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Under the provisions of the [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|22nd amendment]], incumbent President [[Bill Clinton]] was not allowed to run for a third four-year term. Numerous candidates for the Democratic nomination tested the waters, but only two serious candidates entered the contest, Vice President [[Al Gore]] of Tennessee and former Senator [[Bill Bradley]] of New Jersey. Only Minnesota Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] formed an exploratory committee<ref>http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/08/wellstone/index.html</ref>.
Numerous candidates for the Democratic nomination tested the waters, but only two serious candidates entered the contest, Vice President [[Al Gore]] of Tennessee and former Senator [[Bill Bradley]] of New Jersey. Only Minnesota Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] formed an exploratory committee<ref>http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/08/wellstone/index.html</ref>.


Gore had a strong base as the incumbent Vice President; Bradley received some endorsements but was not the candidate of a major faction or coalition of blocs. Running an insurgency campaign, Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore, who was a founding member of the centrist [[Democratic Leadership Council]]. While former basketball star Michael Jordan campaigned for him in the early primary states, Bradley announced his intention to campaign "in a different way" by conducting a positive campaign of "big ideas." He made the spending of the record-breaking budget surplus on a variety of social welfare programs to help the poor and the middle-class one of his central issues, along with campaign finance reform and gun control.
Gore had a strong base as the incumbent Vice President; Bradley received some endorsements but was not the candidate of a major faction or coalition of blocs. Running an insurgency campaign, Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore, who was a founding member of the centrist [[Democratic Leadership Council]]. While former basketball star Michael Jordan campaigned for him in the early primary states, Bradley announced his intention to campaign "in a different way" by conducting a positive campaign of "big ideas." He made the spending of the record-breaking budget surplus on a variety of social welfare programs to help the poor and the middle-class one of his central issues, along with campaign finance reform and gun control.

Revision as of 07:32, 4 January 2008

United States presidential election, 2000
← 1996 7 November 2000 2004 →
 
Nominee George W. Bush Al Gore
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Texas Tennessee
Running mate Richard B. Cheney Joe Lieberman
Electoral vote 271 266
States carried 30 20+DC
Popular vote 50,460,110 51,003,926
Percentage 47.9% 48.4%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Bush/Cheney, Blue denotes those won by Gore/Lieberman.

The United States presidential election of 2000 was a hard-fought contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then vice president, and Republican candidate George W. Bush, governor of Texas and son of a former president. Bush narrowly won the November 7 election, with 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266. There were several important issues in this election, including the role of the United States in international affairs, the economy, and morality, but more attention is usually paid to the election itself, which features a controversy over who won Florida's 25 electoral votes, the recount process in that state, and the issue of the popular vote.

In the American system of presidential elections, the electoral vote system determines the winner, and Bush won this count, although Gore received more popular votes.

It was the third time in American history that a candidate won the vote in the Electoral College without receiving a plurality of the popular vote; it also happened in the elections of 1876 and 1888. In 1824 John Quincy Adams received a plurality in neither the popular vote nor the electoral college vote and was selected President by the U.S. House of Representatives.

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 2000 Democratic National Convention
  • Democratic candidates

Numerous candidates for the Democratic nomination tested the waters, but only two serious candidates entered the contest, Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee and former Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey. Only Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone formed an exploratory committee[1].

Gore had a strong base as the incumbent Vice President; Bradley received some endorsements but was not the candidate of a major faction or coalition of blocs. Running an insurgency campaign, Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore, who was a founding member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council. While former basketball star Michael Jordan campaigned for him in the early primary states, Bradley announced his intention to campaign "in a different way" by conducting a positive campaign of "big ideas." He made the spending of the record-breaking budget surplus on a variety of social welfare programs to help the poor and the middle-class one of his central issues, along with campaign finance reform and gun control.

Gore easily defeated Bradley in the primaries, largely because of the support given to Gore by the Democratic Party establishment and Bradley's poor showing in the Iowa caucus, where Gore successfully painted Bradley as aloof and indifferent to the plight of farmers in rural America. The closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50–46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary.

