2019 Venezuelan blackouts: Difference between revisions

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→‎Cause: Forbes: "the idea of a foreign nation state manipulating an adversary’s power grid to force a governmental transition is very real"
Undid revision 887797741 by Emijrp (talk) WP:CHERRYPICK, "Putting this all together, it is extremely likely that this past week’s blackout in Venezuela was the simple result of the country’s own infrastructure problems rather than a targeted cyber action by the United States designed to oust President Maduro"
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== Cause ==
== Cause ==
The administration of [[Nicolás Maduro]] blamed foreign US sabotage for the outage; [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]]-declared acting president [[Juan Guaidó]] said Maduro's administration had failed to maintain the electrical grid.<ref name= Cause/><ref name= CripplingBlackout>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/10/venezuela-blackout-day-four-maduro-fear-anger |title= A city of shadows': fear as Venezuela's crippling blackout enters day four |work= The Guardian |date= 10 March 2019 |accessdate= 13 March 2019 |author= Daniels, Joe Parkin; Patricia Torres and Tom Phillips}}</ref> According to ''The Guardian'', engineers and analysts say the cause is underfunding and mismanagement, including the deployment of soldiers to operate electrical substations instead of electricians.<ref name= Cause/> However, an article published in ''Forbes'' claimed that "the idea of a foreign nation state manipulating an adversary’s power grid to force a governmental transition is very real".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2019/03/09/could-venezuelas-power-outage-really-be-a-cyber-attack/|title=Could Venezuela's Power Outage Really Be A Cyber Attack?|work=Forbes|date=9 March 2019|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> A fault affected three large cables from the [[Guri Dam|Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Plant]], which supply 80% of Venezuela's power. One cable lost power between the Malena and San Gerónimo&nbsp;B substations on the main network, which caused the other two to also lose power.<ref name=Cause/>
The administration of [[Nicolás Maduro]] blamed foreign US sabotage for the outage; [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]]-declared acting president [[Juan Guaidó]] said Maduro's administration had failed to maintain the electrical grid.<ref name= Cause/><ref name= CripplingBlackout>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/10/venezuela-blackout-day-four-maduro-fear-anger |title= A city of shadows': fear as Venezuela's crippling blackout enters day four |work= The Guardian |date= 10 March 2019 |accessdate= 13 March 2019 |author= Daniels, Joe Parkin; Patricia Torres and Tom Phillips}}</ref> According to ''The Guardian'', engineers and analysts say the cause is underfunding and mismanagement, including the deployment of soldiers to operate electrical substations instead of electricians.<ref name= Cause/> A fault affected three large cables from the [[Guri Dam|Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Plant]], which supply 80% of Venezuela's power. One cable lost power between the Malena and San Gerónimo&nbsp;B substations on the main network, which caused the other two to also lose power.<ref name=Cause/>


