica Minora I (1892), pp.73–6. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "OCA - St Liberius the Pope of Rome". Ocafs.oca.org. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
- ^ Deno John Geanakoplos (15 September 1989). Constantinople and the West: essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 263–. ISBN 978-0-299-11884-6. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ For the dates of death of Clement III and the election of Celestine III see Katrin Baaken: Zu Wahl, Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III. Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985, pp. 203–211
- ^ John Henry Blunt (1874). "Jansenists". Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought. Rivingtons. pp. 234–240. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ^ Brown, Andrew (11 February 2013). "Benedict, the placeholder pope who leaves a battered, weakened church". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ Pianigiani, Gaia; Povoledo, Elisabetta (27 February 2013). "Benedict XVI to Keep His Name and Become Pope Emeritus". The New York Times.
- ^ "Pope Francis : "Miserando atque eligendo"..." Vatican Radio. 18 March 2013.
- ^ a b Paschal Robinson (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ a b Paschal Robinson (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ Paschal Robinson (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ Paschal Robinson (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
General
- The Early Papacy: To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451, Adrian Fortescue, Ignatius Press, 2008.
- The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, John N.D. Kelly, Oxford University Press, 1986.
- Catholicism, Henri de Lubac, Ignatius Press, 1988.
- Rome and the Eastern Churches, Aidan Nichols, Ignatius Press, 2010.
- I Papi. Venti secoli di storia, Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2002.
- Rome Sweet Home, Scott Hahn, Ignatius Press, 1993.
- Enciclopedia dei Papi, AA.VV., Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, 2000.
External links
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