Total primaries result[2]:

  • Al Gore - 10,626,568 (75.80%)
  • Bill Bradley - 2,798,281 (19.96%)
  • Lyndon LaRouche - 323,014 (2.30%)
  • Unpledged - 238,870 (1.70%)

None of Bradley's delegates were allowed to vote for him so Gore won unanimously. Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman was nominated for Vice President by voice vote. Lieberman became the first Jewish American ever to be chosen for this position by a major party and many political commentators cited him as a "bold choice" for Vice President. Before Gore chose Lieberman as his running mate, other politicians suggested as potential vice-presidential nominees included:

Gore, as incumbent V.P., was supported by Clinton and despite Bradley's challenge was a safe front-runner. But some other prominent Democrats were mentioned as possible contenders, such as Nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey[4], Missouri Congressman Dick Gephardt, Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone, and famous actor and director Warren Beatty,[5] who declined to run.

Republican Party nomination

Further information: 2000 Republican National Convention
  • Republican candidates

(Buchanan dropped out to run for the Reform Party nomination. Buchanan would later become the Reform Party's nominee)
(Smith dropped out of the Republican primary, denounced the Republican party, and sought nomination as a U.S. Taxpayers Party candidate. He then withdrew his candidacy for the UTP nomination and ran as an independent)

Following Bob Dole's loss to Bill Clinton in the 1996 election, George W. Bush became the frontrunner, acquiring unprecedented funding and a broad base of leadership support, based on his governorship of Texas and the name-recognition and connections of the Bush family. Buchanan and Trump dropped out to run for the Reform Party nomination. Several aspirants withdrew before the Iowa Caucus, unable to secure funding and endorsements sufficient to remain competitive with Bush. These included Alexander, Dole, Kasich, Quayle, and Smith. Steve Forbes, who could self-finance, did compete in the early contests, but did not do as well as he had in 1996. By late February, Bauer, Forbes, and Hatch had all dropped out. That left Bush, McCain, and Keyes as the only candidates still in the race.

Bush, the governor of Texas, the second-largest state in the Union, the son of a former president, and the favored candidate of the Christian right, was portrayed in the media as the establishment candidate. McCain, with the support of many moderate Republicans and Independents, portrayed himself as a crusading insurgent who focused on campaign reform.

McCain won a 48%-30% victory over Bush in the New Hampshire primary and seized the attention of the media. In the South Carolina primary, however, Bush soundly defeated McCain. Some credited Bush's win to the fact that it was the first major primary in which only registered Republicans could vote, which negated McCain's strong advantage among independents. Some McCain supporters blamed it on a campaign of dirty tricks such as push polling, including the false suggestion that McCain fathered an African-American child out of wedlock, perpetrated against McCain by his political enemies. Whatever the real reason, McCain's loss in South Carolina stopped his momentum cold. Although McCain won a few additional primaries, Bush took the majority and handily won the nomination at the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia.

The tally was as follows:

McCain finally endorsed Bush, and gave a strong speech at the convention.

Governor Bush told former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to head up a commission to help select a running mate for him, but ultimately, Bush asked Cheney himself to be his running mate, and Cheney was nominated by voice vote. While the US Constitution does not specifically disallow a president and a vice-president from the same state, it does prohibit members of the electoral college from casting both of their votes for persons from the same state. Accordingly, Cheney—who had been a resident of Texas for nearly 10 years—changed his voting registration back to Wyoming. Had Cheney not done this, either he or Governor Bush would have forfeited their electoral votes from the Texas electors, a situation which—given the eventual razor-thin margin of victory for the Republicans that year—would have almost certainly resulted in Democratic Vice-President Lieberman serving under a Republican President Bush.

Notable endorsements

Note: Some of the endorsers switched positions.

George W. Bush

John McCain

Steve Forbes

Alan Keyes

Orrin Hatch

Lamar Alexander

Dan Quayle

John Kasich

Reform Party nomination

  • Reform candidates
    • John B. Anderson of Florida, former U.S. Representative for the 16th Congressional District of Illinois, former Independent Presidential candidate
    • Patrick J. Buchanan of Virginia, former speechwriter and Senior Advisor to President Richard Nixon
    • Charles E. Collins of Georgia, former school board chairman from a rural Florida county
    • John Hagelin, of Iowa, Ph.D., past and then-current Natural Law Party candidate
    • Donald Trump of New York, billionaire real estate developer

The nomination went to Pat Buchanan and runningmate Ezola Foster of California, over the objections of party-founder H. Ross Perot and despite a rump convention nomination of John Hagelin by the Perot faction (see Other nominations below). In the end, the Federal Election Commission sided with Buchanan, and that ticket appeared on 49 of 51 possible ballots.

