Armenian genocide recognition

Catholicos Karekin II and Archbishop Rowan Williams at the Armenian Genocide monument in Yerevan

Armenian Genocide recognition refers to the formal acceptance that the massacre and forced deportation of Armenians committed by the Ottoman Empire in 1915–1923 constitutes genocide. The overwhelming majority of historians as well as academic institutions on Holocaust and Genocide Studies recognize the Armenian Genocide. As of 2011, the governments of twenty-one countries, including Russia, France, as well as forty-three states of the United States of America, have recognized the events as 'genocide'. Turkey and Azerbaijan deny the Armenian genocide.

International organizations

International organizations officially recognising the Armenian Genocide include:

• European Parliament (1987, 2000, 2002, 2005)
• Council of Europe
• World Council of Churches
• Human Rights Association (Turkey)
• European Alliance of YMCAs
• Permanent Peoples' Tribunal
• Mercosur

Permanent Peoples' Tribunal

In 1984 the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal made a verdict that the Armenian genocide is "an 'international crime' for which the Turkish state must assume responsibility", and that the United Nations and each of its members "have the right to demand this recognition and to assist the Armenian people to that end".

United Nations

In 1985 the now-defunct United Nations subsidiary body and think-tank, the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, took note and thanked the Special Rapporteur, Benjamin Whitaker, for producing his report called the Revised and Updated Report on the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Whitaker Report). The report was controversial for several reasons, including the contents of paragraph 24, which listed some genocides in the 20th century, of which "the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915-1916" was one. An earlier report, issued in 1973, to the Sub-Commission called The Study on the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ruhashyankiko Report) had contained a similar allegation, which had been retracted in the final version under pressure from Turkey. Due to disagreements over its content by the members of the Sub-Commission, the Whitaker Report, unlike the Ruhashyankiko Report, was not forwarded to the United Nations Human Rights Commission for approval and wide dissemination.

Union for Reform Judaism

On November 7, 1989 the Union for Reform Judaism passed a resolution on recognition of Armenian Genocide.

International Association of Genocide Scholars

In 1997 the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) passed a resolution unanimously recognizing the Ottoman massacres of Armenians as genocide.

That this assembly of the Association of Genocide Scholars in its conference held in Montreal, June 11–13, 1997, reaffirms that the mass murder of over a million Armenians in Turkey in 1915 is a case of genocide which conforms to the statutes of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. It further condemns the denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish government and its official and unofficial agents and supporters.

— Among the prominent scholars who supported the resolution were: Roger W. Smith (College of William & Mary; President of AGS); Israel Charny (Hebrew University, Jerusalem); Helen Fein (Past President AGS); Frank Chalk (Concordia University, Montreal); Ben Kiernan (Yale University); Anthony Oberschall (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill); Mark Levene (Warwick University, UK); Rhoda Howard (McMaster University, Canada), Michael Freeman (Essex University, UK), Gunnar Heinsohn (Bremen University, Germany)

The IAGS has recognized the 1915 genocide in three different resolutions, the latest (October 5, 2007) extending the recognition to also include the Assyrians, Syrians, and Anatolian and Pontic Greeks among the affected minorities:

WHEREAS the denial of genocide is widely recognised as the final stage of genocide, enshrining impunity for the perpetrators of genocide, and demonstrably paving the way for future genocides;

WHEREAS the Ottoman genocide against minority populations during and following the First World War is usually depicted as a genocide against Armenians alone, with little recognition of the qualitatively similar genocides against other Christian minorities of the Ottoman Empire;

BE IT RESOLVED that it is the conviction of the International Association of Genocide Scholars that the Ottoman campaign against Christian minorities of the Empire between 1914 and 1923 constituted a genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, and Pontian and Anatolian Greeks.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Association calls upon the government of Turkey to acknowledge the genocides against these populations, to issue a formal apology, and to take prompt and meaningful steps toward restitution.