Sources cited by the Corpoelec indicated a vegetation fire occurred on three lines of 765 &nbsp;kilowatts between the Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Power Plant in the [[Bolívar (state)|Bolívar]] state and the Malena and San Gerónimo&nbsp;B substations.<ref name=Expediente/> The fire overheated the lines, triggering load rejection mechanisms that protect the lines connected to the [[Guri Dam|Gurí Dam]].<ref name=Expediente/> According to the School of Electrical Engineering of the [[Central University of Venezuela]], the momentary loss of power at the Gurí Dam caused the turbines to increase their speed, creating an overload on electrical systems.<ref name=Origen>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/03/13/el-origen-de-la-falla-que-causo-el-mega-apagon-en-venezuela/|title=El origen de la falla que causó el mega apagón en Venezuela|work=[[La Patilla]]| date= 13 March 2019|language=es|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=Falla>{{Cite web|url=https://es.scribd.com/document/401835067/Origen-de-La-Falla-v2|title=Origen de la falla eléctrica en Venezuela|last=Molina Guzmán|first=Julio|date=12 March 2019|website=[[Central University of Venezuela]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> The university further stated that the safety control systems in Gurí were activated to reduce the increased energy input, but the system became uncontrollable and forced operators to disconnect the generators in the dam.<ref name=Origen/><ref name=Falla/> When the generators were disconnected, the electrical frequency could not be regulated and overloaded power plants located in [[Caruachi Dam|Caruachi]] and [[Macagua Dam|Macagua]].<ref name=Origen/><ref name=Falla/> Because [[Thermal power station|thermal power plants]] in Venezuela are not being operated due to the shortages of fuel provided by [[PDVSA]], fluctuations in electrical frequencies exacerbated the power grid and contributed to continued blackouts.<ref name= Falla/>
Sources cited by the Corpoelec indicated a vegetation fire occurred on three lines of 765 &nbsp;kilowatts between the Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Power Plant in the [[Bolívar (state)|Bolívar]] state and the Malena and San Gerónimo&nbsp;B substations.<ref name=Expediente/> The fire overheated the lines, triggering load rejection mechanisms that protect the lines connected to the [[Guri Dam|Gurí Dam]].<ref name=Expediente/> According to the School of Electrical Engineering of the [[Central University of Venezuela]], the momentary loss of power at the Gurí Dam caused the turbines to increase their speed, creating an overload on electrical systems.<ref name=Origen>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/03/13/el-origen-de-la-falla-que-causo-el-mega-apagon-en-venezuela/|title=El origen de la falla que causó el mega apagón en Venezuela|work=[[La Patilla]]| date= 13 March 2019|language=es|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=Falla>{{Cite web|url=https://es.scribd.com/document/401835067/Origen-de-La-Falla-v2|title=Origen de la falla eléctrica en Venezuela|last=Molina Guzmán|first=Julio|date=12 March 2019|website=[[Central University of Venezuela]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> The university further stated that the safety control systems in Gurí were activated to reduce the increased energy input, but the system became uncontrollable and forced operators to disconnect the generators in the dam.<ref name=Origen/><ref name=Falla/> When the generators were disconnected, the electrical frequency could not be regulated and overloaded power plants located in [[Caruachi Dam|Caruachi]] and [[Macagua Dam|Macagua]].<ref name=Origen/><ref name=Falla/> Because [[Thermal power station|thermal power plants]] in Venezuela are not being operated due to the shortages of fuel provided by [[PDVSA]], fluctuations in electrical frequencies exacerbated the power grid and contributed to continued blackouts.<ref name= Falla/>

Revision as of 22:25, 14 March 2019

A light map of Venezuela on the night of 7 March 2019 and of the 8 March 2019

A widespread electrical blackout in Venezuela began on 7 March 2019 at 4:56 pm local time (GMT-4).[1] The largest power outage in the history of Venezuela,[2] the blackout affected the electricity sector in Venezuela in most of its 23 states,[1][3] causing serious problems in hospitals and clinics, industry, transport and in water service.[4] On 12 March, power returned to some parts of the country, but Caracas remained only partially powered and western regions near the border with Colombia remained dark.[5] The blackout has yet to be fully resolved as of 14 March.[6]

History

Crisis in Venezuela
Causes
Effects
Events
Elections
Protests
Timeline
Armed violence
flag Venezuela portal
Further information: Energy crisis in Venezuela and Zulia energy collapse

Most of Venezuela's power comes from one of the largest hydroelectric dams in the world, Guri Dam in Bolívar State, Venezuela on the Caroni River; as of 2019, 70–80% of Venezuela's power comes from Guri.[2][7] Nonetheless, Venezuela has a history of electrical blackouts dating at least to 2010;[8] Juan Nagel wrote in Foreign Policy in 2016 that the problems resulted from "massive government corruption [...] and the country’s disastrous energy policies".[9] Univision also reported that the problems in the energy sector resulted from corruption and "lack of maintenance and investment".[8] A report from Transparency Venezuela said that maintenance was abandoned for twenty years beginning in 1998.[8] The aging infrastructure made the problems worse,[7] and critics were silenced; a union leader for state power workers was arrested in 2018 by the Bolivarian Intelligence Service for warning that a blackout was likely.[3]

