Orders of magnitude (length)
The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Orders_of_magnitude_%28english_annotations%29.png/220px-Orders_of_magnitude_%28english_annotations%29.png)
Overview
Detailed list
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between 1.6×10−35 meters and meters.
Subatomic
Factor (m) | Multiple | Value | Item |
---|---|---|---|
10−35 | 1 Planck Length | 0.0000000000162 ym (1.62×10−35 m) | Planck length; typical scale of hypothetical loop quantum gravity or size of a hypothetical string and of branes; according to string theory lengths smaller than this do not make any physical sense.[1] Quantum foam is thought to exist at this level. |
10−24 | 1 yoctometer (ym) | 20 ym (2 × 10−23 meters) | Effective cross section radius of 1 MeV neutrinos[2] |
10−21 | 1 zeptometer (zm) | Preons, hypothetical particles proposed as subcomponents of quarks and leptons; the upper bound for the width of a cosmic string in string theory. | |
7 zm (7 × 10−21 meters) | Effective cross section radius of high energy neutrinos[3] | ||
310 zm (3.10 × 10−19 meters) | De Broglie wavelength of protons at the Large Hadron Collider (4 TeV as of 2012[update]) | ||
10−18 | 1 attometer (am) | Upper limit for the size of quarks and electrons | |
Sensitivity of the LIGO detector for gravitational waves[4] | |||
Upper bound of the typical size range for "fundamental strings"[1] | |||
10−17 | 10 am | Range of the weak force | |
10−16 | 100 am | 850 am | approximate proton radius[5] |
Atomic to cellular
Factor (m) | Multiple | Value | Item
|
---|---|---|---|
10−15 | 1 femtometer (fm) | 1.5 fm | Size of an 11 MeV proton[6] |
2.81794 fm | Classical electron radius[7] | ||
Scale of the atomic nucleus[1][8] | |||
10−12 | 1 picometer (pm) | 0.75 to 0.8225 pm | Longest wavelength of gamma rays |
1 pm | Distance between atomic nuclei in a white dwarf | ||
2.4 pm | Compton wavelength of electron | ||
5 pm | Wavelength of shortest X-rays | ||
10−11 | 10 pm | 25 pm | Radius of hydrogen atom |
31 pm | Radius of helium atom | ||
53 pm | Bohr radius | ||
10−10 | 100 pm | 100 pm (0.1 nm) | 1 Ångström (also covalent radius of sulfur atom[9]) |
154 pm (0.154 nm) | Length of a typical covalent bond (C–C). | ||
500 pm (0.50 nm) | Width of protein α helix
| ||
10−9 | 1 nanometer (nm) | 1 nm | Diameter of a carbon nanotube[10] |
2 nm | Diameter of the DNA helix[11] | ||
2.5 nm | Smallest microprocessor transistor gate oxide thickness (as of January 2007[update]) | ||
3.4 nm | Length of a DNA turn (10 bp)[12] | ||
6–10 nm | Thickness of cell membrane | ||
10−8 | 10 nm | 10 nm | Thickness of cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria[citation needed] |
10 nm | As of 2016[update], the 10 nanometer was the smallest semiconductor device fabrication node[13] | ||
40 nm | Extreme ultraviolet wavelength | ||
50 nm | Flying height of the head of a hard disk.[14] | ||
10−7 | 100 nm | 121.6 nm | Wavelength of the Lyman-alpha line[15] |
120 nm | Typical diameter of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[16] | ||
400–700 nm | Approximate wavelength range of visible light[17] |
Cellular to human scale
Factor (m) | Multiple | Value | Item
|
---|---|---|---|
10−6 | 1 micrometre (μm)
(also called one micron) |
1–4 μm | Typical length of a bacterium.[18] |
4 μm | Typical diameter of spider silk.[19] | ||
7 μm | Typical size of a red blood cell.[20] | ||
10−5 | 10 μm | 10 μm | Typical size of a fog, mist or cloud water droplet. |
10 μm | Width of transistors in the Intel 4004, the world's first commercial microprocessor. | ||
12 μm | Width of acrylic fiber. | ||
17-181 μm | Width range of human hair. [21] | ||
10−4 | 100 μm | 340 μm | Size of a single pixel on a 17-inch monitor with a resolution of 1024×768. |
560 μm | Thickness of the central area of a human cornea.[22] | ||
750 μm | Maximum diameter of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest bacterium ever discovered (as of 2010[update]). | ||
10−3 | 1 millimeter (mm) | 1.5 mm | Length of an average flea.[23] |
2.54 mm | 1/10th inch; distance between pins in DIP (dual-inline-package) electronic components. | ||
5.70 mm | Diameter of the projectile in the 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. | ||
10−2 | 1 centimeter (cm) | 2 cm | Approximate width of an adult human finger. |
5.4 cm x 8.6 cm | Dimensions of a credit card, according to the ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard. | ||
7.3–7.5 cm | Diameter of a baseball, according to Major League Baseball guidelines.[24] | ||
10−1 | 1 decimeter (dm) | 1.2 dm = 12 cm | Diameter of a Compact Disk. |
9 dm = 90 cm | Average length of a rapier, a fencing sword.[25] | ||
6.6 dm = 66 cm | Length of the longest pine cones, produced by the sugar pine.[26] |
Human to astronomical scale
Factor (m) | Multiple | Value | Item
|
---|---|---|---|
100 | 1 meter | 1 m (exactly) | Since 1983[update], defined as length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. See History of the metre for previous definitions. |
2.72 m (8 feet 11 inches) | Height of Robert Wadlow, tallest known human being.[27] | ||
8.38 m | Length of a London Bus (AEC Routemaster). | ||
101 | 1 decameter (dam) | 33 m | Length of the longest known blue whale.[28] |
52 m | Height of the Niagara Falls.[29] | ||