The IAGS has repeatedly asserted that the Ottoman massacres of Armenians as genocide. For example, on March 7, 2009, in an open letter to President Obama, Gregory Stanton, President IAGS stated "we urge you to 'refer to the mass slaughter of Armenians as genocide in your commemorative statement,' as you urged President George W. Bush to do in a letter dated March 18, 2005".

In February 2002 an independent legal opinion commissioned by the International Center for Transitional Justice, concluded that the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915–1918 "include[d] all of the elements of the crime of genocide as defined in the [Genocide] Convention, and legal scholars as well as historians, politicians, journalists and other people would be justified in continuing to so describe them". From page 2 of the report:

This memorandum was drafted by independent legal counsel based on a request made to the International Center for Transitional Justice ("ICTJ"), on the basis of the Memorandum of Understanding ("MoU") entered into by The Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission ("TARC") on July 12, 2002 and presentations by members of TARC on September 10, 2002.

From page 18, D. Conclusion:

... Because the other three elements identified above have been definitively established, the Events, viewed collectively, can thus be said to include all of the elements of the crime of genocide as defined in the Convention, and legal scholars as well as historians, politicians, journalists and other people would be justified in continuing to so describe them.

In 2007, the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity wrote a letter signed by 53 Nobel Laureates re-affirming the Genocide Scholars' conclusion that the 1915 killings of Armenians constituted genocide. Wiesel's organization also asserted that Turkish acknowledgement of the Armenian Genocide would create no legal "basis for reparations or territorial claims", anticipating Turkish anxieties that it could prompt financial or territorial claims.

In 2007, the Anti-Defamation League declared that the killing of Armenians (which it had always previously described as an "atrocity") was tantamount to genocide.

Parliaments and governments

  Countries which officially recognize the events as genocide.

  Countries where certain political parties, provinces and/or municipalities have recognized the events as genocide, independently from the government as a whole.

Countries

On May 24, 1915, during World War I, the Allied Powers (Great Britain, France and Russia) jointly issued a statement in which they said that for approximately a month, the Kurd and Turkish populations of Armenia had been massacring Armenians, with the connivance and often assistance of Ottoman authorities, and that the Allied Powers would hold personally responsible for crimes against humanity all officers of the Ottoman Government implicated in such crimes.

In recent years, parliaments of several countries have formally recognized the event as genocide. Turkish entry talks with the European Union were met with a number of calls to consider the event as genocide, though it never became a precondition.

As of 2013, 21 states have officially recognized the historical events as genocide.

Sovereign nations officially recognizing the Armenian Genocide include:

Country	Year(s) of recognition	Notes
Argentina	2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
Armenian SSR/Armenia	1988
Belgium	1998
Canada	1996, 2002, 2004
Chile	2007
Cyprus	1975, 1982, 1990
France	1998, 2001
Germany	2004
Greece	1999
Italy	2000
Lithuania	2005
Lebanon	1997, 2000
Netherlands	2004
Poland	2005
Russia	1995, 2005
Slovakia	2004
Sweden	2010
Switzerland	2003
Uruguay	1965, 2004	The first country to recognize the events as 'genocide'.
Holy See	2000
Venezuela	2005

On June 15, 2005 the German Bundestag passed a resolution recognizing the expulsion and massacre of the Armenians in 1915 and called upon Turkey to acknowledge its "historical responsibility", but avoided using the word genocide, while it notes that “many independent historians, as well as parliaments of many countries and international organizations call events of 1915 a genocide”.

Regional governments

Regions or provinces recognising the Armenian Genocide include:

Spain

Parliaments of the three regions recognized the Armenian Genocide:

• Basque Country
• Catalonia
• Balearic Islands

United Kingdom

• Wales
• Scotland
• Northern Ireland

Australia

• New South Wales: In 2007 the Parliament of the State of New South Wales passed a motion condemning the genocide and called on the Australian Federal Government to do the same,
• South Australia: In March 2009 the Parliament of South Australia passed a similar motion to that passed in New South Wales in 2007.

