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--[[User:AfadsBad|AfadsBad]] ([[User talk:AfadsBad#top|talk]]) 02:14, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
--[[User:AfadsBad|AfadsBad]] ([[User talk:AfadsBad#top|talk]]) 02:14, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

===Dear friend...===
I am the admin that blocked you originally. It is complicated to explain in a paragraph or two, but sockpuppet investigations are not always easy nor obvious, and we have to use our best judgement. I would like to think we get it right the vast majority of time, but none of us is perfect and occasionally we all can get it wrong. It appears that in this case, I got it wrong, and in my haste to protect the site from a troublesome troll, I mistook your edits as being the other person's due to some superficial similarities. '''For this I apologize.''' I will also be more careful in the future, so someone else doesn't have to experience an unneeded block. If you have any questions or need any help, you are welcome to come over to my talk page and I will be happy to help in any way I can. This isn't how I like to greet new editors. I hope you can accept my apology and find your own unique niche here at Wikipedia. [[User:Dennis Brown|<b>Dennis&nbsp;Brown</b>]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User talk:Dennis Brown|2¢]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/Dennis_Brown|©]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[WP:WikiProject Editor Retention|<small>WER</small>]] 22:56, 20 June 2013 (UTC)


== A cup of tea for you! ==
== A cup of tea for you! ==

Revision as of 22:56, 20 June 2013

This user is a participant in WikiProject Plants.

Greetings

Hi, Afads! (Can I call you that?)

If you need help, try Adopt-a-User. I'm also something of a noob, so it really helped me! --XndrK (talk · contribs · count) 22:55, 18 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Hi, XndrK, yes, call me Afads. I'm not sure I need that much help, just a little confused about a few things and would have liked asking to be easier. Thanks for the nice suggestion. --AfadsBad (talk) 23:06, 18 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

What?

Why am I blocked? --AfadsBad (talk) 01:03, 19 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

This user's unblock request has been reviewed by an administrator, who accepted the request.

AfadsBad (block log • active blocks • global blocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log))

Request reason:

I don't even understand the reason for the block. I am not Technoquat, and there is not any evidence posted that says I am, just an accusation.

Accept reason:

I have spoken with some Checkusers, who say that the IP evidence does not conclusively tie you to Technoquat. Because of this and because of the positive contributions you've been making, I'm unblocking. I apologize if you were mistakenly blocked, and I hope you enjoy editing the encyclopedia. Please feel free to drop a note on my talk page or stop by the IRC help channel again if you need anything! – GorillaWarfare (talk) 21:25, 20 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

I spoke to this user briefly in #wikipedia-en-unblock. The user is a bit confused about the WP:DUCK idea, and doesn't know what behavioral evidence would indicate that s/he is a sock. Perhaps a checkuser would be useful. – GorillaWarfare (talk) 02:03, 19 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]
Some evidence might be useful also. It appears I am being accused of being a sock for using all of the things that pop up with being a new user:

"Odd. Here's a brand-new editor who understands what a redirect is; posts a process complaint at the Teahouse; finds what appear to be two very good citations for a stub (Meninatherium), and formats them correctly (!); edits an article about a Chinese weapon; knows how to use an article history page to find the person who created an article, and is able to find the block log for that person ("because they did nothing but vandalize Wikipedia" is a good paraphrase; the user talk page notification doesn't say that, it says "repeated abuse of editing privileges"). -- John Broughton (♫♫) 00:16, 19 June 2013 (UTC)"

Redirects -- millions of search terms on Wikipedia lead to articles other than what you typed in; they are called redirects; I use Wikipedia for some things.

Process complaint at Teahouse -- yes, because the help page directs new users there, but then you can't post there unless you put in four tildas; the page could be nicer to new users by explaining that.

Two very good citations for Meninatherium -- google scholar

formats correctly -- drop down template; fill it in. I didn't format anything, the template did.

an article about a Chinese weapon -- both of these obscure articles were the result of the new user thing, click on it to get started with editing and it offers you articles, and you click on find another article until you find something to edit. Is knowing about mines evidence of sockpuppetry? That doesn't make any sense.

article history -- it's a tab at the very top of the page, right next to the edit tab. I think it would be unusual to be able to find the edit tab, but not the history tab.