According to The Wall Street Journal, "Venezuela's power grid was once the envy of Latin America"; the private Electricidad de Caracas, was owned by the United States' AES Corporation until 2007.[2] Then-President Hugo Chávez created the state-run Corpoelec (Corporación Eléctrica Nacional) by nationalizing the electric sector and expelling private industry in 2007;[8] hence, the state has been solely responsible for energy supply for over ten years.[9] Univision says he "admitted failures (...) such as the 'insufficient' availability of the thermoelectric generation plant and the limitations of the national electric power transmission network and distribution systems";[8] he signed a decree in 2010 declaring a "State of Emergency of the National Electric Service".[8] Chávez had Corpoelec speed up projects, and bypassing the process of public bidding for projects, he "authorized 'contracting by direct award'," which facilitated corruption.[8]

The Chávez administration "distributed million-dollar contracts without bidding that enriched high officials of his government and the works were never built", according to Univision.[8] The Wall Street Journal stated that the government awarded electrical contracts to companies with little experience in the energy sector.[2] Billions of dollars were awarded in contracts for projects that were never completed, leading to international investigations of "high officials of the Chavez regime today persecuted for plundering the coffers of the Bolivarian Republic".[8] Critics say that one company, Derwick Associates, was given projects although they had no previous experience; Derwick denies any bribes were involved.[2][8] Of 40 energy projects approved between 2010 and 2014 analyzed by Transparency Venezuela, 17 are not completed as of March 2019, none are operating at capacity, and overcharging by billions of dollars was identified.[8]

Further complicating the technical matters, the administration of Corpoelec was handed over to a Venezuelan National Guard Major General, Luis Motta Domínguez, who has admitted to a lack of experience in the energy industry.[8] Restarting a power grid requires specialist and equipment that may no longer be available in Venezuela,[7] as a result of a brain drain because thousands of workers have left the country.[10][11]

There were two major blackouts in 2013.[7] In 2016, Venezuela had a severe electricity crisis that caused blackouts, industry shutdowns, and the decision by then-President Nicolás Maduro to cut back on government employee's work hours.[9] Maduro's administration has put rationing in place several times, and changed the country's clocks to accommodate a daytime commute.[7] Nagel wrote in 2016, "... there are two main reasons for the crisis: excessive electricity consumption and insufficient production. And the root of both of these problems is bad governance: populism, poor planning, inflexible ideology, and overwhelming corruption."[9] And in 2017, there were more than 18,000 power outages nationwide.[10]

Attempts to explain the ongoing power failures, despite the billions of dollars spent, have led to public scorn and ridicule on social media;[8] in 2018, Motta Dominguez said on Instagrem, "Comrades! In some cases, faults in the electrical system are produced by animals such as: rats, mice, snakes, cats, squirrels, rabbets, turkey vultures, etc., that are looking for burrows, nests or hiding places, and are introduced into the system's equipment causing the failure."[8]

The blackout came in the midst of the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, that started when the National Assembly declared that Nicolás Maduro's 2018 reelection was invalid and the body declared its president, Juan Guaidó, to be acting president of the nation.

Cause

The administration of Nicolás Maduro blamed foreign US sabotage for the outage; National Assembly-declared acting president Juan Guaidó said Maduro's administration had failed to maintain the electrical grid.[3][12] According to The Guardian, engineers and analysts say the cause is underfunding and mismanagement, including the deployment of soldiers to operate electrical substations instead of electricians.[3] A fault affected three large cables from the Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Plant, which supply 80% of Venezuela's power. One cable lost power between the Malena and San Gerónimo B substations on the main network, which caused the other two to also lose power.[3]