Syria

• Aleppo: The city council of Aleppo recognized the Armenian Genocide
• Deir ez-zor: The city council recognized the events as genocide

Iran

• Tehran: The Tehran regional government recognized the Armenian Genocide

Brazil

• São Paulo: the State Assembly recognized and commemorated the genocide in 2003.
• Ceará: the Legislative Council of State of Ceará recognized the Armenian Genocide in 2006
• Paraná: the Legislative Council of the State of Paraná recognized and commemorated the Armenian Genocide in 2013

Other

• Crimea, Ukraine: The Supreme Council of Crimea recognized the Armenian Genocide.

• Quebec, Canada: First, in 2001, the Canadian province of Quebec independently of its federal government, then, in 2004, the government of Canada itself recognized the Armenian Genocide.

• Quindío, Colombia: The department's current capital city, formerly named "Viila Holguín" at its foundation act in 1889, was after renamed as Armenia as tribute to the genocide victims.

• United States: 43 U.S. states have recognized the Armenian Genocide; as of May 2011 this includes every state in the Union with the exception of Alabama, Mississippi, West Virginia, Indiana, Iowa, Wyoming, and South Dakota.

Position of Turkey

The Turkish government denies that the Armenian Genocide happened.

In December 2008, a group of Turkish intellectuals launched an online petition for people who want to apologize in a personal capacity. The writers of the petition used the word "the Great Catastrophe" regarding the events. The petition (Turkish for "We apologize"), gained upwards of 10,000 signatures in a matter of days. In the face of a backlash, the Turkish president defended the petition, citing freedom of speech. An opposition group soon launched a Web site raising an even higher number of signatures. The Prime Minister sided with the opposition, and a national debate ensued.

Since the "I Apologize" campaign in 2008, every year on April 24, commemoration ceremonies for the genocide are held in several Turkish cities. They started at Taksim Square of Istanbul in 2008, mainly a result of the nationwide discussion that came after the Assassination of Hrant Dink and then spread to Ankara, Diyarbakır, İzmir, Malatya, and Mersin in the following years. The commemorations draw increasing support each year.

Position of the United States

United States' several official documents describe the events as "genocide" (1975, 1984, 1996), President Ronald Reagan also described the events as "genocide" in his speech on April 22, 1981. Also, 43 of the 50 U.S. states have made individual proclamations recognising the events of 1915 to 1923 as genocide. As of March 4, 2010, the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs has recognized the massacres of 1915 as "genocide".

The Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) and the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA), an advocacy organization representing the views and values of the Armenian American community in the United States, have been urging Congress and the President of the United States to recognize the genocide by Ottoman Turkey in 1915. They have also asked for an increase of economic aid to Armenia.

The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs approved HR 106, a bill that categorized and condemned the Ottoman Empire for the Genocide, on October 10, 2007, by a 27–21 vote. However, some of the support for the bill from both Democrats and Republicans eroded after the White House warned against the possibility of Turkey restricting airspace as well as ground-route access for U.S. military and humanitarian efforts in Iraq in response to the bill. In response to the House Foreign Affairs Committee's decision on the bill, Turkey ordered their ambassador to the United States to return to Turkey for "consultations". The Turkish lobby worked intensely to block the bill's passage.

Barack Obama's position

Further information: Foreign policy of the Obama administration

On January 19, 2008 U.S. Senator Barack Obama released a statement: "Two years ago, I criticized the Secretary of State for the firing of U.S. Ambassador to Armenia, John Evans, after he properly used the term 'genocide' to describe Turkey's slaughter of thousands of Armenians starting in 1915. I shared with Secretary Rice my firmly held conviction that the Armenian Genocide is not an allegation, a personal opinion, or a point of view, but rather a widely documented fact supported by an overwhelming body of historical evidence. The facts are undeniable. An official policy that calls on diplomats to distort the historical facts is an untenable policy. As a senator, I strongly support passage of the Armenian Genocide Resolution (H.Res.106 and S.Res.106), and as President I will recognize the Armenian Genocide".

