Jump to content

CD-i

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Данасул (talk | contribs) at 01:54, 11 October 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"CDi" redirects here. For other uses, see CDI (disambiguation).

Compact Disc Interactive
Philips CD-i 910, the first CD-i player, pictured with its controller
Media typeOptical disc
EncodingVarious
CapacityTypically up to 744 MiB[1]
StandardGreen Book
Developed byPhilips, Sony, Microware
UsageAudio, video and data storage
Extended fromCompact disc
ReleasedDecember 1991; 32 years ago (1991-12)
Optical discs
General
Optical media types
Standards
See also

The Compact Disc Interactive (CD-i) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was developed and marketed by Dutch company Philips. It was created to make interactive multimedia content for the general public by combining features of a CD player or games console,[2] but at a lower price than a personal computer with a CD-ROM drive. The cost savings were due to the lack of a floppy drive, keyboard, mouse, and monitor (a standard television is used) on the players, and less operating system software (based on Microware's OS-9). The CD-i standard was as an extension of the compact disc (CD) and specified in the Green Book, co-developed by Philips and Sony.

CD-i media physically have the same dimensions as CD, but with up to 744 MiB of digital data storage, including up to 72 minutes of full motion video.[3] Most CD-i hardware players were created by Philips; the format was licensed by Philips and Microware for use by other manufacturers, most notably Sony who released CD-i players under the "Intelligent Discman" brand.[4] Media released on the format included video games and educational and multimedia reference titles, such as interactive encyclopedias and museum tours, which were popular before public Internet access was widespread. Philips's CD-i system also implemented Internet features, including subscriptions, web browsing, downloading, e-mail, and online play.[5]

The first CD-i player, Philips's 910/205, was released in 1991 and initially priced around US$1,000,(equivalent to $2,237 in 2023),[6] capable of playing interactive CD-i discs, Audio CDs, CD+G (CD+Graphics), Karaoke CDs, Photo CDs and Video CDs (VCDs), though the latter required an optional "Digital Video Card" to provide MPEG-1 decoding. All CD-i players had a processor based on Motorola 68000.[7] Philips marketed their CD-i devices as "home entertainment systems" in Europe, but more as games and educational machines in the U.S. The CD-i was mostly abandoned by Philips in 1996[8][9] and was a commercial failure, estimated to have lost Philips as much as one billion U.S. dollars in the American market.[10][11][12] The format continued to be supported for licensees for a few more years after.[13]

Specifications

Development of the CD-i format began in 1984 and it was first publicly announced by Philips and Sony in 1986,[14][15] who had previously co-developed the compact disc (CD). The Green Book, formally known as the "CD-i Full Functional Specification", defining the format for interactive, multimedia compact discs designed for CD-i players. The standard was originally not freely available and had to be licensed from Philips.[16] However, the 1994 version of the standard was eventually made available free by Philips.[17]

CD-i discs conform to the Red Book specification of audio CDs (CD-DA). Tracks on a CD-i's program area can be CD-DA tracks or CD-i tracks, but the first track must always be a CD-i track, and all CD-i tracks must be grouped together at the beginning of the area. CD-i tracks are structured according to the CD-ROM XA specification (using either Mode 2 Form 1 or Mode 2 Form 2 modes), and have different classes depending on their contents ("data", "video", "audio", "empty" and "message"). "Message" sectors contain audio data to warn users of CD players that the track they are trying to listen to is a CD-i track and not a CD-DA track.[16] The CD-i specification also specifies a file system similar to (but not compatible with) ISO 9660 to be used on CD-i tracks, as well as certain specific files that are required to be present in a CD-i compatible disc.[16]

The CD-i Ready format is a type of bridge format, also designed by Philips, that defines discs compatible with CD Digital audio players and CD-i players. This format puts CD-i software and data into the pregap of Track 1.

The CD-i Bridge format, defined in Philips' White Book, is a transitional format allowing bridge discs to be played both on CD-ROM drives and on CD-i players.

