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2016 Turkish coup attempt

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2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt
2016 Turkish coup attempt is located in Turkey
Ankara
Ankara
Istanbul
Istanbul
2016 Turkish coup attempt (Turkey)
Date15 July 2016 (2016-07-15) – present
Location
Ankara and Istanbul
Status

Ongoing

Notable developments

Belligerents

Turkey Turkish Peace Council

Turkey Government of Turkey

Commanders and leaders
Unclear[6] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Binali Yıldırım
Hulusi Akar
Gen. tr [Ümit Dündar] (First Army commander)[1]
Casualties and losses
1 Sikorsky helicopter shot down (NTV)[1]
1 General dead (Government claim)[7]
Around 80 soldiers total surrendered.[8][7]
754 arrested[9]		 17 police officers killed (Anadolu Agency)[10]
At least 42 civilians killed and several wounded in Ankara[5][11]
At least 6 killed and 150 wounded in Istanbul.[5]
At least 60 people killed total.[5]

On 15 July 2016, a coup d'état attempt took place in Turkey. The ongoing coup attempt was confirmed by both Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım[12] and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[7][13] Alleged to have been orchestrated by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces,[14] the coup plotters announced the creation of a Peace Council that would be the governing body of the country.[15] In Ankara, the Turkish Parliament and the Presidential Palace were bombed.[2][3][4][5]

President Erdoğan called on people to take to the streets against the attempted coup.[16] According to the Doğan News Agency, soldiers fired on a group of people attempting to cross the Bosphorus Bridge in protest of the coup attempt, resulting in injuries.[10] Shots were heard near major airports in Ankara and Istanbul.[10]

The coup attempt was condemned by Turkey's main opposition parties[17][18] as well as by international leaders. Crowds gathered in the main squares of Istanbul and Ankara to oppose the coup attempt, despite a curfew imposed by coup plotters.[19] By Saturday morning, Reuters reported that the coup attempt appeared to have failed.[19]

Background

Further information: History of the Republic of Turkey

Since the modern state of Turkey was established in 1923, the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) have staged coups three times—in 1960, 1971, and 1980—and in 1997 intervened via a military memorandum.[20] The military historically has viewed itself as guardian of the secular Turkish state established under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[20]

In the years leading up to the 2016 coup attempt, the Ergenekon trials took place, which was seen as a bid by Turkey's civilian leaders under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to establish dominance over the military.[20][21] In these trials in 2013—viewed as "sensational"[20] and "one of the biggest in recent Turkish history"[21]—275 people, including senior military officers, journalists, lawyers and academics, were accused of plotting a coup in 2003 and 2004 as part of a secret network named "Ergenekon" against then-prime minister Erdoğan.[21] (Some military officers were accused of involvement in a separate alleged plot, Sledgehammer.)[21] Simultaneously, Erdogan promoted lower ranking officers up the chain of command, ensuring that the military chief of staff was loyal to him, and demoralizing the army. [22]

After the break between the Gulenist factions and Erdogan's Justice and Development Party (AKP) party, Erdogan decided it would advantageous to rehabilitate the army. [22]The "Ergenekon" convictions were overturned in April 2016 by Turkey's highest appeals court, which ruled that the existence of the network was unproven.[21][23] On 13 July, less than two days before the coup was launched, Erdoğan signed a bill giving Turkish soldiers immunity from prosecution while taking part in domestic security operations, requiring cases against commanders to be approved by the prime minister, while cases against lower-ranking soldiers may be signed off on by district governors. The immunity bill was seen as part of the détente between the government and the Armed Forces, while the latter have increasingly been taking over the military operations in the Kurdish-inhabited areas from police and paramilitary units.[24]

At the time the coup began, Erdoğan was on vacation in south-west Turkey.[19]

Events

Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım

On 15 July 2016, as reported just before 11:00 PM local time, military jets were witnessed flying over Ankara, and both the Fatih Sultan Mehmet and Bosphorus bridges in Istanbul in the direction of Anatolia to Europe were closed.[10][25][26]

Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım said military action was being "taken outside the chain of command" and it was an "illegal attempt" to seize power by "part of the military".[12] He further said that those involved "will pay the highest price."[27] Local media also reported tanks in Istanbul's Atatürk Airport.[28] It was reported that Internet users within Turkey were blocked from accessing Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube.[29][15] Twitter later claimed that they "have no reason to think we’ve been fully blocked".[30] Some hostages were taken at military headquarters, including the Turkish Chief of the General Staff Hulusi Akar.[31] The military also entered the Justice and Development Party's offices in Istanbul and asked people to leave.[32]