Since becoming president he has retreated from those statements, stating only that his opinion has not changed but refusing to use the word genocide. Despite his previous public recognition and support of genocide bills, as well as the election campaign promises to formally recognize the Armenian Genocide, Obama has thus far, abstained from using the term "genocide". On April 24, 2009, he states as president:

I have consistently stated my own view of what occurred in 1915, and my view of that history has not changed. My interest remains the achievement of a full, frank and just acknowledgment of the facts.

On April 24 commemoration speeches, Obama referred only to the Armenian synonym Metz Eghern ("Mec Eġeṙn"). On April 24, 2010 Obama stated:

On this solemn day of remembrance, we pause to recall that ninety-five years ago one of the worst atrocities of the 20th century began. In that dark moment of history, 1.5 million Armenians were massacred or marched to their death in the final days of the Ottoman Empire. Today is a day to reflect upon and draw lessons from these terrible events. I have consistently stated my own view of what occurred in 1915, and my view of that history has not changed. It is in all of our interest to see the achievement a full, frank and just acknowledgment of the facts. The Meds Yeghern is a devastating chapter in the history of the Armenian people, and we must keep its memory alive in honor of those who were murdered and so that we do not repeat the grave mistakes of the past.

Kurdish position

Further information: Kurdish recognition of the Armenian genocide

There is also a movement calling for Kurdish recognition of the killings as genocide. Some Kurdish tribes played a role in the genocide as they were an important tool used by the Ottoman authorities to carry out the killings. Many modern Kurds,including major Kurdish parties like PKK, acknowledge the killings and apologize in the name of their ancestors who committed atrocities toward Armenians and Assyrians in the name of the Ottoman Empire.

Position of France

France has formally recognized the Armenian massacres as genocide.

In 2006, the French Parliament submitted a bill to create a law that would punish any person denying the Armenian genocide with up to five years' imprisonment and a fine of €45,000. Despite Turkish protests, the French National Assembly adopted a bill making it a crime to deny that Armenians suffered genocide in 1915 at the hands of the Ottoman Turks. The bill had been criticized as an attempt to garner votes from among the 600,000 ethnic Armenians of France. This criticism has come not only from within Turkey, but also from independent sources, such as Orhan Pamuk, Hrant Dink, former French President Jacques Chirac and U.S. diplomat Daniel Fried. However, the bill was dropped in the summer of 2011 before coming to the Senate.

Since then, France has urged Turkey to recognize the 1915 massacre genocide.

The French Senate passed a bill in 2011 that criminalizes denial of acknowledged genocides, which includes both the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide. The bill was submitted by the parliament in 2012. However, the bill was considered unconstitutional on February 28, 2012 by the French Constitutional Court: “The council rules that by punishing anyone contesting the existence of... crimes that lawmakers themselves recognized or qualified as such, lawmakers committed an unconstitutional attack on freedom of expression”.

Position of the United Kingdom

Armenian memorial unveiled in Cardiff in 2007.

Three of the four countries of the United Kingdom - Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland - have formally recognised the Armenian genocide. However the position of the Westminster government is that it condemns the massacres, but did not find them qualified enough under 1948 UN Convention on Genocide to call them genocide and did not believe the UN Convention rules could be applied retroactively. In 2000, an Early Day Motion recognising the Armenian Genocide by the UK Parliament was signed by 185 MPs.

In 2009 the lawyer Geoffrey Robertson QC revealed in a disclosure of Foreign Office documents entitled "Was there an Armenian Genocide?", how the British Parliament has routinely been misinformed and misled by ministers who have recited FCO briefs without questioning their accuracy. A 1999 Foreign Office briefing for ministers said that the recognition of the Armenian Genocide would provide no practical benefit to the UK and goes on to say that "The current line is the only feasible option" owing to "the importance of our relations (political, strategic and commercial) with Turkey". The Foreign Office documents furthermore include advice from 1995 to the then Tory foreign minister, Douglas Hogg, that he should refuse to attend a memorial service for the victims of the genocide.

