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Syrian Civil War
Part of the Arab Spring, the Arab Winter and the spillover of the Iraq conflict

Military situation in January 2019:
     Syrian Arab Republic      Syrian opposition      Syrian Democratic Forces
     Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant      Tahrir al-Sham[32]
(For a full list of combatants see order of battle)
(For a more detailed version of this map, see Detailed map. For live interactive maps, see Carter Center map or Live UA map).
Date15 March 2011 (2011-03-15) – present
(13 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Syria (with spillovers in neighboring countries)
Status Ongoing
Territorial
changes		 As of 9th January 2019: the Syrian Armed Forces held 62.0% of Syrian territories; SDF-held territory constituted 27.9%; 2.8% was controlled by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, 7.2 % was controlled by rebel groups (including Al-Tanf rebels) and Turkey; and 0.1% was held by ISIL[33][34]
Main belligerents
Syrian Government
Hezbollah
 Iran
 Russia (from 2015)
 Iraq (from 2018)[1][h]
Support:
 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[d][g](from 2013)
Support:
Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (SDF) (from 2012)
Support:
CJTF–OIR
(from 2014)
Commanders and leaders
Killed in action:
Killed in action:
Killed in action:
Killed in action:
Killed in action:
Killed in action:
Units involved
See order See order See order See order
Strength

Syrian Armed Forces: 180,000[75]
General Security Directorate: 8,000[76]
National Defense Force: 80,000[77]
Ba'ath Brigades: 7,000 Hezbollah: 6,000–8,000[78]
Liwa Al-Quds: 4,000-8,000 Russia: 4,000 troops[79] and 1,000 contractors[80]
Iran: 3,000–5,000[78][81]

Other allied groups: 20,000+

Free Syrian Army: 20,000-32,000[82] (2013)
Islamic Front: 40,000–70,000[83][84] (2014)
Other groups: 12,500[85] (2015)
Turkish Armed Forces: 4,000–8,000[86][87]

Ahrar al-Sham: 18,000–20,000+[88][89] (March 2017)

Tahrir al-Sham: 31,000[90]		 15,000–20,000 (U.S. claim, late 2016)[91] 1,000 (U.S. claim, late 2017)[92]

SDF: 60,000-75,000 (2017 estimate)[93]

  • YPG and YPJ: 20,000-30,000 (2017 estimate)[94]
  • Syriac Military Council (MFS): 1,000 (2017 estimate)[95]
  • Al-Sanadid Forces: 2,000-4,000 (2017 estimate)[95]
  • SDF Military Councils: 10,000+[96][97][98]
Casualties and losses

Syrian Government:
65,048–100,048 soldiers killed[99][100]
50,296–64,296 militiamen killed[99][100]
4,700 soldiers and militiamen and 2,000 supporters captured[99]
Hezbollah:
1,675–2,000 killed[99][101]
Russia Russia:
112 soldiers[102] and 175–235 PMCs killed[103]

Other non-Syrian fighters:
8,049 killed[99] (Iran 561 Iranians)[104]

131,288–172,288 killed[f][99][100]

Turkey Turkey:
155 soldiers killed (2016–18 ground incursions)[105][106]		 26,022+ killed (per SOHR)[107]
20,711+ killed (per YPG and SAA)[108][109]

DFNS:
6,112 killed
[110][111][112][113]

CJTF–OIR:
7 killed[114]

111,330[99]–117,049[115] civilian deaths documented by opposition
100 other foreign soldiers killed
(Lebanon 60, Turkey 17 (pre-'16), Iraq 16, Jordan 7)

Total killed:
367,965–560,000 (December 2018 SOHR estimate)[99]
470,000 (February 2016 SCPR estimate)[116]

Over 7,600,000 internally displaced (July 2015 UNHCR estimate)