The CD-i Digital Video format was launched in 1993 containing movies that could be played on CD-i players with a Digital Video Cartridge add-on. The format was incompatible with Video CD (VCD), although a CD-i unit with the DVC could play both formats. Only about 20 movies were released on the format and it was scrapped in 1994.[18]

Commercial software

See also: List of CD-i games
See also: CD-i games from The Legend of Zelda series
A Philips CD-i 210 playing a standard CD disc

Philips at first marketed CD-i as a family entertainment product, and avoided mentioning video games to not compete against game consoles.[19] Early software releases focused heavily on educational, music, and self-improvement titles, with only a few games, many of them adaptations of board games such as Connect Four. However, the system was handily beaten in the market for multimedia devices by cheap low-end PCs,[20] and the games were the best-selling software. By 1993 Philips encouraged MS-DOS and console developers to create games, introduced a $250 peripheral with more memory and support for full-motion video, and added to new consoles a second controller port for multiplayer games.[19]

The attempts to develop a foothold in the games market were unsuccessful, as the system was designed strictly as a multimedia player and thus was under-powered compared to other gaming platforms on the market in most respects.[21] Earlier CD-i games included entries in popular Nintendo franchises, although those games were not developed by Nintendo. Specifically, a Mario game (titled Hotel Mario), and three Legend of Zelda games were released: Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon, Link: The Faces of Evil and Zelda's Adventure. Nintendo and Philips had established an agreement to co-develop a CD-ROM enhancement for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System due to licensing disagreements with Nintendo's previous partner Sony (an agreement that produced a prototype console called the SNES-CD).[22] While Philips and Nintendo never released such a CD-ROM add-on, Philips was still contractually allowed to continue using Nintendo characters.

Applications were developed using authoring software produced by OptImage. This included OptImage's Balboa Runtime Libraries and MediaMogul. The second company that produced authoring software was Script Systems; they produced ABCD-I.

Philips also released several versions of popular TV game shows for the CD-i, including versions of Jeopardy! (hosted by Alex Trebek), Name That Tune (hosted by Bob Goen), and two versions of The Joker's Wild (one for adults hosted by Wink Martindale and one for kids hosted by Marc Summers). All CD-i games in North America (with the exception of Name That Tune) had Charlie O'Donnell as announcer. The Netherlands also released its version of Lingo on the CD-i in 1994.

In 1993, American musician Todd Rundgren created the first music-only fully interactive CD, No World Order, for the CD-i. This application allows the user to completely arrange the whole album in their own personal way with over 15,000 points of customization.

CD-i has a series of learning games ("edutainment") targeted at children from infancy to adolescence. Those intended for a younger audience included Busytown, The Berenstain Bears and various others which usually had vivid cartoon-like settings accompanied by music and logic puzzles.

Although extensively marketed by Philips, notably via infomercial,[23] consumer interest in CD-i titles remained low. By 1994, sales of CD-i systems had begun to slow, and in 1998 the product line was dropped. Plans for the CD-i 2 were certainly present and Argonaut Software was even designated to design chip sets for the successor to the CD-i. However, the then president Con Boonstra saw no interest in the media area for Philips and so Philips sold everything, including the media subsidiary Polygram. The Dutch half of Philips Media was sold to Softmachine, which released The Lost Ride on the CD-i as the last product. Philips then also sold its French half of the gaming subsidiary, Philips Media BV, to French publisher Infogrames in 1997.[24]

Dutch eurodance duo 2 Unlimited released a CD-i compilation album in 1994 called "Beyond Limits" which contains standard CD tracks as well as CD-i-exclusive media on the disc.[25][26]

As announced at CES 1992,[27] large number of full motion video titles such as Dragon's Lair and Mad Dog McCree appeared on the system. One of these, Burn:Cycle, is considered one of the stronger CD-i titles and was later ported to PC. The February 1994 issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly remarked that the CD-i's full motion video capabilities were its strongest point, and that nearly all of its best software required the MPEG upgrade card.[28]

By mid-1996 the U.S. market for CD-i software had dried up and Philips had given up on releasing titles there, but continued to publish CD-i games in Europe, where the system still held some popularity from a video gaming perspective.[29] With the home market exhausted, Philips tried with some success to position the technology as a solution for kiosk applications and industrial multimedia.[30]