Early reports stated that President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was safe in Marmaris, south-west Turkey, where he had been on holiday,[25] while reports also alleged that he had fled the country in a private jet.[33][34]

At 00:02 local time (EEST), it was reported by Reuters that Turkish soldiers were inside the buildings of the Turkish state broadcaster, the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), in Ankara.[7] During the coup attempt, soldiers forced anchor Tijen Karaş to read out a statement saying that "the democratic and secular rule of law has been eroded by current government" and that Turkey was now led by a "peace council" who would "ensure safety of the population."[15][35] The statement read in part, "Turkish Armed Forces have completely taken over the administration of the country to reinstate constitutional order, human rights and freedoms, the rule of law and general security that was damaged. […] All international agreements are still valid. We hope that all of our good relationships with all countries will continue."[7][36] The plotters stated that they had "done so to preserve democratic order, and that the rule of law must remain a priority". The statement also ordered temporary martial rule, and claimed a new constitution would be prepared "as soon as possible".[13][37] TRT was taken off air.[7]

At about 01:00 EEST, Erdoğan did a FaceTime interview with CNN Türk, in which he called upon his supporters to take to the streets in defiance of the military-imposed curfew, saying "There is no power higher than the power of the people. Let them do what they will at public squares and airports."[20][38]

The First Army General Command in İstanbul claimed that the TSK did not support the coup and the perpetrators represented a very small faction that were on the verge of being taken under control.[14] Istanbul Atatürk Airport was closed; all flights from the airport were cancelled.[39] An explosion in the TRT broadcasting headquarters and gunfire was reported in Ankara.[13]

Tanks opened fire near the Turkish Parliament Building.[7] The parliamentary building was also hit from the air.[2][3][40] Injuries were reported among protesters on Bosphorus Bridge following gunfire on the bridge.[13][4]

A helicopter belonging to the pro-coup forces was shot down by a Turkish military F-16 fighter jet.[13][41] There were also reports stating that pro-government jets were flying over Ankara to "neutralize" helicopters used by those behind the coup.[13]

At 3:10 EEST, Turkish Armed Forces claimed to have complete control over the country via their website.[42]

CNN Türk reported that a bomb went off in the Turkish parliament, killing 12, and two were badly injured.[43] A helicopter belonging to the pro-coup forces was also seen flying by it. Half an hour following the report of the parliament's death toll, soldiers entered CNN Türk's headquarters and forced the studio to go off air.[43][7][13] After an hour of interruption by the pro-coup soldiers, CNN Türk resumed its broadcast.[44] Later, İsmail Kahraman stated a bomb exploded at a corner of the public relations building inside the parliament, with no deaths but several injuries among police officers.[1]

17 Turkish police officers were killed in a helicopter attack at the police special forces headquarters just outside of Ankara.[45]

Reuters reported that in early hours of 16 July (local time), the coup appeared to have "crumbled" as crowds defied pro-coup military orders and gathered in major squares of Istanbul and Ankara to oppose the coup.[19] Reuters also reported pro-coup soldiers surrendering to the police in Taksim Square, Istanbul.[19]

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

President Erdoğan flew in to Istanbul and made a televised speech among a crowd of supporters in the airport, at about 07:00 EEST.[19] He said, "In Turkey, armed forces are not governing the state or leading the state. They cannot." He also blamed "those in Pennsylvania", a reference to Fethullah Gülen (who lives in Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania) and his Hizmet Movement, for the coup attempt.[46][47][48] Erdoğan also stated that he had plans to "clean up" the army.[13]

However, the Alliance for Shared Values, a non-profit associated with Gülen, released a statement reiterating that it condemns any military intervention in domestic politics, and stating that Erdoğan's allegations against the movement were 'highly irresponsible'.[49]

Reuters also reported that pro-government soldiers took control of Ataturk International Airport shortly after the President's statement.[13]

Reactions

Domestic

The Turkish Presidential office stated that President Erdoğan was on holiday outside Turkey and safe, and condemned the coup attempt as an attack on democracy.[7][28] A presidential source also stated that Erdoğan and his government are still in power.[13] Talking to a television news programme via FaceTime, Erdoğan called on Turkish people to go out on the streets.[7][13][50] Deputy Prime Minister Numan Kurtulmuş appeared on live television, stating that Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) is still in charge of the government. [13] The mayor of Ankara, Melih Gökçek of the AKP, encouraged people to go out to the city's streets in defiance, despite a curfew imposed by military.[15]