Green Party nomination

The nomination went to Ralph Nader of Connecticut and Winona LaDuke of Minnesota, at the Green Party's National Nominating Convention in Denver, Colorado [2]. The Green Party appeared on 44 of 51 ballots.

Libertarian Party nomination

The Libertarian Party's National Nominating Convention nominated Harry Browne of Tennessee and Art Olivier of California for Vice President. Browne was nominated on the first ballot and Olivier received the Vice Presidential nomination on the second ballot [4]. The Libertarian Party appeared on 50 of 51 ballots.

Other nominations

There were two other candidacies on the majority of the 51 ballots (50 states plus the District of Columbia):

The General Election campaign

In the campaign, Bush criticized the Clinton administration policy in Somalia, where 18 Americans died in 1993 trying to sort out warring factions, and in the Balkans, where United States peacekeeping troops perform a variety of functions. "I don't think our troops ought to be used for what's called nation-building". Bush said in the second presidential debate.[35] Ralph Nader was the most successful of third-party candidates, drawing 2.74% of the popular vote. His campaign was marked by a traveling tour of "super-rallies"; large rallies held in sports arenas like Madison Square Garden, with retired talk show host Phil Donahue as master of ceremonies. After initially ignoring Nader, the Gore campaign made a big publicity pitch to (potential) Nader supporters in the final weeks of the campaign, downplaying Gore's differences with Nader on the issues and claiming that Gore's ideas were more similar to Nader's than Bush's were, noting that Gore had a better chance of winning than Nader. On the other side, the Republican Leadership Council ran pro-Nader ads in a few states in an effort to split the "left" vote.[36] In the aftermath of the campaign, many Gore supporters blamed Nader for drawing enough would-be Gore votes to push Bush over Gore, labeling Nader a "spoiler" candidate.

The sharpest differences among partisan groups came on the topic of morality. Already by 1992, Republicans were campaigning much more vigorously and vociferously than Democrats or independents on "hot button" social issues concerning what some proclaimed as the moral decay of society, in the form of permissive attitudes toward sex, abortion, gays and lesbians, and secularism. The difference grew larger by 2000, especially if one adds together the moral decay category and the category having to do with corruption and scandals in Washington. Morality was mentioned most frequently by Republicans as the "single most important problem" facing the nation.[37] Therefore during his campaign Bush frequently referred to restoring moral integrity not only to the White House but to the nation as a whole. Gore on the other hand studiously avoided the Clinton scandals, as did Lieberman, even though Lieberman had been the first Democratic senator to denounce Clinton's misbehavior. Gore avoided appearing with Clinton, who was shunted to low visibility appearances in areas where he was still popular.

The election

George W. Bush
Al Gore

As the returns came in on election night (November 7), it became clear that the presidential election was unusually close. With the exception of Florida, Bush carried the Southern states by comfortable margins, and he also scored wins in Ohio, Indiana, most of the rural Midwestern farming states, and most of the Rocky Mountain states. Gore balanced Bush by sweeping the Northeastern United States (with the sole exception of New Hampshire), most of the Upper Midwest, and the Pacific Coast states, including California. As the night wore on it became clear that while a handful of small-to-medium sized states were extremely close, it was the State of Florida that would decide the winner of the election. As the final national results were tallied the following morning, Bush had clearly won a total of 246 electoral votes, while Gore had clearly won 255 votes (270 votes were needed to win). Two smaller states - New Mexico (5 electoral votes) and Oregon (7 electoral votes) - were still too close to call. It was Florida (25 electoral votes), however, that the news media focused their attention on. Mathematically, Florida's 25 electoral votes became the key to an election win for both candidates, and although both New Mexico and Oregon were declared in favor of Gore over the next few days, Florida's statewide vote took center stage even as vote counting continued in western states. The outcome of the election was not known for more than a month after the balloting ended because of the extended process of counting and then recounting Florida's presidential ballots.