Sources cited by the Corpoelec indicated a vegetation fire occurred on three lines of 765  kilowatts between the Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Power Plant in the Bolívar state and the Malena and San Gerónimo B substations.[13] The fire overheated the lines, triggering load rejection mechanisms that protect the lines connected to the Gurí Dam.[13] According to the School of Electrical Engineering of the Central University of Venezuela, the momentary loss of power at the Gurí Dam caused the turbines to increase their speed, creating an overload on electrical systems.[14][15] The university further stated that the safety control systems in Gurí were activated to reduce the increased energy input, but the system became uncontrollable and forced operators to disconnect the generators in the dam.[14][15] When the generators were disconnected, the electrical frequency could not be regulated and overloaded power plants located in Caruachi and Macagua.[14][15] Because thermal power plants in Venezuela are not being operated due to the shortages of fuel provided by PDVSA, fluctuations in electrical frequencies exacerbated the power grid and contributed to continued blackouts.[15]

Vegetation near power lines in Venezuela had not been pruned since 2018 – a particularly serious situation because of the dry season.[13] An expert in power generation systems José Aguilar, quoted by El Pitazo, indicated that these lines carry power from Gurí to the Yaracuy substation, passing first through the Malena, San Gerónimo and San Gerónimo B substations.[13] The engineer Miguel Lara, ex-manager of the Office of Planning of the Interconnected System, also quoted by El Pitazo, declared the thermal plants did not start and that the rapid response generation plants did not work, so the electric service during the blackout was restored only in some areas.[13]

The experts cited rejected the theory that the blackout was caused by sabotage, since the area of the Gurí Dam is heavily guarded by members of the Armed Forces, where it operates a special command and the internal security of Corpolec.[13] They pointed out that Gurí was constructed before the Internet existed, does not use the Internet, hence does not allow for hacking.[13] A risk management consultant cited by El Nacional dismissed the statement by government officials and assured that the design of the hydroelectric plant system does not allow "attacks" of that type. He said, "These systems can not be attacked remotely. They are closed control systems designed for generating turbines to work synchronously," and that that would be "like hacking a refrigerator or a blender."[13]

Effects

Food and water

Refrigerated food products were damaged.[16]

Due to the lack of electricity, the water distribution system also had shortages. According to the former president of Hidrocapital, José María de Viana, "the most important population centers in the country [had] zero water supply for more than four days. Not a single drop of new water has been entering Caracas since Thursday, 7 March."[17] In Caracas, beginning 11 March, hundreds of people were taking water from the Guaire River, a tributary that receives wastewater from the city,[18] with others trying to catch water from the city's sewer drains.[19] Hundreds of people lined up at the foot of El Ávila hill to collect water from its streams.[20] Long lines were reported in the state of Carabobo to buy water, ice and fuel,[21] while in the state of Lara people bathed in the sewers.[22]

Telecommunications

An explosion occurred at an unidentified power station in the state of Bolívar on 9 March, causing additional, concurrent outages that disabled 96%[23] of Venezuela's telecommunications infrastructure.[24]

Cash shortage

Shortages of the Venezuelan bolívar have been aggravated by the blackout. During the first days of the blackout the use of payment cards was not possible, as electricity and internet were not available, and some banks were closed. This problem, with the scarcity of cash, pushed some shops to accept only foreign currency, mostly the US dollar, which is illegal in Venezuela.[25]

Aluminum industry

Because of the blackout, equipment used to make aluminum at the state-run Venalum, a subsidiary of Corporación Venezolana de Guayana, was damaged and the entire industry shut down.[2]

Protests

Anti-Maduro protests in Caracas and other cities were held on 9 March despite that the Caracas Metro was closed and the lack of social media . The rally leaded by Juan Guaidó, took place near the presidential palace in Miraflores, The Washington Post labeled the manifestation as 'unusual' as it was held in a sector usually associated with Maduro supporters. Heavy police presence blocked the streets with anti-riot shields.[26]

Deaths

As of 13 March, there have been at least 43 deaths.[27] At least 26 were as a direct result of a prolonged loss of electricity,[3] though doctor Julio Castro clarified that this was based on on the records of 40 primary medical centers, and the number is certainly higher.[28]