93.47 m | Height of the Statue of Liberty. | ||
102 | 1 hectometer (hm) | 105 m | Length of a typical football field. |
137 m (147 m) | Height (present and original) of the Great Pyramid of Giza. | ||
979 m | Height of the Salto Angel, the world's highest free-falling waterfall (Venezuela) | ||
103 | 1 kilometer (km) | 2.3 km | Axial length of the Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam in the world[30] |
3.1 km | Narrowest width of the Strait of Messina, separating Italy and Sicily. | ||
8.848 km | Height of Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth. | ||
104 | 10 km | 10.9 km | Depth of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, the deepest known point on Earth's surface. |
27 km | Circumference of the Large Hadron Collider, as of May 2010[update] the largest and highest energy particle accelerator. | ||
42 km | Length of a marathon race. | ||
105 | 100 km | 163 km | Length of the Suez Canal, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. |
491 km | Length of the Pyrenees, the mountain range separating Spain and France. | ||
974.6 km | Greatest diameter of the dwarf planet Ceres.[31] |
Astronomical
Factor (m) | Multiple | Value | Item
|
---|---|---|---|
106 | 1,000 km = 1 megameter (Mm) | 2,390 km | Diameter of dwarf planet Pluto, formerly the smallest planet category[note 2] in the Solar System |
3,480 km | Diameter of the Moon | ||
5,200 km | Typical distance covered by the winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans automobile endurance race | ||
6,400 km | Length of the Great Wall of China | ||
6,600 km | Approximate length of the two longest rivers, the Nile and the Amazon | ||
7,821 km | Length of the Trans-Canada Highway | ||
9,288 km | Length of the Trans-Siberian Railway, longest in the world
| ||
107 | 10,000 km | 12,756 km | Equatorial diameter of Earth |
40,075 km | Length of Earth's equator
| ||
108 | 100,000 km | 142,984 km | Diameter of Jupiter |
299,792.458 km | Distance traveled by light in one second | ||
384,000 km = 384 Mm | Moon's orbital distance from Earth
| ||
109 | 1 million km = 1 gigameter (Gm) | 1,390,000 km = 1.39 Gm | Diameter of the Sun |
4,800,000 km = 4.8 Gm | Greatest mileage ever recorded by a car (3 million miles by a 1966 Volvo P-1800S, still driving)
| ||
1010 | 10 million km | 18 million km | Approximately one light-minute
|
1011 | 100 million km | 150 million km = 150 Gm | 1 astronomical unit (AU); mean distance between Earth and Sun |
~ 900 Gm | Optical diameter of Betelgeuse (~600 × Sun)
| ||
1012 | 1 billion km = 1 terameter (Tm) | 1.4 ×109 km | Orbital distance of Saturn from Sun |
1.96 ×109 km | Estimated optical diameter of VY Canis Majoris (1420 × Sun) | ||
2.3 ×109 km | Estimated optical diameter of NML Cygni (1650 × Sun) | ||
2.37 ×109 km | Median point of the optical diameter of UY Scuti, as of 2016 the largest known star | ||
5.9 ×109 km = 5.9 Tm | Orbital distance of Pluto from Sun | ||
~ 7.5 ×109 km = 7.5 Tm | Outer boundary of the Kuiper belt, inner boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50 AU)
| ||
1013 | 10 Tm | Diameter of the Solar System as a whole[1] | |
16.25×109 km = 16.25 Tm | Distance of the Voyager 1 spacecraft from Sun (as of Feb 2009[update]), the farthest man-made object so far[32] | ||
62.03×109 km = 62.03 Tm | Estimated radius of the event horizon of the supermassive black hole in NGC 4889, the largest known black hole to date
| ||
1014 | 100 Tm | 1.8×1011 km = 180 Tm | Size of the debris disk around the star 51 Pegasi [33] |
2×1011 km = 200 Tm | Total length of DNA molecules in all cells of an adult human body [34] | ||
1015 | 1 petameter (Pm) | ~ 7.5 ×1012 km = 7.5 Pm | Supposed outer boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50,000 AU) |
9.46×1012 km = 9.46 Pm = 1 light year |
Distance traveled by light in one year; at its current speed, Voyager 1 would need 17,500 years to travel this distance
| ||
1016 | 10 Pm | 3.2616 light-years (3.0857×1013 km = 30.857 Pm) |
1 parsec |
4.22 light-years = 39.9 Pm | Distance to nearest star (Proxima Centauri) | ||
4.37 light-years = 41.3 Pm | As of March 2013, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet (Alpha Centauri Bc)
| ||
1017 | 100 Pm | 20.4 light-years = 193 Pm | As of October 2010, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet with potential to support life as we know it (Gliese 581 d) |
65 light-years = 6.15×1017 m = 615 Pm | Approximate radius of humanity's radio bubble, caused by high-power TV broadcasts leaking through the atmosphere into outer space
| ||
1018 | 1 exameter (Em) | 200 light-years = 1.9 Em | Distance to nearby solar twin (HIP 56948), a star with properties virtually identical to our Sun [35]
|
1019 | 10 Em | 1,000 light-years = 9.46 Em or 9.46 × 1015 km | Average thickness of Milky Way Galaxy[36] (1000 to 3000 ly by 21 cm observations[37])
|
1020 | 100 Em | 12,000 light-years = 113.5 Em or 1.135 × 1017 km | Thickness of Milky Way Galaxy's gaseous disk[38] |
950 Em | 100,000 light-years | Diameter of galactic disk of Milky Way Galaxy[1]
| |
1021 | 1 zettameter (Zm) | ||
50 kiloparsecs | Distance to SN 1987A, the most recent naked eye supernova | ||
52 kiloparsecs = 1.62×1021 m = 1.62 Zm | Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud (a dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way) | ||