Some homebrew developers have released video games on the CD-i format in later years, such as Frog Feast (2005) and Super Quartet (2018).[31]

Player models

Philips models

Philips CD-i series
TypeHome video game console
Media player
GenerationFourth generation
Release date
  • NA: December 3, 1991
  • JP: April 25, 1992[32]
  • EU: July 10, 1992
Discontinued1998[33]
MediaCD-i, Audio CD, CD+G, Karaoke CD, Video CD
Operating systemCD-RTOS
CPUPhilips SCC68070 @ 15.5 MHz
Memory1 MB RAM
Display384×280 to 768×560
GraphicsPhilips SCC66470
SoundMCD 221, ADPCM eight channel sound
Online servicesCD-Online
PredecessorPhilips Videopac + G7400 (spiritual)

In addition to consumer models, professional and development players were sold by Philips Interactive Media Systems and their VARs. Philips marketed several CD-i player models.

  • The CD-i player 200 series, which includes the 205, 210, and 220 models. Models in the 200 series are designed for general consumption, and were available at major home electronics outlets around the world. The Philips CD-i 910 is the American version of the CD-i 205, the most basic model in the series and the first Philips CD-i model (1991).
  • The CD-i player 300 series, which includes the 310, 350, 360, and 370 models. The 300 series consists of portable players designed for the professional market and not marketed to home consumers. A popular use was multimedia sales presentations such as those used by pharmaceutical companies to provide product information to physicians, as the devices could be easily transported by sales representatives.[citation needed]
  • The CD-i player 400 series, which includes the 450, 470, 490 models. The 400 models are slimmed-down units aimed at console and educational markets. The CD-i 450 player, for instance, is a budget model designed to compete with game consoles. In this version, an infrared remote controller is not standard but optional. This series was introduced at CES Chicago in June 1994 and the 450 player retailed at ƒ 799 in the Netherlands.[26]
  • The CD-i player 500 series, which includes the 550 model, which was essentially the same as the 450 with an installed digital video cartridge. It was introduced at CES Chicago in June 1994.[26]
  • The CD-i player 600 series, which includes the 601, 602, 604, 605, 615, 660, and 670 models. The 600 series is designed for professional applications and software development. Units in this line generally include support for floppy disk drives, keyboards and other computer peripherals. Some models can also be connected to an emulator and have software testing and debugging features.
  • The CD-I player 700 series, which consists of the 740 model, the most advanced player and featuring an RS-232 port. It was only released in limited quantities.

There also exist a number of hard-to-categorize models, such as the FW380i, an integrated mini-stereo and CD-i player; the 21TCDi30, a television with a built-in CD-i device;[34] and the CD-i 180/181/182 modular system, the first CD-i system produced in collaboration with Kyocera in 1988, before the actual debut of CD-i.[35][36]

Gallery
  • The Philips CD-i 220
    The Philips CD-i 220
  • Philips CD-i 400 with its paddle controller. The CD-i's controllers were heavily criticized.
    Philips CD-i 400 with its paddle controller. The CD-i's controllers were heavily criticized.
  • Philips CD-i 450
    Philips CD-i 450

Other manufacturers

In addition to Philips, several manufacturers produced CD-i players some of which were still on sale years after Philips itself abandoned the format.[37] Manufacturers included Magnavox (a Philips subsidiary),[28] GoldStar / LG Electronics, Digital Video Systems, Memorex, Grundig, Saab Electric, Sony (Intelligent Discman, a hybrid home/portable CD-i player), Kyocera, NBS, Highscreen, and Bang & Olufsen, who produced a television with a built-in CD-i device (Beocenter AV5).

Hardware specifications

Back of a Philips CD-i 210 player
CD-i Mouse

Column-generating template families

The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a <div>...</div> open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.