Florida

Main article: United States presidential election, 2000 Florida results

At approximately 7:50 pm EST on election day, 10 minutes before the polls closed in the largely Republican Florida panhandle, some television news networks declared that Gore had carried Florida's 25 electoral votes. They based this prediction on exit polls. However, in the actual vote tally Bush took a wide early lead in Florida, and by 10 pm the networks had retracted their prediction of a Gore victory and placed Florida back into the "undecided" column. At approximately 2:30 am, with some 85% of the votes counted in Florida and Bush leading Gore by more than 100,000 votes, the networks declared that Bush had carried Florida, and had been elected President. However, most of the remaining votes to be counted in Florida were located in three heavily Democratic counties - Broward, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach - and as their votes were reported Gore began to gain on Bush. By 4:30 am Gore had narrowed Bush's margin to less than 2,000 votes, and the networks retracted their predictions that Bush had won Florida and the Presidency. Gore, who had privately conceded the election to Bush, now withdrew his concession and announced that he would wait for a recount in Florida before any further action. By the morning of Wednesday, November 8 Bush's margin in Florida had dwindled to about 500 votes, narrow enough to trigger a mandatory recount in that state. In addition, Gore asked for hand recounts in four counties (Broward, Miami Dade, Palm Beach, and Volusia), as provided under Florida state law. This set into motion a series of recounts (portions by machine, and portions by hand), questions about portions of the Florida vote, and finally lawsuits.

These ultimately resulted in a December 12 7-2 United States Supreme Court decision that the Florida Supreme Court's scheme for recounting ballots was unconstitutional, as well as a 5-4 United States Supreme Court decision that ended the Florida recounts and allowed Florida to certify its vote. The vote was certified by Katherine Harris, the Republican Secretary of State who had been the Florida co-chair of Bush's own campaign[38]. Because Bush's younger brother, Jeb Bush, was the governor of Florida, there were allegations that Harris and Bush had somehow manipulated the election to favor the governor's brother.[39][40] Bush's margin of victory in Florida was officially placed at 537 votes (out of more than 5.8 million cast), making it the closest presidential election in the history of the state. The nine members of the Supreme Court voted along ideological lines in the split decision with the two usually conservative swing voters[41] (Justices O'Connor and Kennedy) siding with the three conservatives (Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Scalia, and Thomas) outvoting the Court's four liberals (Justices Ginsburg, Souter, Stevens, and Breyer). Due to all of these factors, the 2000 presidential campaign has become one of the most controversial, and disputed, elections in American history.

Post recount

After Florida was decided, Texas Governor George W. Bush became President-elect and began forming his transition committee. In a speech on December 13, Bush said he was reaching across party lines to bridge a divided America, stating that "the President of the United States is the President of every single American, of every race, and every background."[42]

On January 6, 2001, a joint-session of Congress met to certify the electoral vote. Twenty members of the House of Representatives, most of them Democratic members of the Congressional Black Caucus, rose one-by-one to file objections to the electoral votes of Florida. However, according to an 1877 law, any such objection had to be sponsored by both a representative and a senator, and no senator would co-sponsor these objections. Therefore, Gore, who was presiding in his capacity as President of the Senate, ruled each of these objections out of order.

Bush took the oath of office on January 20, 2001.

In the aftermath of the election, independent recounts were conducted by The Miami Herald and USA Today, concluding that Bush would have won in all legally requested recount scenarios, and in all other scenarios except for "a fresh recount in all counties using the most generous standards,” which would have gone to Gore [5].

Additionally, The Media Consortium hired the National Opinion Research Center to examine 175,010 ballots that were never counted in Florida. [6] The investigation took 8 months and cost $900,000.[citation needed] Their results showed that the winning candidate varied based on the method used to include or interpret ballots.[43] For cases where all of their examiners agreed, the nine different recount scenarios resulted in Bush prevailing four times, and Gore prevailing in the other five. Ironically enough, under the recount rules initially requested by Gore, Bush would have won, and under the rules requested by Bush, Gore would have won.

National results

Though Gore came in second in the electoral vote, he received 543,816 more individual votes than Bush. Gore failed to win the popular vote in his home state, Tennessee, which both he and his father had represented in the Senate. Had he won Tennessee, he could have won the election without Florida. Gore was the first major-party presidential candidate to have lost his home state since George McGovern lost South Dakota in 1972.

Electoral results
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote 		Running mate
Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote
George W. Bush Republican Texas 50,460,110 47.9% 271 Dick Cheney Wyoming 271
Al Gore Democratic Tennessee 51,003,926 48.4% 266 Joe Lieberman Connecticut 266
(abstention) (a) — — — — 1 (abstention) (a) — 1
Ralph Nader Green Connecticut 2,883,105 2.7% 0 Winona LaDuke Minnesota 0
Pat Buchanan Reform Virginia 449,225 0.4% 0 Ezola B. Foster California 0
Harry Browne Libertarian Tennessee 384,516 0.4% 0 Art Olivier California 0
Howard Phillips Constitution Virginia 98,022 0.1% 0 Curtis Frazier Missouri 0
John Hagelin Natural Law/Reform Iowa 83,702 0.1% 0 Nat Goldhaber California 0
Other(b) 54,652 0.1% — Other(b) —
Total 105,417,258 100% 538 538
Needed to win 270 270

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "2000 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

Source (Electoral Vote): 2000 Electoral Vote Totals. Official website of the National Archives. (August 7, 2005).