54 kiloparsecs = 1.66 Zm | Distance to the Small Magellanic Cloud (another dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way) | ||
200 kiloparsecs = 6.15 Zm | Diameter of the low surface brightness disc halo of the giant spiral galaxy Malin 1
| ||
1022 | 10 Zm | 13.25 Zm = 1.4 million light years = 600 kiloparsecs |
Radius of the diffuse stellar halo of IC 1101, one of the largest known galaxies |
24 Zm = 2.5 million light-years = 770 kiloparsecs |
Distance to Andromeda Galaxy | ||
3.26 million light-years =30.8 Zm = 1 megaparsec |
1 megaparsec | ||
50 Zm (1.6 Mpc) | Diameter of Local Group of galaxies
| ||
1023 | 100 Zm | 300–600 Zm = 10–20 megaparsecs | Distance to Virgo cluster of galaxies
|
1024 | 1 yottameter (Ym) | 200 million light-years = 1.9 Ym = 61 megaparsecs |
Diameter of the Local Supercluster and the largest voids and filaments. |
300 million light-years = 2.8 Ym = 100 megaparsecs |
End of Greatness | ||
550 million light-years ~170 megaparsecs ~5 Ym |
Diameter of the enormous Horologium Supercluster [39]
| ||
1 billion light-years = 9.46 Ym =306 megaparsecs |
Diameter of the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, the supercluster complex where we live. | ||
1025 | 10 Ym | 1.37 billion light years = 1.3×1025 m = 13 Ym |
Length of the Sloan Great Wall, a giant wall of galaxies (galactic filament).[40] |
3.26 billion light years =30.8 Ym = 1 gigaparsec |
1 gigaparsec | ||
4 billion light years =37.84 Ym |
Length of the Huge-LQG, a group of 73 quasars | ||
1026 | 100 Ym | 1×1010 light-years = 9.5×1025 m = 95 Ym |
Estimated light travel distance to certain quasars. Length of the Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall, a colossal wall of galaxies, the largest and the most massive structure in the observable universe as of 2014. |
13.42 billion light years =1.27×1026 m = 127 Ym |
Estimated light travel distance to UDFj-39546284, the most distant object ever observed | ||
9.2×1010 light years = 8.7×1026 m = 870 Ym |
Approximate diameter (comoving distance) of the visible universe[1] | ||
1027 | 1000 Ym | 130 billion light years = 1.2×1027 m = 1200 Ym |
Lower bound of the (possibly infinite) radius of the universe, if it is a 3-sphere, according to one estimate using the WMAP data at 95% confidence.[41] It equivalently implies that there are at minimum 21 particle horizon-sized volumes in the universe. |
[note 3] | Ym | megaparsecs = m = Ym |
According to the laws of probability, the distance one must travel until one encounters a volume of space identical to our observable universe with conditions identical to our own.[42][43] |
[note 3] | Ym | Mpc = m = Ym |
Maximum size of universe after cosmological inflation, implied by one resolution of the No-Boundary Proposal[44] |
1 megametre
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1e6m_comparison_Mars_Mercury_Moon_Pluto_Haumea_-_no_transparency.png/220px-1e6m_comparison_Mars_Mercury_Moon_Pluto_Haumea_-_no_transparency.png)
To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths starting at 106 m (1 Mm or 1,000 km).
Conversions
1 megametre is equal to:
- 1 E+6 m (one million metres)
- approximately 621.37 miles
- Side of square with area 1,000,000 km2
Human-defined scales and structures
- 2.100 Mm – Length of proposed gas pipeline from Iran to India via Pakistan
- 2.288 Mm – Length of the official Alaska Highway when it was built in the 1940s[45]
- 3.069 Mm – Length of Interstate 95 (from Houlton, Maine to Miami, Florida)
- 3.846 Mm – Length of U.S. Route 1 (from Fort Kent, Maine to Key West, Florida)
- 5.007 Mm – Estimated length of Interstate 90 (Seattle, Washington to Boston, Massachusetts)
- 5.614 Mm – Length of the Australian Dingo Fence[46]
- 7.821 Mm – Length of the Trans-Canada Highway, the world's longest national highway (from Victoria, British Columbia to St. John's, Newfoundland)
- 8.836 Mm – Road distance between Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, and Key West, Florida, the endpoints of the U.S. road network
- 8.852 Mm – Aggregate length of the Great Wall of China, including trenches, hills and rivers[47]
- 9.259 Mm – Length of the Trans-Siberian railway[48]
Sports
- The Munda Biddi Trail in WA, Australia is over 1000 km long - the world's longest off-road cycle trail
- 1.200 Mm – the length of the Paris–Brest–Paris bicycling event
- Several endurance auto races are, or were, run for 1,000 km:
Geographical
- 1.010 Mm – Distance from San Diego to El Paso as the crow flies
- 2.000 Mm – Distance from Beijing to Hong Kong as the crow flies
- 2.800 Mm – Narrowest width of Atlantic Ocean (Brazil-West Africa)
- 2.850 Mm – Length of the Danube river
- 2.205 Mm – Length of Sweden's total land boundaries
- 2.515 Mm – Length of Norway's total land boundaries
- 3.690 Mm – Length of the Volga river, longest in Europe
- 4.350 Mm – Length of the Yellow River
- 4.715 Mm – Length of the Nile
- 4.800 Mm – Widest width of Atlantic Ocean (U.S.-Northern Africa)
- 5.100 Mm – Distance from Dublin to New York as the crow flies
- 6.270 Mm – Length of the Mississippi-Missouri River system
- 6.380 Mm – Length of the Yangtze River
- 6.762 Mm – Length of the Amazon system, longest on Earth
- 8.200 Mm – Distance from Dublin to San Francisco as the crow flies
Astronomical
