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Revision as of 18:38, 12 May 2016
A life form or lifeform is an entity or being that is living or alive.[1][2] This is a list of articles that relate to physical, hypothetical, alleged, religious, or fictional life forms.
More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species,[3] that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct.[4][5] Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,[6] of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.[7]
In process philosophy, objects in the world or universe are layered or tiered in complexity.[8] Living things are difficult to define,[9] but life forms can be considered to be the most complex entities in the arena or environment in which they exist.[10] As in process philosophy, this article brings together in a holistic manner, life forms from the diverse human intuitions found in experiences that include the ethical, religious, philosophical, scientific, and aesthetic.[11]
Scientific and evolutionary categories
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Archaea
- Archaea
- Crenarchaeota
- Desulfurococcales - an order of the Thermoprotei
- Euryarchaeota
- halobacteriales - in taxonomy, the Halobacteriales are an order of the Halobacteria, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt.
- Halophiles
- Korarchaeota
- Lokiarchaeota
- Methanococcales aka Methanocaldococcus jannaschii - a genus of coccoid methanogens of the family Methanococcacea
- Methanogens
- Nanoarchaeota
- Psychrophiles - (sigh-crow-files)
- sulfobales - grow in terrestrial volcanic hot springs with optimum growth occurring
- Thaumarchaeota
- thermoplasmales - An order of aerobic, thermophilic archaea, in the kingdom
Bacteria
- Bacteria
- Gram positive no outer membrane
- Actinobacteria (high-G+C)
- Firmicutes (low-G+C)
- Tenericutes (no wall)
- Gram negative outer membrane present
- Unknown / ungrouped
- Gram positive no outer membrane
Eukaryote
Organisms whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes
- Eukaryote
- Unikonta
- Opisthokonta
- Metazoa (animals)
- Subkingdom Parazoa
- Subkingdom Eumetazoa
- Radiata (unranked)
- Bilateria (unranked)
- Orthonectida
- Rhombozoa
- Acoelomorpha
- Chaetognatha
- Superphylum Deuterostomia
- Protostomia (unranked)
- Superphylum Ecdysozoa
- Superphylum Platyzoa
- Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
- Mesomycetozoa
- Choanozoa
- Eumycota (fungi)
- Blastocladiomycota
- Dikarya (inc. Deuteromycota)
- Subphyla incertae sedis
- Metazoa (animals)
- Amoebozoa
- Conosa
- Mycetozoa (slime-molds)
- Archamoebae
- Lobosa
- Protamoebae
- Conosa
- Opisthokonta
- Bikonta
- Apusozoa
- Rhizaria
- Excavata
- Archaeplastida (plants, broadly defined)
- Glaucophyta – glaucophytes
- Rhodophyceae – red algae
- Chloroplastida
- Chlorophyta– green algae (part)
- Ulvophyceae
- Trebouxiophyceae
- Chlorophyceae
- Chlorodendrales – green algae (part)
- Prasinophytae – green algae (part)
- Mesostigma
- Charophyta sensu lato – green algae (part) and land plants
- Streptophytina – stoneworts and land plants
- Chromalveolata
- Unikonta
Non-evolutionary scientific categories
- Alpha taxonomy
- Biochemistry
- Biological classification
- Biology
- Carbon-based life
- Eusociality
- Evolutionary biology
- Extremophiles
- Fossil
- Life
- Metamorphosis
- Microorganism
- Mimicry
- Organism
- Parasitism
- Paleontology
- Person
- Symbiosis
- Water, effects on life
Hypothetical life
- Astrobiology
- Astroecology
- Carbon chauvinism
- Extraterrestrial life, hypothetical life that exists outside Earth
- Hypothetical types of biochemistry
- Iron-sulfur world theory
- Life on Mars
- Non-cellular life
- Panspermia
- Planetary habitability
- RNA world hypothesis
- Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)
- Shadow biosphere
- Silicon-based life - (subsection of Hypothetical types of biochemistry)
- Ur-organism
Also:
- Cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
- Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI)
- Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (METI)
- Post-detection policy
Artificial and engineered
- Agent based model
- Artificial consciousness
- Artificial intelligence
- Artificial creation
- Artificial life
- Artificial person
- Android (robot)
- Bionics
- Biorobotics
- Cloning
- Cyborg
- Computer simulation of the cat brain
- Computational neuroscience
- Robot
- Self-replicating machine
- Synthetic biology
- Synthetic life
Origin of the universe and life
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- Abiogenesis, the transition from nonliving elements to living systems