Hit on "contributions" for the first editor and you get this:

"22:33, 12 July 2010 PMDrive1061 (talk | contribs) blocked CameronPG (talk | contribs) (account creation blocked) with an expiry time of indefinite (Vandalism-only account) View full log" 

at the top of the user's contributions.

Good paraphrase, yes, "vandalism-only account" appears to mean they did nothing but vandalize Wikipedia.

--AfadsBad (talk) 02:14, 19 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Dear friend...

I am the admin that blocked you originally. It is complicated to explain in a paragraph or two, but sockpuppet investigations are not always easy nor obvious, and we have to use our best judgement. I would like to think we get it right the vast majority of time, but none of us is perfect and occasionally we all can get it wrong. It appears that in this case, I got it wrong, and in my haste to protect the site from a troublesome troll, I mistook your edits as being the other person's due to some superficial similarities. For this I apologize. I will also be more careful in the future, so someone else doesn't have to experience an unneeded block. If you have any questions or need any help, you are welcome to come over to my talk page and I will be happy to help in any way I can. This isn't how I like to greet new editors. I hope you can accept my apology and find your own unique niche here at Wikipedia. Dennis Brown | 2¢ | © | WER 22:56, 20 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

A cup of tea for you!

Hi, I can see that you're a little upset regarding your current situation. It may be a false positive, and I wish you all the best. Please stay calm throughout as the review may take a little time.~

(I've personally encountered some false positives on the IP addresses I use.)

Comment: I personally feel that Broughton's comment is a bit of an injustice because it isn't always that difficult to figure out what's a redirect or to use the citation toolbar in Wikipedia now.

New users are always welcome at the Teahouse, and we hosts will do our best to assist you! ⊾maine12329⊿ talks✿wiki 06:48, 19 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Thank you, Maine12329. I took time to read a bit about editing Wikipedia, since I am not editing, and it seems that female editors have it rough on Wikipedia, a concern of one of the major hosts at the Teahouse, and I appreciate that both you and GorillaWarfare offered support to another female editor.
It seems that accusations of sock puppetry are based on nothing and supported instantly; Broughton accused me of being too good at Wikipedia's drop down menus (very well designed editing box, imo, but useless if it means new editors will be accused of sock puppetry for it being so easy to use), but GorillaWarfare suggested that the reason I was accused of being a sock was that the editor I am sockpuppeting pretends to be a new user--damned if I do, damned if I don't--so it seems unlikely I will be editing, as there is no way to defend myself against the accusation that I easily used an easy-to-use edit box while I simultaneously appeared to be obviously new.
Can you please correct the question edit box at the Teahouse by saying underneath that you have to add four tildas (without the parentheses) in order to post a question, so that new users don't get put in my position again. Thanks for taking the time to say something nice, I do appreciate that you and XndrK dropped by to say hello. --AfadsBad (talk) 17:15, 19 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Amborella -- inline referencing

Amborella is a monotypic genus of rare understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the island Grande Terre of New Caledonia.[1] The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and contains a single species, Amborella trichopoda Baill..[2] Wood of Amborella lacks the vessels characteristic of most flowering plants.Bernadette Große-Veldmann 1 , Nadja Korotkova2 , Bernhard Reinken3 , Wolfram Lobin4 & Wilhelm Barthlott Amborella trichopoda -- Cultivation of the most ancestral angiosperm in botanic gardens, The Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, No. 9, pp. 143-155 Amborella is of great interest to plant systematists because molecular phylogenetic analyses consistently place it at or near the base of the flowering plant lineage.[3][4] That is, the Amborellaceae represent a line of flowering plants that diverged very early on (about 130 million years ago) from all the other extant species of flowering plants, and, among extant flowering plants, is the sister group to all other flowering plants.[5] Comparing characteristics of this basal angiosperm, other flowering plants and fossils may provide clues about how flowers first appeared—what Darwin called the "abominable mystery".[6]