- 1.000 Mm – Estimated shortest axis of triaxial dwarf planet Haumea
- 1.186 Mm – Diameter of Charon, the largest moon of Pluto
- 1.280 Mm – Diameter of the trans-Neptunian object 50000 Quaoar
- 1.436 Mm – Diameter of Iapetus, one of Saturn's major moons
- 1.578 Mm – Diameter of Titania, the largest of Uranus' moons
- 1.960 Mm – Estimated longest axis of Haumea
- 2.320 Mm – Diameter of Pluto
- 2.400 Mm – Diameter of the dwarf planet Eris, the largest trans-Neptunian object found to date
- 2.707 Mm – Diameter of Triton, largest moon of Neptune
- 3.122 Mm – Diameter of Europa, the smallest Galilean satellite of Jupiter
- 3.475 Mm – Diameter of Earth's Moon
- 3.643 Mm – Diameter of Io, a moon of Jupiter
- 4.821 Mm – Diameter of Callisto, a moon of Jupiter
- 4.879 Mm – Diameter of Mercury
- 5.150 Mm – Diameter of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn
- 5.262 Mm – Diameter of Jupiter's moon Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system
- 6.366 Mm – Radius of Earth
- 6.792 Mm – Diameter of Mars
10 megametres
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1e7m_comparison_Uranus_Neptune_Sirius_B_Earth_Venus.png/220px-1e7m_comparison_Uranus_Neptune_Sirius_B_Earth_Venus.png)
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2007) |
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists lengths starting at 107 metres (10 megametres or 10,000 kilometres).
Conversions
10 megametres (10 Mm) is
- 6,215 miles.
- side of a square of area 100,000,000 square kilometres (km2)
- radius of a circle of area 314,159,265 km2
Human-defined scales and structures
- 11.085 Mm – Length of the Kiev-Vladivostok railway, a longer variant of the Trans-Siberian railway[49]
- 13.300 Mm – Length of roads being rehabilitated and widened under the National Highway Development Project (launched in 1998) in India
- 39.000 Mm – Length of the SEA-ME-WE 3 optical submarine telecommunications cable, joining 39 points between Norden, Germany and Okinawa, Japan
- 67.000 Mm – Total length of National Highways in India
Geographical
- 10 Mm – Approximate altitude of the outer boundary of the exosphere
- 10.001 Mm – Length of the meridian arc from the North Pole to the Equator (the original definition of the metre was based on this length).
- 60.000 Mm – Total length of the mid-ocean ridges
Astronomical
- 12.000 Mm – Diameter of Sirius B, a white dwarf[50]
- 12.104 Mm – Diameter of Venus
- 12.742 Mm – Diameter of Earth
- 12.900 Mm – Minimum distance of the meteoroid 2004 FU162 from the center of Earth on March 31, 2004, closest on record
- 14.000 Mm – Smallest diameter of Jupiter's Great Red Spot
- 34.770 Mm – Minimum distance of the asteroid 99942 Apophis on April 13, 2029 from the center of Earth
- 35.786 Mm – Altitude of geostationary orbit
- 40.005 Mm – Polar circumference of the Earth
- 40.077 Mm – Equatorial circumference of the Earth
- 49.528 Mm – Diameter of Neptune
- 51.118 Mm – Diameter of Uranus
100 megametres
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1e8m_comparison_Saturn_Jupiter_OGLE-TR-122b_with_Uranus_Neptune_Sirius_B_Earth_Venus_no_transparency.png/250px-1e8m_comparison_Saturn_Jupiter_OGLE-TR-122b_with_Uranus_Neptune_Sirius_B_Earth_Venus_no_transparency.png)
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists lengths starting at 108 metres (100 megametres or 100,000 kilometres or 62,150 miles).
- 102 Mm – Diameter of HD 149026 b, an unusually dense Jovian planet
- 111.191 Mm – 20,000 (nautical, British) leagues (see Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea)
- 120 Mm – Diameter of Saturn
- 140 Mm – Diameter of Jupiter
- 174 Mm – Diameter of OGLE-TR-122b, the smallest known star
- 180 Mm – Diameter of TrES-4, the largest known planet
- 196 Mm – Diameter of Proxima Centauri, a typical red dwarf
- 299.792 Mm – One light second; the distance light travels in vacuum in one second (see speed of light)
- 384.4 Mm (238,855 mi) – Average Earth-Moon distance[51]
1 gigametre
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1e9m_comparison.png/350px-1e9m_comparison.png)
To help compare different distances this page lists lengths starting at 109 metres (1 gigametre (Gm) or 1 billion metres).
- 1.4 Gm – Diameter of Sun[52]
- 1.5 Gm – (proposed) Expected orbit from Earth of the James Webb Space Telescope
- 2.19 Gm – Closest approach of Comet Lexell to Earth, happened on 1 July 1770; closest comet approach on record
- 3 Gm – Total length of "wiring" in the human brain.[53]
- 4.2 Gm – Diameter of Algol B
- 5.0 Gm – Closest approach of Comet Halley to Earth, happened on 10 April 837
- 5.0 Gm – (proposed) Size of the arms of the giant triangle shaped Michelson interferometer of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) planned to start observations in or around 2015.
- 7.9 Gm – Diameter of Gamma Orionis
- 9.0 Gm – Estimated diameter of the event horizon of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy
10 gigametres
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1e10m_comparison_Rigel%2C_Aldebaran%2C_and_smaller_-_antialiased_no_transparency.png/220px-1e10m_comparison_Rigel%2C_Aldebaran%2C_and_smaller_-_antialiased_no_transparency.png)
To help compare different distances this page lists lengths starting at 1010 metres (10 gigametres (Gm) or 10 million kilometres, or 0.07 Astronomical units).
