Corn stover
Corn stover consists of the leaves and stalks of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) plants left in a field after harvest and consists of the residue: stalk; the leaf, husk, and cob remaining in the field following the harvest of cereal grain. Stover makes up about half of the yield of a crop and is similar to straw.[1] Corn stover is a very common agricultural product in areas of large amounts of corn production. As well as the non-grain part of harvested corn, the stover can also contain other weeds and grasses.[1] It "has low water content and is very bulky."[2]
Use
Stover can be grazed as forage or collected for use as fodder but is commonly not utilized. It can also be used as a fuel for bioenergy or as feedstock for bioproducts. Corn stover, together with other lignocellulosic biomass, potentially amounts to 1.3 billion tons of raw materials over the next 50 years that could be used for fuel production.[citation needed]
In the Netherlands and Belgium large improvements on yield are achieved by harvesting the full plant and crushing it while harvesting. The stover is primarily used as fodder for cows during the winter season. It is known as kuilmais. Field corn and sweet corn, two different types of maize, have relatively similar corn stover products. Corn stover is not harvested in all areas where corn is produced. In fact, "some agronomists question whether taking stover out of the field annually will have a negative impact on soil fertility and structure."[2]
The uses for corn stover are growing over time. One use of corn stover pertains to corn producers who also raise cattle. Corn stover can be beneficial to some cattle producers because the “corn stover can provide a low cost feed source for mid-gestation beef cows.”[3] In addition to the stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs remaining in the field, kernels of grain may also be left over from harvest. These left over kernels, along with the corn stover, serve as an additional feed source for grazing cattle. Over time, the stalks will decrease in value as feed, so it is important to graze the corn stover as soon as possible after harvest. The amount of grazing possible on a field of corn stover is “between one and two months of grazing per cow per acre (50 cows on 50 acres (200,000 m2) for one to two months).”[3]
Another use for corn stover is cellulosic ethanol however with current technology, a large part of the energy potential of cellulose is wasted due to the strength of the glycosidic bonds that pair chains of D-glucose units. Biomass ethanol is “ethanol made from non-grain plant materials known as biomass.”[4] Biomass ethanol would use the corn stover from the corn crop produced in areas around ethanol plants. Corn stover, due to the relative close proximity of the corn grain produced for ethanol production, “is by far the most abundant crop residue readily available today.”[4] The free accessibility to corn stover makes it a prime candidate for biomass ethanol production. A new DuPont facility in Nevada, Iowa is expected to generate 30 million gallons annually of cellulosic biofuel produced from corn stover residues, its projected completion is mid-2014.[5]
Composition and properties
| Component | WT% dry[6] |
|---|---|
| Cellulose/glucan | 37.4 |
| Xylan | 21.1 |
| Arabinan | 2.9 |
| Mannan | 1.6 |
| Galactan | 2.0 |
| Lignin | 18.0 |
| Ash | 5.2 |
| Acetate | 2.9 |
| Protein | 3.1 |
See also
References
- ^ a b http://www.agr.state.nc.us/drought/documents/1217andNCDACSCornStoverGuidance082707.pdf
- ^ a b http://google.com/search?q=cache:fSTfz7r5KEUJ:www.wind.ecw.org/feed/cornstover.pdf+what+is+corn+stover&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us
- ^ a b Beef: Turn Corn Stover to Low Cost Pasture
- ^ a b http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29691.pdf
- ^ DuPont Nevada Site Cellulosic Ethanol Facility - DuPont Biofuel Solutions
- ^ Biomass and Bioenergy 33 (2009) p 236.
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