The Coalition of Organizations for the Right to Health and Life (Codevida) denounced that 15 patients on renal dialysis died because these services were unavailable.[28] El Pitazo reported that six deaths were registered in the hospital of Acarigua-Araure, in Portuguesa, two of which were direct results of blackout. The hospital was not able to work at full capacity because of fuel shortages.[29] Efecto Cocuyo reported that an 86-year-old man fell and died after fracturing his skull in Lara.[30]

Looting

During the night of 9 March and the early morning of 10 March, there was looting at Avenida San Martín in Caracas; locals tried to drive away the looters. Later that night, tanks of the Bolivarian National Police (PNB) traveled through the area without stopping the attempted looting. At 1:30 in the morning, two tanks arrived in the area and fired tear gas bombs at the looters then remained to guard the area.[31] In the early hours, people were looting a supermarket in La Florida, mostly taking liquor and personal hygiene items. A worker at the store said that they found leftover candles, which were presumably used to find entrance to the building.[32] On 10 March, another group tried to loot the supermarket at the La Pirámide shopping center in Baruta Municipality. National Police officers arested at least 50 people.[33]

According to Fedecámaras, in only two days, more than 350 stores were looted in the state of Zulia.[34] Ricardo Acosta, second vice president of the region, said that the crisis and lootings continue,[clarification needed] adding that the authorities either respond late or ignore the lootings in many cases, and have withdrawn from most places except one area in the west of Maracaibo, where around 400 people tried to loot until soldiers of the Venezuelan National Guard (GNB) arrived.[34] Hundreds of buildings were looted in the city, not only because of a lack of electricity but also a lack of supply of gasoline and drinking water; the Delicias Norte shopping center was affected by 70 %,[clarification needed] that in Centro Sambil 30 stores were looted, and that the Curva de Molina sector was completely destroyed. At a bakery in the center of the city a group of people threw a tear gas bomb before looting.[35]

Businesses in Barcelona, Anzoátegui were looted on 11 March and 29 people were arrested.[36]

Investigation and arrests

Maduro's Prosecutor General Tarek William Saab announced an investigation of Guaidó for sabotage.[37]

Between the night of 11 March and the morning of 12 March, SEBIN agents arrested and raided the house in Caracas of journalist Luis Carlos Díaz, and transferred him to El Helicoide,[38] accusing him of instigating the blackout.[39] He was released after a hearing, and was charged with "instigation to commit a crime", was obligated to appear before the courts every eight days, and was prohibited from leaving the country, making declarations to the media or participating in public demonstrations.[40]

Reactions

The Lima Group held Maduro entirely responsible for the outage.[41] Declaring that the Group stands in solidarity with "the Venezuelan people [who] have been suffering for years", the Group issued a statement saying the "situation only confirms the existence and magnitude of the humanitarian crisis that the Maduro regime refuses to recognize."[41] The statement said, "Only a legitimate government that emerged from free and democratic elections can carry out the reconstruction of the institutions, infrastructure and economy of the country that Venezuelans need to recover their dignity, the exercise of civic freedoms and the respect of their human rights."[41]

China offered to help restore the electrical system.[42] A spokesperson for the Chinese Foreign Ministry said they hoped the cause could be found quickly; without further detail, he said that China had received reports that the power grid had gone down due to a hacking attack and that "China is willing to provide help and technical support to restore Venezuela’s power grid."[42]