- 15 Gm – Closest distance of Comet Hyakutake from Earth
- 18 Gm – One light-minute (see yellow sphere in right-hand diagram)
- 24 Gm – Radius of a heliostationary orbit
- 46 Gm – Perihelion distance of Mercury (yellow ellipse on the right)
- 55 Gm – 60,000-year perigee of Mars (last achieved on August 27, 2003)
- 58 Gm – Average passing distance between Earth and Mars at the moment they overtake each other in their orbits
- 61 Gm[54][55] – Diameter of Aldebaran, an orange giant star (large star on right)
- 70 Gm – Aphelion distance of Mercury
- 76 Gm – Neso's apocentric distance; greatest distance of a natural satellite from its parent planet (Neptune)
- 86 Gm[56][clarification needed] – Diameter of Rigel, a blue supergiant star (largest star on right)
100 gigametres
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1e11m_comparison_R_Doradus_and_Betelgeuse%2C_and_smaller_-_antialiased_no_transparency.png/220px-1e11m_comparison_R_Doradus_and_Betelgeuse%2C_and_smaller_-_antialiased_no_transparency.png)
To help compare distances at different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths starting at 1011 metres (100 Gm or 100 million kilometres or 0.7 astronomical units).
- 109 Gm – 0.7 AU – Distance between Venus and the Sun
- 149.6 Gm (93.0 million mi) – 1.0 AU – Distance between the Earth and the Sun - the definition of the astronomical unit
- 180 Gm – 1.2 AU – Maximum diameter of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole in the center of Milky Way galaxy
- 228 Gm – 1.5 AU – Distance between Mars and the Sun
- 570 Gm – 3.8 AU – Length of the tail of Comet Hyakutake measured by Ulysses; the actual value could be much higher
- 591 Gm – 4.0 AU – Minimum distance between the Earth and Jupiter
- 624 Gm – 4.2 AU – Diameter of Antares
- 780 Gm – 5.2 AU – Distance between Jupiter and the Sun
- 965 Gm – 6.4 AU – Maximum distance between the Earth and Jupiter
1 terametre
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Terameter_group.png/220px-Terameter_group.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1e12m_comparison_Kuiper_belt_and_smaller.png/220px-1e12m_comparison_Kuiper_belt_and_smaller.png)
To help compare different distances, this page lists lengths starting at 1012 m (1 Tm or 1 billion km or 6.7 astronomical units). Less than 1 Terameter from earth to the Sun
- 1.079 Tm – 7.2 AU – One light-hour
- 1.4 Tm – 9.5 AU – Distance between Saturn and the Sun
- 1.97 Tm – 13.2 AU – revised estimated diameter of VY Canis Majoris. The newly improved measurement was 30% lower than the previous 2007 estimate.[57]
- 2.0 Tm – 13.4 AU – Diameter of one of the largest known stars, KY Cygni
- 2.4 Tm – 15.9 AU – estimated diameter of UY Scuti, the largest known star as of 2013
- 2.8 Tm – 18.72 AU – previous estimated diameter of VY Canis Majoris, as of 2007.[58] The size was revised in 2012 through improved measurement techniques.[57]
- 2.9 Tm – 19.4 AU – Distance between Uranus and the Sun
- 4.4 Tm – 29.4 AU – Perihelion distance of Pluto
- 4.5 Tm – 30.1 AU – Distance between Neptune and the Sun
- 4.5 Tm – 30.1 AU – Inner radius of the Kuiper belt
- 5.7 Tm – 38.1 AU – Perihelion distance of Eris
- 7.3 Tm – 48.8 AU – Aphelion distance of Pluto
- 7.5 Tm – 50.1 AU – Outer radius of the Kuiper Belt, inner boundary of the Oort Cloud
10 terametres
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1e13m_comparison_Hale_Bopp_and_smaller_-_HQ_no_transparency.png/220px-1e13m_comparison_Hale_Bopp_and_smaller_-_HQ_no_transparency.png)
To help compare different distances this page lists lengths starting at 1013 m (10 Tm or 10 billion km or 67 astronomical units).
- 11.1 Tm – 74.2 AU – Distance that Voyager 1 began detecting returning particles from termination shock
- 11.4 Tm – 76.2 AU – Perihelion distance of 90377 Sedna
- 12.1 Tm – 70 to 90 AU – Distance to termination shock (Voyager 1 crossed at 94 AU)
- 12.9 Tm – 86.3 AU – Distance to 90377 Sedna in March 2014
- 13.2 Tm – 88.6 AU – Distance to Pioneer 11 in March 2014
- 14.1 Tm – 94.3 AU – Estimated radius of the solar system
- 14.4 Tm – 96.4 AU – Distance to Eris in March 2014 (now near its aphelion)
- 15.1 Tm – 101 AU – Distance to heliosheath
- 16.5 Tm – 111 AU – Distance to Pioneer 10 in March 2014
- 16.6 Tm - 111.2AU - Distance to Voyager 2 in May 2016
- 20.0 Tm - 135 AU - Distance to Voyager 1 in May 2016
- 25.9 Tm – 172 AU – One light-day
- 55.7 Tm – 371 AU – Aphelion distance of the comet Hale-Bopp
100 terametres
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1e14m_comparison_light_day_week_and_month.png/220px-1e14m_comparison_light_day_week_and_month.png)
![]() |
To help compare different distances this page lists lengths starting at 1014 m (100 Tm or 100,000 million km or 670 astronomical units).