(a) One faithless elector from the District of Columbia, Barbara Lett-Simmons, abstained from voting in protest of the District's lack of voting representation in United States Congress. (D.C. has a non-voting delegate to Congress.) She had been expected to vote for Gore/Lieberman.
(b) Candidates receiving less than 0.05% of the total popular vote.

See also: United States presidential election, 2000 (detail)

State results

See also: United States presidential election, 2000 (detail)

Close states are listed below:

  1. Florida, <0.0092%
  2. New Mexico, 0.06%
  3. Wisconsin, 0.22%
  4. Iowa, 0.31%
  5. Oregon, 0.44%
  6. New Hampshire, 1.27%
  7. Minnesota, 2.40%
  8. Missouri, 3.34%
  9. Ohio, 3.51%
  10. Nevada, 3.55%
  11. Tennessee, 3.86%
  12. Pennsylvania, 4.17%

Aftermath

Electronic voting

Since the Presidential Election was so close in Florida, the United States Government and state governments pushed for election reform to be prepared by the 2004 United States Presidential Election. Many of Florida's year 2000 election night problems stemmed from voting machine issues like rejected ballots, "hanging chad", and the possibly confusing "butterfly ballot". A proposed solution to these problems was the installation of modern electronic voting machines.

Electronic voting was initially touted by many as a panacea for the ills faced during the 2000 election. The United States Presidential Election of 2000 spurred the debate about election and voting reform, but it did not end it. See Electronic voting: problems.

Exit polling and declaration of vote winners

The Voter News Service's reputation was badly tarnished by its treatment of Florida's presidential vote in 2000. Breaking its own guidelines, VNS called the state as a win for Gore 12 minutes before polls closed in much of the state. Although much of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone, at the time VNS called the state for Gore, the Florida panhandle, which is in the Central Time Zone, had not yet closed their polls. More seriously, inconsistent polling results caused the VNS to change its call twice, first from Gore to Bush, and then to "too close to call". A subsequent attempt by VNS to use computer tallying during the 2002 congressional election was also a failure, and the VNS was disbanded.

More consequences

In the aftermath of the election, the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) was passed to help states upgrade their election technology in the hopes of preventing similar problems in future elections. Ironically, the electronic voting systems which many states purchased in order to comply with HAVA actually caused problems in the following presidential election of 2004.

Democrats blamed third party candidate Ralph Nader for taking the election away from Gore. Nader received some 97,000 votes in Florida. According to the Washington Post, exit polls there showed that "47 percent of Nader voters would have gone for Gore if it had been a two-man race, and only 21 percent for Bush," which would have given Gore a margin of some 24,000 votes over Bush.[44] Some Democrats claim that had Nader not run, Gore would have won both New Hampshire and Florida and won the election with 296 electoral votes. (He only needed one of the two to win.) Defenders of Nader, including Dan Perkins, argued that the margin in Florida was small enough that Democrats could blame any number of third-party candidates for the defeat, including "Workers World Party" candidate Monica Moorehead, who received 1,500 votes.[45] Nader's reputation was still hurt by this perception, and may have hindered his future goals as an activist.

State Ballot Measures

Voters in California approved Proposition 36, which mandated probation and rehabilitation for those convicted of nonviolent drug offenses, by a margin of 60.8% to 30.2%. Californians also approved Proposition 39, lowering the voter approval requirement from a two-thirds majority to 55% for bonding for school projects, by a 53.3% to 46.7% margin.[46]

By a margin of 65% to 35%, Connecticut voters approved Measure 1, which amended the state's constitution to eliminate the state's county sheriffs. Subsequent legislation established State Marshals to assume the duties performed by the county sheriffs.[47]