Description

Amborella is a sprawling shrub or small tree up to eight meters high. It bears alternate or decussate, simple evergreen leaves without stipules.[7][8] The leaves are two ranked, with distinctly serrated or rippled margins, and about 8 to 10 cm long.[9][citation needed]

The species is dioecious, that is each flower produces either functional stamens or functional carpels, but not both.[10] At any one time, a plant produces only functionally staminate or carpellate flowers. Staminate ("male") flowers do not have carpels, whereas carpellate ("female") flowers have non-functional "staminodes", i.e. structures resembling stamens in which pollen does not develop. Plants may change from one kind to the other. In one study, seven cuttings from a staminate plant produced, as expected, staminate flowers at their first flowering, but three produced carpellate flowers at their second flowering.[11]

The small, creamy white, inconspicuous flowers are arranged in terminal inflorescences of 2 to 30 flowers,[citation needed] borne in the axils of foliage leaves.[12] The inflorescences have been described as "determinate thyrses", with up to three orders of branching, each branch being terminated by a flower. Each flower is subtended by bracts. The bracts gradually transition into a perianth of undifferentiated tepals, making it difficult to determine where a flower actually begins. The tepals are arranged in a spiral or possibly whorled at the periphery. These features suggest that, as with other basal angiosperms, there is a high degree of developmental plasticity.[11]

Carpellate flowers are approximately 3 to 4 mm in diameter, with 7 or 8 tepals. There are 1 to 3 (or rarely 0) well differentiated staminodes and a spiral of 4 to 8 free carpels (apocarpous). Carpels have green ovaries and lack a style. They contain a single ovule with the micropyle directed downwards. Staminate flowers are approximately 4 to 5 mm in diameter, with 6 to 15 tepals. These flowers bear 10 to 21 spirally arranged stamens, which become progressively smaller toward the center. The innermost may be sterile. Stamens have triangular anthers on short broad filaments, and consist of four pollen sacs, two on each side, with a small sterile central connective. The anthers have connectives tips with small bumbs on them and may be covered with secretions.[13]

Typically, 1 to 3 carpels develop into fruit per flower. The fruit is an ovoid red drupe (approximately 5 to 7 mm long and 5 mm wide) borne on a short (1 to 2 mm) stalk. The remains of the stigma can be seen at the tip of the fruit. The skin is papery, surrounding a thin fleshy layer containing a red juice. The inner pericarp is lignified and surrounds the single seed. The embryo is small and surrounded by copious endosperm.[14]

Phylogeny

Cladogram showing relationship between Amborella of the Amborellaceae and other seed plants.

This plant is currently accepted by plant systematists as the most basal lineage in the angiosperms clade.[15] By "most basal", botanists mean that the Amborellaceae diverged the earliest from all other lineages of flowering plants. Comparing the derived characteristics that all other angiosperms share with each other, but not with the Amborella Family, may give scientists clues to what features early flowering plants had and how these characteristics have evolved through time. One early twentieth century idea of "primitive", or less derived, angiosperms that was accepted until relatively recently was modeled on the Magnolia blossom with numerous parts arranged in spirals on an elongated receptacle rather than the small numbers of parts in distinct whorls of more derived flowers. However, studies of a well-preserved fossil putative aquatic angiosperm, Archaefructus, have raised questions about what characteristics are more ancestral.

In a study designed to clarify relationships between the well-sequenced and well-studied model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, and the basal angiosperms Amborella, Nuphar of the Nymphaeaceae, Illicium, the monocots, and more derived angiosperms, the eudicots, scientists examined the chloroplast genomes and their expressed sequence tags of the organisms, and other seed plants to create this cladogram.[16] Note that in this image, the angiosperms are all of the plants not labeled "gymnosperms." This hypothesized relationship of the extant seed plants places Amborella as the sister taxon to all other angiosperms, and shows the gymnosperms as a monophyletic group sister to the angiosperms, supporting the theory that Amborella branched off earliest from all other living angiosperms. The dashed line between Amborella and Nuphar is meant to indicate some uncertainty about the relationship between the Amborellaceae and the Nymphaeaceae, and whether or not the Amborellaceae alone are the monophyletic sister to the extant angiosperms or the Amborellaceae and Nymphaeaceae form a clade that is the sister group to all other extant angiosperms.[17]

Brahminy river turtle -- description

This species has a shell with a large, moderately flat, dark brown to black carapace (dorsal surface) and a yellow or black plastron (dorsal surface).[18] The shell is up to 18 in (460 mm) in length in the females, and somewhat shorter in males.[19] The lower jaw is heavily dentated.