Column templates
Type Family
Handles wiki
table code?†
 Responsive/
mobile suited 		Start template Column divider End template
Float "col-float" Yes Yes {{col-float}} {{col-float-break}} {{col-float-end}}
"columns-start" Yes Yes {{columns-start}} {{column}} {{columns-end}}
Columns "div col" Yes Yes {{div col}} – {{div col end}}
"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
Flexbox "flex columns" No Yes {{flex columns}} – –
Table "col" Yes No {{col-begin}},
{{col-begin-fixed}} or
{{col-begin-small}} 		{{col-break}} or
{{col-2}} .. {{col-5}} 		{{col-end}}

† Can template handle the basic wiki markup {| | || |- |} used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>, <tr>...</tr>, etc.)—need to be used instead.

TeleCD-i and CD-MATICS

Recognizing the growing need among marketers for networked multimedia, Philips partnered in 1992 with Amsterdam-based CDMATICS to develop TeleCD-i [38] (also TeleCD). In this concept, the CD-i player is connected to a network such as PSTN or Internet, enabling data-communication and rich media presentation. Dutch grocery chain Albert Heijn and mail-order company Neckermann were early adopters and introduced award-winning TeleCD-i applications for their home-shopping and home-delivery services. CDMATICS also developed the special Philips TeleCD-i Assistant and a set of software tools to help the worldwide multimedia industry to develop and implement TeleCD-i. TeleCD-i is the world's first networked multimedia application at the time of its introduction. In 1996, Philips acquired source code rights from CDMATICS.

CD-Online

Internet services on the Philips CD-i devices were facilitated by the use of an additional hardware modem and "CD-Online" disc (renamed Web-i in the US[39]), which Philips initially released in Britain in 1995 for $150 US.[40][41] This service provided the CD-i with full internet access (with a 14.4k modem[42]), including online shopping, email, and support for networked multiplayer gaming on select CD-i games.[43] The service required a CD-i player with DV cartridge, and an "Internet Starter Kit" which initially retailed for £99.99.[44] Andy Stout, a writer for the official CD-i magazine, explained CD-Online:

It is very much Internet-lite. The main advantages are that it's cheap - probably working out at a third of the cost of a PC or Mac solution - and incredibly user-friendly. The downside though is using a browser that doesn't support Netscape, and coping with all the drawbacks of the machine's minuscule memory - you can only ever access 10 articles on Usenet at a time, it'll only support 80 bookmarks maximum and for all that trouble all your saved games, preferences, and high scores will have been written over in RAM. ... It's got the full access right now but with only about 40% of the functionality, which will probably be fine for people who don't know what they're missing. But the virtual keyboard is a complete nightmare to use ...[45]

The CD-Online service went live in the UK on October 25, 1995[46] and in March 1996 in the Netherlands (for 399 guilders).[42] The system was reportedly scheduled to launch in the US as "Web-i" in August 1996.[47]

Reception

Although Philips had aggressively promoted CD-i, by August 1993 Computer Gaming World reported that "skepticism persists about its long-term prospects" compared to other platforms like IBM PC compatibles, Apple Macintosh, and Sega Genesis.[48] The magazine stated in January 1994 that despite Philips' new emphasis on games "CD-i is still not the answer for hardcore gamers", but the console "may yet surprise us all in the future". It recommended the CD-i with video cartridge for those needing to buy a new console as "The price is right and there is more software to support it", but 3DO was probably better for those who could wait a few months.[19] An early 1995 review of the system in GamePro stated that "inconsistent game quality puts the CD-i at a disadvantage against other high-powered game producers."[49] A late 1995 review in Next Generation criticized both Philips's approach to marketing the CD-i and the hardware itself ("The unit excels at practically nothing except FMV, and then only with the addition of a $200 digital video cartridge"). The magazine noted that while Philips had not yet officially discontinued the CD-i, it was dead for all intents and purposes, citing as evidence the fact that though Philips had a large booth at the 1995 Electronic Entertainment Expo, there was no CD-i hardware or software on display. Next Generation scored the console one out of five stars.[23]