Position of Israel

Officially Israel does not recognize nor deny the Armenian Genocide. Some MK's feel that recognition of a genocide would jeopardize Israeli-Azerbaijan and Israeli-Turkish relations, but to them Reuven Rivlin (Speaker of the Knesset 2009-2013, of rightwing Likud party) has said, “Turkey is and will be an ally of Israel. The talks with Turkey are understandable and even necessary from a strategic and diplomatic perspective. But those circumstances cannot justify the Knesset ignoring the tragedy of another people,” and Ayelet Shaked (of far-right Habayit Hayehudi party) said: “We must confront our silence and that of the world in the face of such horrors." The mainstream left, currently holding the minority of Knesset seats, largely concurs. In 2008, Josef Shagal, former MK from a different far-right party, Yisrael Beiteinu ('Israel Our Home'), in an interview to Azerbaijan media, stated: "I find it is deeply offensive, and even blasphemous to compare the Holocaust of European Jewry during the Second World War with the mass extermination of the Armenian people during the First World War. Jews were killed because they were Jews, but Armenians provoked Turkey and should blame themselves."

Israel moved closer to officially recognizing the genocide in 2011 when the Knesset held its first open discussion on the matter. By a unanimous vote of 20–0, Israel's Parliament in Jerusalem approved referring the subject to the Education Committee for more extensive deliberation. Israel's Speaker of Knesset told an Israel-based Armenian action committee that he intends to introduce an annual parliamentary session to mark the Armenian Genocide. A special parliamentary session held by the Knesset in 2012 to determine if Israel will recognize the Armenian genocide ended inconclusively. Speaker of the Knesset Reuven Rivlin and Cabinet Minister Gilad Erdan were among those supporting formal recognition by the government.

Position of other countries

The Armenian Heritage Park in downtown Boston

Armenian genocide monument in Larnaca, Cyprus. Cyprus was among the first countries to recognize the genocide.

Azerbaijan, who are in deep strategic alliance with Turkey and in a state of war against Armenia, shares the position of Turkey. The Ukrainian town Izyum recognized the killings as genocide on New Year's Eve 2009 but after lobbying by the Azerbaijani community of Crimea, their City Council canceled that decision on April 1, 2010. This is the first case in the world when the decision on a recognition was cancelled.

Denmark believes that the genocide recognition should be discussed by historians, not politicians.

There was a move by activists in Bulgaria to acknowledge the genocide, but it was voted down. Shortly after the decision of the parliament, several of the biggest municipalities in Bulgaria accepted a resolution recognising the genocide. The resolution was first passed in Plovdiv followed by Burgas, Ruse, Stara Zagora, Pazardzhik and others.

Activities of Armenian diaspora to recognize the genocide

Two main organisations of Armenian American lobby: the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) and the Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) have as one of their main lobbying agenda the pressing of Congress and the President of the United States for recognition of Armenian genocide. Moreover the ANC's chapters around the world claim success in lobbying the governments of France, Italy, the EU, the European parliament, Great Britain, Greece, Belgium, Lebanon, Russia, the UN, Cyprus, Canada, and Argentina to recognize the Genocide.

In 1970s and early 1980s the militant movement among Armenians rose. The goal of Armenian militants was to agitate for Turkish and international recognition of the Armenian Genocide. Attacks were committed in Europe, Asia and America. Two main organizations were the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) and the Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA).