Meninatherium box

Meninatherium
Temporal range: Late Oligocene
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Perissodactyla
Family:
Rhinocerotidae
Genus:
Meninatherium

Abel, 1910
Binomial name
Meninatherium telleri
Abel, 1910

Meninatherium is a poorly understood extinct genus of Asian rhinoceros known only from an Upper Oligocene European type specimen which was destroyed during World War II.[20][21]

Othenio Abel from German Wikipedia

Othenio Abel (b. Vienna, June 20, 1875--d. Mondsee, Upper Austria, July 4, 1946) was an Austrian paleontologist and evolutionary biologist. Together with Louis Dollo, he was the founder of paleobiology and studied the life and environment of fossilized organisms.[22] From 1917-1934 he was a university professor in Vienna and later headed the Institute of Paleontology at the University of Göttingen.[22] He also explored the Drachenhöhle cave at Mixnitz.[22]

Abel earned a PhD, after studying both law and science, from the University of Vienna. He remained there as an assistant to Alpine geologist Eduard Suess, before being appointed a professor of paleontology.

In 1914, Abel proposed that fossil dwarf elephants inspired the myth of giant cyclopses, because the center nasal opening was thought to be a cyclopic eye socket.[23] In 1920 he was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.[24]

Nymphaeales

Nymphaeales is an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae (water lilies). It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-diverging grade of flowering plants. At least 10 morphological characters unite the Nymphaeales.[25] Molecular synapomorphies are also known.

The Plant List, created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden recognizes about 70 species in 11 genera within the order,[26] but a phylogenetic study of the genus Nymphaea implies that the number of species could be more than 90.[27] The difference in species numbers is due almost entirely to the difficulty of delineating species in in the genus Nymphaea.

All of the species are rhizomatous aquatic herbs with a broad leaf base.

Cabombaceae

Cabombaceae is a family of aquatic, herbaceous flowering plants.[28] The family is recognised as distinct in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III system (2009). The family consists of two genera of aquatic plants, Brasenia and Cabomba, totalling half-a-dozen species.[29] The APG system of 1998 included this family in the water lily family Nymphaeaceae, as did the APG II system, of 2003 (optionally). The family is part of the order Nymphaeales, which is one of the most basal flowering plant lineages.

Members of the Cabombaceae are sll aquatic, living in still or slow moving waters of temperate and tropical North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Although found on all continents, the plants tend to go in relatively restricted ranges.[30]

The family has an extensive fossil record from the Cretaceous with plants that exhibit affinities to either Cabombaceae or Nymphaceae occurring in the Early Cretaceous.[31]

Hydatellaceae

Hydatellaceae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
Order:
Nymphaeales
Family:
Hydatellaceae

Genera

Trithuria

Hydatellaceae are a family of small, aquatic flowering plants. The family was reassigned to the order Nyhmphaeales as a result of DNA and morphological analyses showing its closer affinity to basal angiosperms than to the grass family in the order Poales, to which it bears a superficial resemblence.[33] As an aquatic herb, Hydatellaceae have environmental adaptations leading to derived characteristics that created the morphological similarity to a more distant taxon; careful reanalysis of the morphological traits and comparisons with other basal angiosperms has led to this "dramatic taxonomic adjustment."[34][35] The family includes the genus Trithuria, which has been recently re-defined to include the genus Hydatella.[36] The family consists of ten or more species with substantial variation among species.[37] These tiny (few cm tall), relatively simple, aquatic plants occur in Australasia and India. The simple leaves are concentrated around a short stem basally. The plants are submerged and emergent aquatic annuals, rooted in the substrate below the water.