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/08/wellstone/index.html
  2. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55217
  3. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/08/07/gore.lieberman/index.html
  4. ^ http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/12/13/kerrey/
  5. ^ York, Anthony (Sep. 2, 1999) "Life of the Party?" Salon News.
  6. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32218
  7. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55218
  8. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32108
  9. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32108
  10. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32081
  11. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34624
  12. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34624
  13. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32448
  14. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32187
  15. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34642
  16. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34611
  17. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32081
  18. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34613
  19. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32482
  20. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32462
  21. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34610
  22. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34610
  23. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=1964
  24. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=15104
  25. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=1202
  26. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=3696
  27. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32484
  28. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55218
  29. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55218
  30. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55218
  31. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55218
  32. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55218
  33. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55218
  34. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55218
  35. ^ "The Second Gore-Bush Presidential Debate". 2000 Debate Transcript. Commission on Presidential Debates. 2004. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Meckler, Laura (Oct. 27, 2000) "GOP Group to Air Pro-Nader TV Ads." Washington Post.
  37. ^ [Miller and Klobucar 2003]
  38. ^ Katherine Harris, W Files, CBS NEWS
  39. ^ Pallast, Gregory (April 29, 2004) "Vanishing Votes." The Nation.
  40. ^ Taper, Jake (November 13,2000) "The Woman Under Fire." Salon.
  41. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy#Ideology
  42. ^ http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/transcripts/121300/bush.html
  43. ^ Table 11 in Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida at http://www2.norc.org/fl/articles.asp --be warned that this document is over 50 mgs to download although it is only 14 pages long
  44. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A45950-2000Nov8?language=
  45. ^ http://archive.salon.com/comics/tomo/2000/11/13/tomo/index.html
  46. ^ [http://www.smartvoter.org/2000/11/07/ca/state/prop/39/ Proposition 39 School Facilities. 55% Local Vote. Bonds, Taxes Accountability Requirements.]
  47. ^ Secretary of the State of Connecticut, VOTE FOR PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT

Books

  • Brinkley, Douglas (2001). 36 Days: The Complete Chronicle of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis. Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-6850-3.
  • Steed, Robert P. (ed.), ed. (2002). The 2000 Presidential Election in the South: Partisanship and Southern Party Systems in the 21st Century. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  • de La Garza, Rodolfo O. (ed.), ed. (2004). Muted Voices: Latinos and the 2000 Elections. ISBN 0-7425-3590-8. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  • Abramson, Paul R. (2002). Change and Continuity in the 2000 Elections. ISBN 1-56802-740-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Bugliosi, Vincent (2001). The Betrayal of America: How the Supreme Court Undermined the Constitution and Chose Our President. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-355-X.
  • Corrado, Anthony (2001). Election of 2000: Reports and Interpretations. Chatham House Publishers. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Denton, Robert E., Jr. (2002). The 2000 Presidential Campaign: A Communication Perspective. Praeger.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Dershowitz, Alan M. (2001). Supreme Injustice: How the High Court Hijacked Election 2000. ISBN 0-19-514827-4.
  • Dover, E. D. (2002). Missed Opportunity: Gore, Incumbency, and Television in Election 2000. ISBN 0-275-97638-6.
  • Dougherty, John E. (2001). Election 2000: How the Military Vote Was Suppressed. ISBN 978-1589390652.
  • Gillman, H. (2001). The Votes That Counted: How the Court Decided the 2000 Presidential Election. ISBN 0-226-29408-0.
  • Jacobson, Arthur J. (2002). The Longest Night: Polemics and Perspectives on Election 2000. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Palast, Greg (2002). The Best Democracy Money Can Buy. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1846-0.
  • Posner, Richard A. (2001). Breaking the Deadlock: The 2000 Election, the Constitution, and the Courts. ISBN 0-691-09073-4.
  • Rakove, Jack N. (2002). The Unfinished Election of 2000. ISBN 0-465-06837-5.
  • Sabato, Larry J. (2001). Overtime! The Election 2000 Thriller. ISBN 0-321-10028-X.
  • Sammon, Bill (2001). At Any Cost: How Al Gore Tried to Steal the Election. Regnery Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-89526-227-4.

Journal articles

  • Miller, Arthur H. (2003). "The Role of Issues in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 33 (1): 101+. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Wattenberg, Martin P. (1999). "The Democrats' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency: An Analysis of Partisan Swings". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 29.
  • Wattier, Mark J. (2004). "The Clinton Factor: The Effects of Clinton's Personal Image in 2000 Presidential Primaries and in the General Election". White House Studies. 4.
  • Tribe, Laurence H.: Erog .v Hsub and its Disguises: Freeing Bush v. Gore From its Hall of Mirrors, 115 Harvard Law Review 170 (November 2001).

Papers

External links

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