- 146 Tm – 975 AU – Aphelion distance of 90377 Sedna
- 172 TM – 1150 AU – Schwarzschild diameter of H1821+643, one of the most massive black holes known
- 181 Tm – 1210 AU – One light-week
- 653 Tm – 4367 AU – Aphelion distance of comet Hyakutake (current orbit)[59]
- 757 Tm – 5059 AU – radius of the Stingray Nebula[60]
- 777 Tm – 5180 AU – One light-month
1 petametre
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/1e15m_comparison_cat%27s_eye_nebula_barnard_68_one_light_year.png/220px-1e15m_comparison_cat%27s_eye_nebula_barnard_68_one_light_year.png)
To help compare different distances this page lists lengths starting at 1015 m (1 Pm or 1,000,000 million km or 6685 astronomical units (AU) or 0.11 light years).
- 1.0 Pm = 0.105702341 light years [61]
- 1.9 Pm ± .5 Pm = 12,000 AU = 0.2 light year radius of Cat's Eye Nebula's inner core[62]
- 4.7 Pm = 30,000 AU = half light year diameter of Bok globule Barnard 68[63]
- 7.5 Pm – 50,000 AU – Possible outer boundary of Oort cloud (other estimates are 75,000 to 125,000 or even 189,000 AU (1.6, 2, and 3 light years, respectively))
- 7.7 Pm – 52,000 AU – Aphelion distance of the Great Daylight Comet of 1910
- 9.5 Pm – 63,241.1 AU – One light year, the distance travelled by light in one year
10 petametres
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1e16m_comparison_ten_light_years_bubble_nebula.png/220px-1e16m_comparison_ten_light_years_bubble_nebula.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1e16m_comparison_10_light_years_sirius.png/220px-1e16m_comparison_10_light_years_sirius.png)
To help compare different distances this page lists lengths starting at 1016 m (10 Pm or 66,800 AU, 1.06 light years).
- 15 Pm – 1.59 light years – Possible outer radius of Oort cloud
- 20 Pm – 2.11 light years – maximum extent of influence of the Sun's gravitational field
- 30.9 Pm – 3.26 light years – 1 parsec
- 39.9 Pm – 4.22 light years – Distance to Proxima Centauri (nearest star to Sun)
- 81.3 Pm – 8.59 light years – Distance to Sirius
100 petametres
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1e17m_comparison_100_light_years_nebula_clusters.png/220px-1e17m_comparison_100_light_years_nebula_clusters.png)
![]() |
To help compare different distances this page lists lengths between 1017 m (100 Pm or 11 light years) and 1018 m (106 light years).
- 110 Pm – 12 light years – Distance to Tau Ceti
- 230 Pm – 24 light years – Diameter of the Orion Nebula[64][65]
- 240 Pm – 25 light years – Distance to Vega
- 260 Pm – 27 light years – Distance to Chara, a star approximately as bright as our Sun. Its faintness gives us an idea how our Sun would appear when viewed from even so close a distance as this.
- 350 Pm – 37 light years – Distance to Arcturus
- 400 Pm – 42 light years – Distance to Capella
- 620 Pm – 65 light years – Distance to Aldebaran
1 exametre
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1e18m_comparison_1000_light_years_nebula_clusters.png/220px-1e18m_comparison_1000_light_years_nebula_clusters.png)
This list includes distances between 1 and 10 exametres (1018 m). To help compare different distances this page lists lengths between 1018 m (1 Em or 105.7 light years) and 1019 m (1057 light years).
- 1.4 Em – 145 light years – Diameter of Messier Object 13 (a typical globular cluster)[citation needed]
- 1.6 Em – 172 ± 12.5 light years – Diameter of Omega Centauri (one of the largest known globular clusters, perhaps containing over a million stars)[66][67]
- 3.1 Em – 310 light years – Distance to Canopus according to Hipparcos[citation needed]
- 6.1 Em – 640 light years – Distance to Betelgeuse according to Hipparcos[68]
- 6.2 Em – 650 light years – Distance to the Helix Nebula, located in the constellation Aquarius[citation needed]
- 7.3 Em – 730 light years – Distance to Rigel according to Hipparcos[citation needed]
- 9 Em – 1000 light years – Diameter of the Tarantula Nebula[citation needed]
10 exametres
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 10 Em (1019 m or 1,100 light years).
- 13 Em – 1,300 light years – Distance to the Orion Nebula[69]
- 14 Em – 1,500 light years – Approximate thickness of the plane of the Milky Way galaxy at the Sun's location
- 30.8568 Em – 3,261.6 light years – 1 kiloparsec
- 31 Em – 3,200 light years – Distance to Deneb according to Hipparcos
- 46 Em – 4,900 light years – Distance to OGLE-TR-56, the first extrasolar planet discovered using the transit method
- 47 Em – 5,000 light years – Distance to the Boomerang nebula, coldest place known (1 K)
- 53 Em – 5,600 light years – Distance to the globular cluster M4 and the extrasolar planet PSR B1620-26 b within it
- 61 Em – 6,500 light years – Distance to Perseus Spiral Arm (next spiral arm out in the Milky Way galaxy)
- 71 Em – 7,500 light years – Distance to Eta Carinae
100 exametres
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 100 Em (1020 m or 11,000 light years).
- 150 Em – 16,000 light years – Diameter of the Small Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way
- 200 Em – 21,500 light years – Distance to OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, the most distant and the most Earth-like planet known
- 240 Em – 25,000 light years – Distance to the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy
- 260 Em – 28,000 light years – Distance to the center of the Galaxy
- 830 Em – 88,000 light years – Distance to the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy
- 950 Em – 100,000 light years – Diameter of the disc of the Milky Way Galaxy
1 zettametre
The zettametre (SI symbol: Zm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1021 metres.[70]
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 1 Zm (1021 m or 110,000 light years).