The members of this plant family are monoecious or dioecious and are likely wind-pollinated (anemophilous), water-pollinated (hydrophilous) or self-pollinating (autogamous). Flower-like reproductive units (which may be pseudanthia) are composed of small collections of minute stamen- and/or pistil-like structures that may each represent very reduced individual flowers. The non-fleshy fruits are follicles or achenes.[38]

The family was for many years assumed to be a close relative of the grasses and sedges and was even sometimes lumped under the poalean family Centrolepidaceae. Even as recently as 2003, the APG II system assigned Hydatellaceae to the grass order Poales in the commelinid monocots. However, research based on DNA sequences and morphology by Saarela et al. indicates that Hydatellaceae is the living sister group of the water lilies (Nymphaeaceae and Cabombaceae) and thus represents one of the most ancient lineages of flowering plants.[39] This realignment is now recognized in the APG III system of classification; developers of earlier classifications were misled by the apparently reduced vegetative and reproductive morphology of these plants.

Arabidopsis thaliana

AfadsBad/Archive2
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Brassicales
Family:
Brassicaceae
Genus:
Arabidopsis
Species:
A. thaliana
Binomial name
Arabidopsis thaliana
Key:
  Countries where A. thaliana is native.
  Countries where A. thaliana is naturalized.
  Countries where A. thaliana is not found.
Synonyms

Arabis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana (A-ra-bi-dóp-sis tha-li-á-na; /ərˌæb[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈdɒpsɪsˌθɑːliˈɑːnə/ thale cress, mouse-ear cress or Arabidopsis) is a small flowering plant native to Europe and Asia.[40][41][42][43] A winter annual with a relatively short life cycle, arabidopsis is a popular model organism in plant biology and genetics. Arabidopsis thaliana has a relatively small genome for a complex, multicellular, eukaryote of approximately 135 megabase pairs (Mbp).[44] It was long thought to have the smallest genome of all flowering plants,[45] but the smallest known flowering plants' genomes now belong to plants in the genus Genlisea, order Lamiales, with Genlisea margaretae, a carnivorous plant, showing a genome size of 63.4 Mbp.[46] Arabidopsis thaliana was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, and is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.

Papaver article illustration correction

The fire poppy, Papaver californicum, is placed in a section, Papaver sect. Californicum, on its own.[47]

Austrobaileyales references

AfadsBad/Archive2
Schisandra rubriflora
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
Order:
Austrobaileyales

Families

Austrobaileyaceae (Croizat) Croizat
Schisandraceae Bl. (including Illiciaceae)
Trimeniaceae Gibbs

Austrobaileyales is the an order of flowering plants, consisting of about 100[48] species of woody plants growing as trees, shrubs and lianas. Perhaps the most familiar species is Illicium verum from which comes the spice star anise. The order belongs to the group of basal angiosperms, the ANA grade, which diverged earlier from the remaining flowering plants, and, as such, it is the extant group after the Amborellales and Nymphaeales, that is sister to all remaining extant angiosperms outside of the ANA grade.[49][50]Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).</ref> The order includes just three families of flowering plants, the Austrobaileyaceae, a monotypic family containing the sole genus, Austrobaileya scandens, a woody liana, the Schisandraceae, a family of trees, shrubs, or lianas containing essential oils, and the Trimeniaceae, essential oil bearing trees and lianas.[51]

Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaeaceae
Temporal range: 130–0 Ma Early Cretaceous - Recent
Giant Water Lily sprouting a flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
Order:
Nymphaeales
Family:
Nymphaeaceae

Genera

Nymphaeaceae /ˌnɪmfiːˈeɪsiː/ is a family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called water lilies and live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains eight large-flowered genera with about 70 species.[53] The genus Nymphaea contains about 35 species in the Northern Hemisphere.[53] The genus Victoria contains two species of giant water lilies endemic to South America.[53] Water lilies are rooted in soil in bodies of water, with leaves and flowers floating on the surface. The leaves are round, with a radial notch in Nymphaea and Nuphar, but fully circular in Victoria.