After its discontinuation, retrospectively, the CD-i was overwhelmingly panned by critics who blasted its graphics, games, and controls. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates admitted that initially he "was worried" about the CD-i due to Philips's heavy support for the device and its two-pronged attack on both the games console and PC markets, but that in retrospect "It was a device that kind of basically got caught in the middle. It was a terrible game machine, and it was a terrible PC."[50] The CD-i's various controllers were ranked the fifth worst video game controller by IGN editor Craig Harris.[51] PC World ranked it as fourth on their list of "The 10 Worst Video Game Systems of All Time".[52] Gamepro.com listed it as number four on their list of The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time.[53] In 2008, CNET listed the system on its list of the worst game console(s) ever.[54] In 2007, GameTrailers ranked the Philips CD-i as the fourth worst console of all time in its Top 10 Worst Console lineup.[55]

Games that were most heavily criticized include Hotel Mario, Link: The Faces of Evil, Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon, and Zelda's Adventure. EGM's Seanbaby rated The Wand of Gamelon as one of the worst video games of all time.[56] However, Burn:Cycle was positively received by critics, and has often been held up as the standout title for the CD-i.[49][57][58][23]

In October 1994, Philips claimed an installed base of one million units for the CD-i.[59] In 1996, The Wall Street Journal reported that total US sales amounted to 400,000 units.[12]

The Dutch CD-i magazine (CD-interactief) continued to be published until June 1999, by which time it mostly dealt with advertizing and selling VCD movies.[60]

In later retrospective years, the CD-i has become notorious for its Legend of Zelda games.[61]