- Cosmogony, any theory concerning the origin of the universe
- Cosmology, the study of the universe and humanity's place in it
- Creation myth, a mytho-religious story or explanation that describes the beginnings of humanity, Earth, life, and the universe
- Genesis creation narrative, creation as described in the first two chapters of the Book of Genesis in the Bible
- Molecular evolution, evolution at the scale of molecules
Encounters with animate beings subject to skepticism
- Alien abduction
- Apparitional experience
- Bilocation
- Channeling (mediumistic)
- Close encounter
- Contactee
- Doppelgänger
- Electronic voice phenomenon
- Enochian
- Foo fighter
- List of UFO sightings, encounters of the third and fourth kind
- List of reportedly haunted locations
- Mediumship
- Mystery airships
- Private revelation
- Summoning
- Will-o'-the-wisp
Animate beings subject to skepticism
- Alien abduction entities
- Alleged UFO-related entities (category)
- Cryptozoology
- Cryptobotany
- Cryptid
- Energy being
- Ghost
- Hominid cryptids (category)
- Lake monster
- List of alleged extraterrestrial beings
- List of cryptids
- Poltergeist
- Sea monster
Folklore, legendary, and mythological
- Animalia Paradoxa
- An Instinct for Dragons (book), a hypothesis on the origin of several legendary creatures
- Book of Imaginary Beings (book)
- Daemon (classical mythology)
- Demigod
- Dragon
- Fairy
- Fearsome critters
- Giant (mythology)
- Legendary creature
- List of legendary creatures
- List of legendary creatures by type
- Lists of legendary creatures (category)
- Lycanthropy
- Phoenix (mythology)
- Mythology
- Talking animal
- Trickster
- Vampire
- Undead
- Unicorn
- Yokai
Religious, spiritual, occult, and philosophical
- Ancient serpent, or great dragon
- Angel
- Angel of Death
- Antichrist
- Bodhisattva
- Buddha
- Christ
- Christian demonology
- Christian demons in popular culture
- Conceptions of God
- Deity
- Demon
- Devil
- Egyptian soul
- Elemental spirit
- Fallen angel
- Flying Spaghetti Monster
- God
- Heaven
- Hell
- List of Enochian angels
- List of theological angels
- List of theological demons
- Mind
- Non-physical entity
- Pneuma
- Psyche (psychology)
- Self (spirituality)
- Soul
- Spirit
- Thetan
- Universal mind
- Underworld
- Watcher (angel)
Fictional
- Amorphous creature
- Artificial intelligence (list) / robots (list)
- Cosmic entity
- Cyborg (list)
- Living planet
- Mutant (fictional)
- Superhuman/Posthuman
See also
- Anthropomorphism
- Extraterrestrials in fiction
- Funny animal
- Monster
- Category:Fictional extraterrestrial characters
- List of fictional extraterrestrials
- List of science fiction themes#Types of beings
- Category:Human-derived fictional species
- Lists of fictional species
- Category:Lists of fictional species
- Other "races" in fantasy
Qualities, attributes, and terms
- Alien
- Being
- Consciousness
- Entity
- Ethics
- Intelligence
- Morality
- Rationality
- Sapience
- Sentience
- Self-awareness
Issues
See also
2
References
- ^ "life form". World English Dictionary. Dictionary.com. 2009.
- ^ "life form". Online Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press. 2005.
- ^ Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, eds. (31 December 1996). The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences. ISBN 978-0412633805. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S. C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction. Yale University Press. p. 1921. ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
- ^ Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). "Prehistory's Brilliant Future". New York Times. Retrieved 2014-12-25.
- ^ G. Miller; Scott Spoolman (2012). Environmental Science - Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth's Natural Capital. Cengage Learning. p. 62. ISBN 1-133-70787-4. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
- ^ Mora, C.; Tittensor, D.P.; Adl, S.; Simpson, A.G.; Worm, B. (23 August 2011). "How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?". PLOS Biology. 9: e1001127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127. PMC 3160336. PMID 21886479. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Jeremy R. Hustwit (2007). "Process Philosophy". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. p. 3.d. Rejection of Nominalism.
- ^ Mark A. Bedau (1998). "Four Puzzles about Life". Reed College.
- ^ Harinder S. Sandhu (2010). "Scientific - Origin of the Universe". LifeAfterDeath.info.
- ^ Jeremy R. Hustwit (2007). "Process Philosophy". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. p. 2.a. In Pursuit of a Holistic Worldview.