Over 5,116,097 refugees (July 2017 registered by UNHCR)[117]

a Since early 2013, the FSA has been decentralized with their name being arbitrarily used by various rebels.
b Turkey has provided arms support to the rebels since 2011. Since Aug. 2016, Turkey has fought alongside the TFSA in Aleppo governorate against the SDF, ISIL and later the Syrian government.
c Sep.–Nov. 2016, the U.S. fought alongside the TFSA in Aleppo governorate solely against ISIL.[118][119] In 2017–18, the U.S. intentionally attacked the Syrian government 10 times, while in Sep. 2016 it accidentally hit a Syrian base, killing over 100 SAA soldiers. Syria maintains that this was an intentional attack.[120]
d HTS's predecessor (the al-Nusra Front) and ISIL's predecessor (ISI) were allied al-Qaeda branches until April 2013. An ISI-proposed merger of the two into ISIL was rejected by the Al-Nusra Front and al-Qaeda cut all affiliation with ISIL in February 2014.
e Syrian Liberation Front and Tahrir al-Sham's predecessor, al-Nusra Front, were allied under the Army of Conquest from March 2015 to January 2017, while later the SLF joined the National Front for Liberation.
f Number includes Kurdish and ISIL fighters, whose deaths are also listed in their separate columns.[121][99] g See Talk for discussion re extent of ISIL forces in Syria. As at Dec. 2018, different sources cite between 1,000 and 30,000 ISIL fighters.

h Iraq's military involvement in Syria is limited to airstrikes against ISIL on Syrian territory, which it has carried out in coordination with the Syrian government. It has not clashed with other belligerents in the war, including the Syrian opposition.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b References:
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  5. ^ Беларусь и Сирия: от дипломатии до военного сотрудничества
  6. ^ Беларусь выходит в лидеры на рынке средств радиоэлектронной борьбы — Naviny.by, 4 мая 2018
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  32. ^ (formerly al-Nusra Front)
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  55. ^ "Senior Nusra Front commander killed in Syria air strike". Al Jazeera. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
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    Россия скрывает убитых
    The oil field carnage that Moscow doesn't want to talk about
    26 Syria regime, 9 Russia fighters killed in IS attack: monitor
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  105. ^ "Fırat Kalkanı Harekâtı'ndan acı haber".
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  107. ^ 8,000 killed in fighting (29 June 2014–28 June 2015),[2] 417 killed in Palmyra offensive (March 2016),[3] 47 killed in fighting with rebels (27–29 May 2016),[4] 1,026 killed in Manbij offensive,[5] 283 killed in Palmyra offensive (2017),[6] 1,371 killed in Battle of Raqqa (2017),[7] 1,394 killed in Central Syria campaign (2017),[8][9][10][11][12][13] 538 executed (29 June 2014–23 September 2017),[14] 7,745 killed in U.S. air-strikes (22 September 2014–30 July 2018),[15] 5,201 killed in Russian air-strikes (30 September 2015–30 July 2018),[16] total of 26,022 reported killed
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    YPG releases the 2016 balance sheet of war
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  113. ^ "Amid continuous media silence on the crimes in Afrin, about 1000 people were kidnapped to collect royalties from them, systematic looting, recruiting displaced people in exchange for settlement, and catastrophic humanitarian conditions". Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  114. ^ "Pilot killed as U.S. F-16 crashes in Jordan".
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    News, A. B. C. (27 May 2017). "US service member killed in Syria identified as 22-year-old from Georgia". ABC News. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
    US identifies American service member killed by IED in Syria
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  117. ^ (UNHCR), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response".
  118. ^ Thomas Gibbons-Neff (16 September 2016). "U.S. Special Operations forces begin new role alongside Turkish troops in Syria". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  119. ^ Andrew Tilghman (16 November 2016). "U.S. halts military support for Turkey's fight in key Islamic State town". MilitaryTimes. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  120. ^ Fadel, Leith (27 September 2016). "US Coalition knew they were bombing the Syrian Army in Deir Ezzor".
  121. ^ "More than 215,000 killed in Syria since 2011". 3news.co.nz.

Bibliography

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