References

  1. ^ a b Rodríguez Rosas, Ronny (9 March 2019). "A Motta Domínguez se le cumplió el plazo y no cumplió" [Motta Domínguez's deadline was met and he did not comply]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Dube, Ryan and Maolis Castro (8 March 2019). "Venezuela Blackout Plunges Millions Into Darkness; Maduro, without evidence, blames sabotage by local opponents and the U.S. for power outage". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 March 2019. One company, Derwick Associates, formed by a number of well connected young businessmen with scant experience in the power business, received about $1.8 billion in contracts from Venezuelan state companies to buy and install turbines, paying a U.S. company about $1 billion to do the work. Derwick officials said they paid no bribes to any Venezuelan officials and the prices charged by the company reflected the high costs of doing business in Venezuela.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Jones, Sam (13 March 2019). "Venezuela blackout: what caused it and what happens next?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  4. ^ "En el tercer día de apagón en Venezuela, reportan que murieron 17 pacientes por falta de diálisis" [On the third day of the blackout in Venezuela, it is reported that 17 patients died due to lack of dialysis]. Infobae (in Spanish). 9 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  5. ^ "Venezuela, blaming U.S. for six-day blackout, orders diplomats to leave". reuters.com. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  6. ^ Sánchez, Maria Isabel; Burleigh, Marc (13 March 2019). "Venezuela calls public sector back to work as blackout recedes". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e Newman, Lily Hay (12 March 2019). "Why it's so hard to restart Venezuela's power grid". Wired. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Peñaloza, Pedro Pablo (10 March 2019). "Más de una década de corrupción e improvisación dejan a Venezuela a oscuras" [More than a decade of corruption and improvisation leave Venezuela in the dark]. Univision (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d Nagel, Juan Cristóbal (1 April 2016). "In Venezuela, the Lights Are Going Out". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 March 2019. U.S. and Swiss authorities launched probes into Derwick Associates, a Venezuelan firm that builds power plants for the government. No criminal charges have yet been filed, but the firm is being investigated for laundering money and paying bribes to the state-owned oil giant, PDVSA, using international financial institutions. Venezuelan investigative journalists and bloggers have been on Dewick's case, finding more examples of bad behavior. They claim that its contracts were overpriced and awarded without public tender, and that the firm passed off used power plants as brand new. Derwick denies all these allegations, claiming that it is being subjected to a "witch hunt." Derwick is just one firm, but the saga appears to confirm that much of what ails Venezuela's electricity sector has to do with massive government corruption. It would be simplistic to say that corruption is the only problem, however. In addition to tackling corruption, sorting out this mess for good would involve undoing the country's disastrous energy policies – privatizing electricity generation and raising prices.
  10. ^ a b Rendon, Moises (14 March 2019). "Venezuela's man-made power outage". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  11. ^ Sequera, Vivian and Brian Ellsworth (8 March 2019). "WrapUp: Venezuela crippled by power blackout, China warns over foreign meddling". CNBN. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  12. ^ Daniels, Joe Parkin; Patricia Torres and Tom Phillips (10 March 2019). "A city of shadows': fear as Venezuela's crippling blackout enters day four". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Brassesco, Javier and Fernando Nunez-Noda. "Expediente: Las causas del apagón en Venezuela" [File: The causes of the blackout in Venezuela]. Verifikado (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  14. ^ a b c "El origen de la falla que causó el mega apagón en Venezuela". La Patilla (in Spanish). 13 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  15. ^ a b c d Molina Guzmán, Julio (12 March 2019). "Origen de la falla eléctrica en Venezuela". Central University of Venezuela. Retrieved 14 March 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  16. ^ Daniels, Joe Parkin and Patricia Torres (12 March 2019). "'We call it survival': Venezuelans improvise solutions as blackout continues". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  17. ^ Rojas, Indira (12 March 2019). "José María de Viana: El Sistema Tuy en Caracas necesita 600 megavatios de potencia para funcionar de nuevo" [José María de Viana: The Tuy System in Caracas needs 600 megawatts of power to function again]. Prodavinci (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  18. ^ "Desesperados, los venezolanos recogen agua del río Guaire, "la cloaca" de Caracas" [Desperate, Venezuelans collect water from the Guaire River, "the sewer" of Caracas]. El Comercio (in Spanish). 