- 1.7 Zm – 179,000 light years – Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud, largest satellite galaxy of the Milky Way
- 2.0 Zm – 210,000 light years – Distance to the Small Magellanic Cloud
- 2.8 Zm – 300,000 light years – Distance to the Intergalactic Wanderer, one of the most distant globular clusters of Milky Way
- 8.5 Zm – 900,000 light years – Distance to the Leo I Dwarf Galaxy, farthest known Milky Way satellite galaxy
10 zettametres
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 10 Zm (1022 m or 1.1 million light years).
- 24 Zm – 2.5 million light years – Distance to the Andromeda Galaxy[71]
- 30.8568 Zm – 3.2616 million light years – 1 megaparsec
- 40 Zm – 4.2 million light years – Distance to the IC 10, a distant member of the Local Group of galaxies
- 49.2 Zm – 5.2 million light years – Width of the Local Group of galaxies
- 57 Zm – 6 million light years – Diameter of the supergiant elliptical galaxy IC 1101
- 95 Zm – 10 million light years – Distance to the Sculptor Galaxy in the Sculptor Group of galaxies
- 95 Zm – 10 million light years – Distance to the Maffei 1, the nearest giant elliptical galaxy in the Maffei 1 Group
100 zettametres
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 100 Zm (1023 m or 11 million light years).
- 140 Zm – 15 million light years – Distance to Centaurus A galaxy
- 250 Zm – 27 million light years – Distance to the Pinwheel Galaxy
- 280 Zm – 30 million light years – Distance to the Sombrero Galaxy
- 570 Zm – 60 million light years – Approximate distance to the Virgo cluster, nearest galaxy cluster
- 620 Zm – 65 million light years – Approximate distance to the Fornax cluster
- 800 Zm – 85 million light years – Approximate distance to the Eridanus cluster
1 yottametre
The yottametre or yottameter in the US ( SI symbol: Ym) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1024 metres[70]
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 1 Ym (1024 m or 105.702 million light years).
- 1.2 Ym – 127 million light years – Distance to the closest observed gamma ray burst GRB 980425
- 1.3 Ym – 137 million light years – Distance to the Centaurus Cluster of galaxies, the nearest large supercluster
- 1.9 Ym – 201 million light years – Diameter of the Local Supercluster
- 2.3 Ym – 225 to 250 million light years – Distance light travels in vacuum in one galactic year
- 2.8 Ym – 296 million light years – Distance to the Coma Cluster
- 3.2 Ym – 338 million light years – Distance to the Stephan's Quintet
- 4.7 Ym – 496 million light years – Length of the CfA2 Great Wall, one of the largest observed superstructures in the Universe
- 6.1 Ym – 645 million light years – Distance to the Shapley Supercluster
- 9.5 Ym – 996 million light years – Diameter of the Eridanus Supervoid
10 yottametres
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Superclusters_atlasoftheuniverse.gif/220px-Superclusters_atlasoftheuniverse.gif)
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances starting at 10 Ym (1025 m or 1.1 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used.
- 13.7 Ym – 1.37 billion light-years – Length of the Sloan Great Wall
- 18 Ym – redshift 0.16 – 1.9 billion light-years – Distance to the quasar 3C 273 (light travel distance)
- 33 Ym – 3.5 billion light-years – Maximum distance of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (light travel distance)
- 37.8 Ym – 4 billion light-years – Length of the Huge-LQG, one of the largest and most massive known cosmic structure.
- 75 Ym – redshift 0.95 – 8 billion light-years – Approximate distance to the supernova SN 2002dd in the Hubble Deep Field North (light travel distance)
- 85 Ym – redshift 1.6 – 9 billion light-years – Approximate distance to the gamma ray burst GRB 990123 (light travel distance)
- 94.6 Ym – 10 billion light-years – Approximate distance to quasar OQ172
100 yottametres
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists distances greater than 100 Ym (1026 m or 11 billion light years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used.
Distances longer than 100 Ym
- 130 Ym – redshift 6.41 – 13 billion light years – Light travel distance (LTD) to the quasar SDSS J1148+5251
- 130 Ym – redshift 1000 – 13.7 billion light years – Distance (LTD) to the source of the cosmic microwave background radiation; radius of the observable universe measured as a LTD
- 260 Ym – 27.4 billion light years – Diameter of the observable universe (double LTD)
- 440 Ym – 46 billion light years – Radius of the universe measured as a comoving distance.
- 590 Ym – 62 billion light years – Cosmological event horizon: the largest comoving distance from which light will ever reach us (the observer) at any time in the future
- <1,000 Ym (1 kYm in older usage, or 1 brontometer in unofficial nomenclature) – Size of universe beyond the cosmic light horizon, depending on its curvature; if the curvature is zero (i.e. the universe is spatially flat), the value can be infinite (see shape of the Universe)
Notes
- ^ According to The Physics Factbook, the diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 μm. Ley, Brian (1999). "Width of a Human Hair". The Physics Factbook.
- ^ The exact category (asteroid, dwarf planet or planet) to which particular Solar System objects belong, has been subject to some revision since the discovery of extrasolar planets and trans-Neptunian objects
- ^ a b 10115 is 1 followed by 115 zeroes, or a googol multiplied by a quadrillion. 1010115 is 1 followed by a quadrillion googol zeroes. 101010122is 1 followed by 1010122 (a googolplex10 sextillion) zeroes.
References
- ^ a b c d e f Cliff Burgess; Fernando Quevedo (November 2007). "The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride". Scientific American (print). Scientific American, Inc. p. 55.