Among the Turkish opposition parties, the Republican People's Party (CHP) issued a statement expressing their public opposition to the coup, and the Hürriyet Daily News reported that Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) leader Devlet Bahçeli telephoned Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım to express his opposition to the coup.[17] The co-chairs of the opposition Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) issued a statement saying that the party was "under all circumstances and as a matter of principle against all kinds of coup..."[18]

International

Main article: International reactions to the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt
  •  Australia – The Minister of Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop has announced that she has spoken this morning with Ambassador James Larsen at the Australian Embassy in Ankara and is following the situation closely.[51]
  •  Canada – Foreign Minister Stéphane Dion tweeted that he was "concerned" and urged for "calm, order, [and] safety of Turkish citizens."[52] Prime Minister Justin Trudeau released a statement calling for restraint by all parties, stating Canada supports the preservation of democracy in Turkey, and condemns any attempt to undermine its democratic institutions by "force of arms".[53]
  •  Georgia - Georgian Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili said that Georgia was following developments "with great concern," and that an emergency session of the National Security Council had met, which included President Giorgi Margvelashvili. Kvirakishvili also noted that the Georgian–Turkish border would be closed shortly, though no incidents had occurred near the border.[54]
  •  Germany – Steffen Seibert, the German government's press secretary, tweeted that the democratic order of Turkey must be respected.[55]
  •  Greece – Greek PM Alexis Tsipras announced on Twitter that "the government and the people of Greece are staying by the side of democracy and constitutional legality."[56]
  •  India – External Affair Ministry told media that they have been watching the development closely and advised indians in turkey to stay in there home. External affair ministry told media that india supports democracy in turkey. [57]
  •  Iran – Foreign Minister Javad Zarif tweeted that he was "concerned" about the crises in Turkey and that the "stability, democracy and safety of Turkish people are paramount" and urged for "unity and prudence order" between the Turkish people. [58]
  •  Ireland – Minister for Foreign Affairs Charlie Flanagan made a statement calling for restraint and respect for democratic institutions in Turkey.[59]
  •  Qatar – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that "The State of Qatar has expressed its strong denunciation and condemnation of the military coup attempt, lawlessness, and violation of the constitutional legitimacy in the Republic of Turkey."[60]
  •  Russia – Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov made a statement and said that it is important to "avoid bloodshed" in Turkey and that "any issues should be settled within a constitutional framework."[13]
  •  Somalia – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Somalia has tweeted that President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud condemns the attempted coup.[61] It also tweeted that the President was "very glad to hear that evil forces who tried to turn Turkey into a violence ground have been defeated.’’[62]
  •  Spain - Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy announced over twitter Spain's support for "the democratic constitutional order in Turkey, friend and ally".[63]
  •  Ukraine – Foreign Minister Pavlo Klimkin wrote on Twitter: "Now key priority for Turkey is respect for democratically elected institutions and saving people's lives." [64] President Petro Poroshenko tweeted that he was "concerned"[65] and that "Ukraine supports the democratically elected President and Government of Turkey"[66].
  •  United Kingdom – Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson tweeted that he was "very concerned by events unfolding in Turkey," and that the British embassy was monitoring the situation closely. He advised British citizens to follow the Foreign and Commonwealth Office website for advice.[13]
  •  United States – Secretary of State John Kerry said he "hopes for stability, peace, continuity in Turkey."[13] President Barack Obama is being updated on the situation.[67] Both “agreed that all parties in Turkey should support the democratically-elected Government of Turkey, show restraint, and avoid any violence or bloodshed."[7] The United States Embassy in Ankara issued an Emergency Message, urging U.S. citizens in Turkey to "contact family and friends to let them know you are safe," also noting to "monitor local press for updates, avoid areas of conflict, and exercise caution if you are in the vicinity of any military or security forces."[68] The State Department stated on Twitter that "all parties in Turkey should support the democratically-elected Gov't of Turkey, show restraint, avoid violence."[69]

International organizations

Scholarly opinions

  • According to Middle Eastern analyst Michael Rubin, Erdoğan had to blame himself for the coup. Following an increasingly Islamist agenda, Erdoğan "dropped any pretense of governing for all Turks." After "fanning the flames" at the 2013 Gezi Park protests, he transformed the predominantly Kurdish-inhabited areas of Southeastern Turkey "into a war zone reminiscent of the worst days of the 1980s." The biggest problem, according to Rubin, might have been Erdoğan’s foreign policy, which managed to turn the initial "no problems with neighbors" doctrine into a situation where the country has problems with almost every neighbor and has even alienated some of its allies and friends.[72]

See also

References

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External links

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