Developments since 2000

On March 29, 2000 the Swedish parliament approved a report, recognizing the Armenian Genocide and calling for Turkey's greater openness and an "unbiased independent and international research on the genocide committed against the Armenian people". On June 12, 2008, the Swedish parliament, with a vote 245 to 37 (1 abstain, 66 absent), rejected a call for recognition of the 1915 genocide of the Ottoman Empire. On June 11, a long debate took place in the Swedish Parliament in regard to the Foreign Committee report on Human Rights, including five motions calling upon the Swedish Government and Parliament to officially recognize the genocide. The MPs adhered to the recommendation by the Swedish Foreign Ministry and Foreign Committee, arguing that there are "disagreements among scholars" in regard to the nature of the World War I events in Turkey, the non-retroactive nature of the UN Genocide Convention, and that the issue "should be left to historian". However, the Foreign Committee report stated that "the Committee understands that what happened to Armenians, Assyrians/Syrians and Chaldeans during the Ottoman Empire's reign would probably be regarded as genocide according to the 1948 convention, if it had been in power at the time of the event". Three days prior to the debate in the Parliament, a petition, signed by over 60 renowned genocide scholars was published, calling on politicians in general, and the Swedish parliamentarians in specific, not to abuse the name of science in denying a historic fact. On March 11, 2010, the Swedish parliament recognized the genocide.

On September 9, 2004, then-President Mohammad Khatami of Iran visited the Armenian Genocide Memorial at Tsitsernakaberd in Yerevan.

On June 15, 2005 the German Bundestag passed a resolution that "honors and commemorates the victims of violence, murder and expulsion among the Armenian people before and during the First World War". The German resolution also states:

The German parliament deplores the acts of the Government of the Ottoman Empire regarding the almost complete destruction of Armenians in Anatolia and also the inglorious role of the German Reich in the face of the organized expulsion and extermination of Armenians which it did not try to stop. Women, children and elderly were from February 1915 sent on death marches towards the Syrian desert.

The expressions "organized expulsion and extermination" resulting in the "almost complete destruction of Armenians" is sufficient in any language to amount to formal recognition of the Armenian Genocide, although of course the crime of 'genocide' had not been legally defined in 1915. The Resolution also contains an apology for German responsibility as a then ally of Turkey.

On May 10, 2006, the Bulgarian Government rejected a bill on recognition of the Armenian Genocide. This came after Emel Etem Toshkova, the Deputy Prime Minister of Bulgaria and one of the leaders of the MRF, the main Turkish party in Bulgaria, declared that her party would walk out of the coalition government if the bill was passed. The bill itself was brought forward by the nationalist Ataka party.

On September 4, 2006, Members of the European Parliament voted for the inclusion of a clause prompting Turkey "to recognize the Armenian genocide as a condition for its EU accession" in a highly critical report, which was adopted by a broad majority in the foreign relations committee of the European Parliament. This requirement was later dropped on September 27, 2006 by the general assembly of the European Parliament by 429 votes in favor to 71 against, with 125 abstentions. In dropping the pre-condition of acceptance of the Armenian genocide, (which could not be legally demanded of Turkey), The European Parliament said: “MEPs nevertheless stress that, although the recognition of the Armenian genocide as such is formally not one of the Copenhagen criteria, it is indispensable for a country on the road to membership to come to terms with and recognize its past.”

On September 26, 2006, the two largest political parties in the Netherlands, Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Labour Party (PvdA), removed three Turkish-Dutch candidates for the 2006 general election, because they either denied or refused to publicly declare that the Armenian Genocide had happened. The magazine HP/De Tijd reported that the number 2 of the PvdA list of candidates, Nebahat Albayrak (who was born in Turkey and is of Turkish descent) had acknowledged that the term "genocide" was appropriate to describe the events. Albayrak denied having said this and accused the press of putting words in her mouth, saying that "I'm not a politician that will trample my identity. I've always defended the same views everywhere with regard to the 'genocide'". It was reported that a large section of the Turkish minority were considering boycotting the elections. Netherlands' Turkish minority numbers 365,000 people, out of which 235,000 are eligible to vote.