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.icdia.co.uk/faq/cdifaq3.html
  2. ^ http://repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu/sam/icets/opttech.htm
  3. ^ http://repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu/sam/icets/opttech.htm
  4. ^ "The New International CD-i Association". Icdia.co.uk. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  5. ^ Jones, Sandra (April 1, 1996). "Kits let television go online". Daily Press. Newport, Virginia. p. B7 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ "COMPANY NEWS; New Philips CD - The New York Times". Nytimes.com. April 2, 1992. Retrieved August 19, 2009.
  7. ^ https://www.theworldofcdi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/CDiDevelopment20190331.pdf
  8. ^ Grundhauser, Eric (March 25, 2016). "The History of the Philips CD-i, Failed PlayStation Ancestor". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  9. ^ Life, Nintendo (July 23, 2018). "Hardware Classics: Uncovering The Tragic Tale Of The Philips CD-i". Nintendo Life. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  10. ^ "Missers bij introductie; Fiasco CD-i in de VS kost twee miljard". Nrc.nl. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  11. ^ Nihei, Wes, ed. (October 1996). "Inside Scoop". GamePro. No. 97. John F. Rousseau. p. 24.
  12. ^ a b Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. (June 28, 1996). "Philips Suffered a U.S. Flop With CD-Interactive Product". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company.
  13. ^ https://www.digitpress.com/faq/cd-i%20faq.pdf
  14. ^ (2005). History of the Philips CD-i, Philipscdi.com.
  15. ^ Cole, George (May 13, 1996). "Network hardware: Brave, but too clever by half". The Independent. Independent Print Ltd.
  16. ^ a b c Philips Licensing Programs
  17. ^ Green Book Version May 1994, Release 2
  18. ^ https://obsoletemedia.org/cd-i-digital-video/
  19. ^ a b c Miller, Chuck; Dille, H. E.; Wilson, Johnny L. (January 1994). "Battle Of The New Machines". Computer Gaming World. pp. 64–76.
  20. ^ "The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: CD-i". Next Generation. No. 15. Imagine Media. March 1996. p. 31.
  21. ^ "75 Power Players". Next Generation (11). Imagine Media: 63. November 1995. CD-i started life as an ahead-of-its-time multimedia player, but ended up an under-powered game machine.
  22. ^ Staff writer. "The SNES CD-ROM". The Nintendo Repository. Archived from the original on February 24, 2008.
  23. ^ a b c "Which Game System is the Best!?". Next Generation (12). Imagine Media: 77. December 1995.
  24. ^ Staff writer (February 3, 1997). "Philips Media Transferred Multimedia Assets to Infogrames". Business Wire. San Jose, California. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013 – via The Free Library.
  25. ^ "2 Unlimited - Beyond Limits". Discogs.com. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c "Philips CD-i Magazine November 1994" (PDF).
  27. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA73&lpg=RA1-PA7
  28. ^ a b "New Life For CD-i". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 55. Sendai Publishing. February 1994. p. 20.
  29. ^ "A Cry for Help from a CD-i Owner". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 88. Ziff Davis. November 1996. p. 281.
  30. ^ Staff writer (1997). "Kiosk Systems". Philips Media. Archived from the original on June 6, 1997. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  31. ^ https://www.theworldofcdi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/CDiDevelopment20190331.pdf
  32. ^ Batenburg, Sebastiaan (July 7, 2007). "CD-i in Japan - Philips Artspace and Japan Interactive Media". Cdii.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  33. ^ Snow, Blake (May 4, 2007). "The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time". GamePro. Archived from the original on May 8, 2007.
  34. ^ Staff writer (1994). 21TCDI30 Handbook. Philips – via Internet Archive.
  35. ^ "The New International CD-i Association". Icdia.co.uk. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  36. ^ "Philips CDI-180 Professional CD-Interactive system - DutchAudioClassics.nl". Dutchaudioclassics.nl. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  37. ^ http://www.icdia.co.uk/players/nonphilips.html
  38. ^ Physica Verlag, The Information Superhighway and Private Households, p.162-172
  39. ^ [1] [dead link]
  40. ^ "Philips puts Internet on TV sets". New Straits Times. Malaysia. February 15, 1996. p. 43. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  41. ^ Parker, Dana; Starrett, Bob (1996). CD-ROM Professional's CD-recordable Handbook: The Complete Guide to Practical Desktop CD. Pemberton Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-910965-18-7.
  42. ^ a b "Cd-i Magazine" (PDF). cDinteractive.co.uk. August 1996. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  43. ^ Cardilini, Les (October 26, 1995). "CDI, a low-tech Net option?". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Green Guide, p.16.
  44. ^ Philips (December 2, 1995). "Let's Make Things Better". The Guardian. London, UK. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ^ Ramshaw, Mark James (January 1996). "Generator". Next Generation. No. 13. Imagine Media. p. 31. ISSN 1078-9693. {{cite magazine}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  46. ^ Staff writer (1996). "The Net on Your Set". CD-Online. Archived from the original on October 31, 1996. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  47. ^ "Philips Plots Entry to WebTV Market". Ad Age. Crain Communications. August 5, 1996.
  48. ^ "Part II of CGW's Computer Game Developers Conference Coverage". Computer Gaming World. August 1993. p. 38. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  49. ^ a b "Once and Future Kings: Video Game Hardware Outlook". GamePro (70). IDG: 29. May 1995.
  50. ^ "What the Hell Does Bill Gates Know About Games, Anyway?". Next Generation. No. 18. Imagine Media. June 1996. p. 10.
  51. ^ "Top 10 Tuesday: Worst Game Controllers". IGN. February 21, 2006. Archived from the original on January 14, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
  52. ^ "The 10 Worst Video Game Systems of All Time". Pcworld.com. July 14, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  53. ^ "The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time, Feature Story from GamePro". Web.archive.org. June 7, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  54. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. ^ (May 6, 2007). Top Ten Worst Consoles, GameTrailers. Accessed November 14, 2012.
  56. ^ "Seanbaby.com - EGM's Crapstravaganza: The 20 Worst Games of All Time". Archived from the original on November 4, 2011.
  57. ^ "News Review: Burn: Cycle". Entertainment Weekly. December 9, 1994.
  58. ^ "Electronic Gaming Monthly's Buyer's Guide". 1995. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  59. ^ Elrich, David J. (New York Times) (September 22, 1994). "Which format will prevail?". The Milwaukee Journal. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. pp. D6. Retrieved August 12, 2019 – via Google News Archive.
  60. ^ https://www.philipscdi.com/press.htm
  61. ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gaming/guides/30-hardest-video-games-ever/zeldas-adventure/
Wikimedia Commons has media related to CD-i.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CD-i&oldid=920650216"