11 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  19. ^ "In pictures: Seeking water amid power cut". BBC. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  20. ^ Lares Martiz, Valentín (11 March 2019). "Venezolanos, en medio de una búsqueda desesperada por agua y comida" [Venezuelans, in the midst of a desperate search for water and food]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  21. ^ Romero, Tibisay (10 March 2019). "Valencia sigue sin luz y con largas colas por agua y gasolina" [Valencia still without light and with long queues for water and gasoline]. El Estímulo (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  22. ^ "Ciudadanos se bañan en alcantarillas por falta de luz y agua en Lara" [Citizens bathe in sewers due to lack of light and water in Lara]. El Nacional (in Spanish). 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  23. ^ "Second national power outage detected across Venezuela". netblocks.org. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  24. ^ Torchia, Christopher (9 March 2019). "More blackouts hit Venezuela as opposition, government rally". AP News. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  25. ^ Armas, Mayela and Maria Ramirez (13 March 2019). "¿Y los bolívares? monedas extranjeras son primera opción en Venezuela durante emergencia" [And the bolivars? foreign currencies are first option in Venezuela during emergency]. Reuters (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  26. ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth (9 March 2019). "Anti-Maduro demonstrators jam Venezuelan streets despite blackouts". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  27. ^ Arroyo, Lorena (12 March 2019). "Denuncian ONGs: apagón deja al menos 43 pacientes muertos en Venezuela" [NGOs denounce: blackout leaves at least 43 patients dead in Venezuela]. Univisión. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  28. ^ a b "Aumentan a 21 los muertos en los hospitales de Venezuela por el masivo apagón". Infobae. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  29. ^ Moro Colmenárez, Mariangel (9 March 2019). "Seis personas fallecieron durante apagón en hospital de Acarigua-Araure". El Pitazo. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  30. ^ Pineda Sleinan, Julett (11 March 2019). "Hombre de 86 años murió por fractura de cráneo tras caerse durante el mega apagón en Lara". Efecto Cocuyo. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  31. ^ "Vecinos de San Martín en Caracas intentaron espantar a saqueadores en medio del apagón". Tal Cual Digital. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  32. ^ "Saquearon supermercado de La Florida durante la madrugada de este sábado". El Nacional. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  33. ^ "PNB detuvo a decenas personas por saqueo en supermercado en Baruta". El Nacional. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  34. ^ a b Meza, José Gregorio (12 March 2019). "En 2 días saquearon más de 350 locales comerciales en el Zulia". El Nacional. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  35. ^ Fuentes, Lysaura (10 March 2019). "Lanzaron lacrimógena y saquearon panadería en el centro de Maracaibo". El Cooperante. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  36. ^ Camacho, José (11 March 2019). "Saqueos y 29 detenidos dejaron las más de 60 horas sin electricidad en Anzoátegui". Crónica Uno. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  37. ^ Phillips, Tom (12 March 2019). "Guaidó under investigation for sabotage of power grid". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  38. ^ "Detenido en Caracas el periodista hispanovenezolano Luis Carlos Díaz" [Spanish-Venezuelan journalist Luis Carlos Díaz detained in Caracas]. Europa Press (in Spanish). 12 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  39. ^ Lafuente, Javier (12 March 2019). "Detenido un periodista hispanovenezolano crítico con Maduro acusado de instigar un supuesto sabotaje a la red eléctrica" [A Spanish-Venezuelan journalist critical of Maduro is arrested accused of instigating an alleged sabotage to the electricity grid]. El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  40. ^ "Liberan al periodista hispanovenezolano Luis Carlos Díaz, aunque queda mudo en el país" [The Spanish-Venezuelan journalist Luis Carlos Díaz is released, although he remains speechless in the country]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 13 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  41. ^ a b c "Grupo de Lima responsabiliza 'exclusivamente a Maduro' del colapso del sistema eléctrico" [Lima Group blames 'Maduro exclusively' for the collapse of the electrical system]. Sumarium. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  42. ^ a b "China offer help to Venezuela to restore power". Reuters. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
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