On November 29, 2006, the lower house of Argentina's parliament adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide. The bill was overwhelmingly adopted by the assembly and declared April 24, the international day of remembrance for the Armenian genocide as an official "day of mutual tolerance and respect" among peoples around the world.

On July 17, 2006, the Brazilian state of Ceará became the second state after São Paulo to ratify a bill recognising the Armenian Genocide.

On March 8, 2007, Turkish nationalist Doğu Perinçek became the first person convicted by a court of law for denying the Armenian Genocide, found guilty by a Swiss district court in Lausanne. Perinçek appealed the verdict. The conviction was upheld by the Swiss Federal Supreme Court on December 12, 2007.

On April 20, 2007, the Basque Parliament approved an institutional declaration recognising the Armenian Genocide. The Basque Parliament included six articles where it affirms the authenticity of the Armenian Genocide and declares sympathy to the Armenians, while at the same time denouncing Turkey's negation of the genocide and its economic blockade imposed on Armenia.

On June 5, 2007, the Chilean Senate unanimously adopted a legislation recognising the Armenian Genocide and urging its government to support a key 1985 United Nations Subcommission report properly describing this crime against humanity as a clear instance of genocide.

On November 23, 2007, the Mercosur parliament adopted a resolution recognising the “Armenian Genocide, perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire, which took 1.5 million lives from 1915 to 1923”. The Mercosur resolution also expressed its support for the Armenian Cause and called on all countries to recognize the genocide.

On October 9, 2009, former UN Judge Geoffrey Robertson released a lengthy report that found that there was an Armenian genocide. The report noted that recent British governments have said there is not enough evidence. He found that the British government’s Foreign Office was well aware of the unethical nature of the statements and had described Turkey as “neuralgic” on the issue. He concluded that “the advice provided by the [Foreign and Commonwealth Office] to [the British government], and reproduced by ministers in parliamentary answers... reflects neither the law of genocide nor the demonstrable facts of the massacres in 1915–16”.

On January 27, 2010 First Minister of Wales Carwyn Jones recognized the Armenian Genocide on Holocaust Memorial Day.

On March 4, 2010 the House Foreign Affairs Committee passed a non-binding resolution describing the killing of Armenians by Turkish forces during World War I as genocide. The resolution was approved by 23 votes to 22 by the committee and "calls on President Barack Obama to ensure that U.S. foreign policy reflects an understanding of the 'genocide' and to label the World War I killings as such in his annual statement on the issue".

On March 5, 2010, the Catalonian Parliament recognized the Armenian Genocide on the initiative of the members of Barcelona’s Friendship Union with Armenia.

On March 11, 2010 the Swedish Parliament voted to describe the massacre of Armenians by Ottoman Empire in 1915 as genocide. The resolution was adopted with 131 deputies voting in favour of the resolution and 130 voting against it.

On March 25, 2010 the Serbian Radical Party submitted a draft resolution to the Serbian parliament condemning the genocide committed by Ottoman Turkey against Armenians from 1915 to 1923. SRS submitted the draft so that Serbia can join the countries which have condemned the genocide.

At the end of 2011, the Serbs in Bosnia started an initiative to make Armenian genocide denial illegal.

In 2012, Icelandic MPs proposed a bill to formally recognize the Armenian Genocide.

In December, 2013 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that: "denying that mass killings of Armenians in Ottoman Turkey in 1915 were genocide is not a criminal offence." The court said that: "Genocide is a very narrowly defined legal notion which is difficult to prove"

See also

• List of notable visitors to Tsitsernakaberd
• United States resolution on Armenian genocide
• Denial of the Armenian genocide
• Armenian Genocide in culture
• Press coverage of the Armenian Genocide

External links

• Recognition of the Armenian Genocide: List of countries
• Arak29 Genocide Recognition (2000–2004)
• Radio France Internationale in English on French Armenian genocide laws

• Armenian Genocide History, Documents, Maps, Genocide Gallery