{{cite news}}
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requires|url=
(help) - ^ Carl R. Nave. "Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment". Retrieved 2008-12-04. (6.3 × 10−44 cm2, which gives an effective radius of about 2 × 10−23 m)
- ^ gravitational waves that originate tens of millions of light years from Earth are expected to distort the 4 kilometer mirror spacing by about 10−18 m, less than one-thousandth the charge diameter of a proton. Equivalently, this is a relative change in distance of approximately one part in 1021. "On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10−21." B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger", Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102, published 11 February 2016.
- ^ Randolf Pohl; Aldo Antognini; François Nez; Fernando D. Amaro; François Biraben; João M. R. Cardoso; Daniel S. Covita; Andreas Dax; Satish Dhawan; Luis M. P. Fernandes; Adolf Giesen; Thomas Graf; Theodor W. Hänsch; Paul Indelicato; Lucile Julien; Cheng-Yang Kao; Paul Knowles; Eric-Olivier Le Bigot; Yi-Wei Liu; José A. M. Lopes; Livia Ludhova; Cristina M. B. Monteiro; Françoise Mulhauser; Tobias Nebel; Paul Rabinowitz; et al. (8 July 2010). "The size of the proton". Nature. 466 (7303): 213–216. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..213P. doi:10.1038/nature09250. PMID 20613837. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
- ^ NIST. CODATA Value: classical electron radius. Retrieved 2009-02-10
- ^ H. E. Smith. "The Scale of the Universe". UCSD. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
~10−13cm
- ^ Mark Winter (2008). "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Sulfur / Radii". Retrieved 2008-12-06.
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DNA has 20 elementary charges per helical turn over the corresponding length of 3.4nm
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- ^ Spacecraft escaping the Solar System
- ^ Twin Keck telescopes probe dual dust disks
- ^ "medical science - Length of uncoiled human DNA - Skeptics Stack Exchange". Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ^ Shiga, David. "Sun's 'twin' an ideal hunting ground for alien life". New Scientist. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
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- ^ Duncan, Martin (2008). "16". Physics 216 – Introduction to Astrophysics (PDF). Retrieved 2008-11-14.
- ^ "Milky Way fatter than first thought". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. 2008-02-20. Archived from the original on 2008-04-28. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
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- ^ J. R. Gott III et al., Astrophys. J., 624, 463 (2005). Figure 8 – "Logarithmic Maps of the Universe" – is available as a poster from the homepage of Mario Juric.
- ^ http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605709v2 How Many Universes Do There Need To Be?
- ^ "Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations.", Tegmark M., Sci Am. 2003 May;288(5):40-51.
- ^ Max Tegmark (2003). "Parallel Universes". In "Science and Ultimate Reality: from Quantum to Cosmos", honoring John Wheeler's 90th birthday. J. D. Barrow, P.C.W. Davies, & C.L. Harper eds. Cambridge University Press (2003). 288: 40–51. arXiv:astro-ph/0302131. Bibcode:2003astro.ph..2131T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40. PMID 12701329.
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1,390 miles ... Alaska Route 2 and often treated as a natural extension of the Alaska Highway
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) p.44 - ^ Richichi, A.; Roccatagliata, V. Aldebaran's angular diameter: How well do we know it?. Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 433, Issue 1, April I 2005, pp.305-312. "We derive an average value of 19.96±0.03 milliarcsec for the uniform disk diameter. The corresponding limb-darkened value is 20.58±0.03 milliarcsec, or 44.2±0.9 Rȯ."
- ^ Richichi, A. and Roccatagliata, V. derived an angular diameter of 20.58±0.03 milliarcsec, which given a distance of 65 light years yields a diameter of 61 million km
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Diameter: 62 * Sun
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- ^ radius = distance times sin(angular diameter/2) = 0.2 light year. Distance = 3.3 ± 0.9 kly; angular diameter = 20 arcseconds(Reed et al. 1999)
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Bok globules such as Barnard 68 are only about half a light-year across and weigh in at about two solar masses
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−21 parsecs to the Orion Nebula Cluster from Very Long Baseline Array Observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 667 (2): 1161–1169. arXiv:0706.2361. Bibcode:2007ApJ...667.1161S. doi:10.1086/520922. - ^ diameter=sin(65 arcminutes)*1270 light years=24; where "65.00 x 60.0 (arcmin)" sourced from Revised NGC Data for NGC 1976
- ^ distance × sin( diameter_angle ), using distance of 5kpc (15.8 ± 1.1 kly) and angle 36.3', = 172 ± 12.5 ly.
- ^ van de Ven, G.; van den Bosch, R. C. E.; Verolme, E. K.; de Zeeuw, P. T. (January 11, 2006). "The dynamical distance and intrinsic structure of the globular cluster ω Centauri". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 445 (2): 513–543. arXiv:astro-ph/0509228. Bibcode:2006A&A...445..513V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053061.
best-fit dynamical distance D=4.8±0.3 kpc ... consistent with the canonical value 5.0±0.2 kpc obtained by photometric methods
- ^ Harper, Graham M.; Brown, Alexander; Guinan, Edward F. (April 2008). "A New VLA-Hipparcos Distance to Betelgeuse and its Implications" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 135 (4): 1430–40. Bibcode:2008AJ....135.1430H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/4/1430.
- ^
Reid, M. J.; et al. (2009). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions: VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions". Astrophysical Journal. 700: 137–148. arXiv:0902.3913. Bibcode:2009ApJ...700..137R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137.
{{cite journal}}
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- ^ Local Group
External links
- How Big Are Things? displays orders of magnitude in successively larger rooms
- Powers of Ten Travel across the Universe. Altering perspective by changing scale by just a few powers of ten (interactive) [dead link]
- Cosmos – an Illustrated Dimensional Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos – from Digital Nature Agency [dead link]
- Scale of the universe- interactive guide to length magnitudes