Water lilies are a well studied clade of plants because their large flowers with multiple unspecialized parts were initially considered to represent the floral pattern of the earliest flowering plants, and later genetic studies confirmed their evolutionary position as basal angiosperms. Analyses of floral morphology and molecular characteristics and comparisons with a sister taxon, the family Cabombaceae, indicate, however, that the flowers of extant water lilies with the most floral parts are more derived than the genera with fewer floral parts. Genera with more floral parts, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Victoria, have a beetle pollination syndrome, while genera with fewer parts are pollinated by flies or bees, or are self- or wind-pollinated.[54] Thus, the large number of relatively unspecialized floral organs in the Nymphaeaceae is not an ancestral condition for the clade.

Horticulturally water lilies have been hybridized for temperate gardens since the nineteenth century, and the hybrids are divided into three groups: hardy, night-blooming tropical, and day-blooming tropical water lilies. Hardy water lilies are hybrids from the subgenus Castalia; night-blooming tropical water lilies are developed from the subgenus Lotos (L.) Carl Ludwig WilldenowWilld.; and the day-blooming tropical plants arise from hybridization of plants of the Brachyceras Casp. subgenus.[55][56]

Classification

Nymphaeaceae has been investigated systematically for decades because botanists considered their floral morphology to represent one of the earliest groups of angiosperms.[57] Modern genetic analyses by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group researchers has confirmed its basal position among flowering plants.[58][59][60] In addition, the Nymphaeaceae are more genetically diverse and geographically dispersed than other basal angiosperms.[61][62] Nymphaeaceae is placed in the order Nymphaeales, which is the second diverging group of angiosperms after Amborella in the most widely-accepted flowering plant classification system, APG III system.[58][63][64]

Nymphaeaceae is a small family of three to six genera: Barclaya, Euryale, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Ondinea and Victoria. The genus Barclaya is sometimes given rank as its own family, Barclayaceae, on the basis of an extended perianth tube (combined sepals and petals) arising from the top of the ovary and by stamens that are joined in the base. However. molecular phylogenetic work includes it in Nymphaeaceae.[65] The genus Ondinea has recently been shown to be a morphologically aberrant species of Nymphaea, and should be included in this genus.[66] The genera Euryale, of far east Asia, and VIctoria, from South America, are closely related despite their geographic distance, but their relationship toward Nymphaea need further studies.[67][68][69]

The sacred lotus was once thought to be a water-lily, but is now recognized to be a highly modified eudicot in its own family Nelumbonaceae of the order Proteales.

Donaciinae, pollination syndromes

Basal angiosperms

The basal angiosperms are the first flowering plants to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm. In particular, the most basal angiosperms were called the ANITA grade which is made up of Amborella (a single species of shrub from New Caledonia), Nymphaeales (water lilies, together with some other aquatic plants) and Austrobaileyales (woody aromatic plants including star anise).[70] ANITA stands for the Amborella, Nymphaeales and Illiciales, Trimeniaceae-Austrobaileya.[71] Some authors have shortened this to ANA-grade for the three orders, Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales, as the order Illiciales was reduced to the family Illiciaceae and placed, along with the family Trimeniaceae, within the Austrobaileyales.

The basal angiosperms are only a few hundred species, compared with hundreds of thousands of species of eudicots, monocots or magnoliids. They diverged from the ancestral angiosperm before the five groups comprising the mesangiosperms diverged from each other.

Illiciales -- unreferenced

Illiciales is an order of flowering plants that is not recognized by the current most widely used system of plant classification, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group's APG III system.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). The order was comprised differently in various systems of plant taxonomy, but is composed of 2-4 families of shrubs, trees, and lianas native to Australasia, south eastern Asia, and the southeastern United States. The families all contain species with essential oils, and flowers with a perianth with bracts (when present), sepals, and petals incompletely distinguished from each other and not arranged in definite whorls. The families of the order had been variably placed in other orders (Magnoliales, Austrobaileyales) in different taxonomies.

The Cronquist system, of 1981, recognized Illiciales as an order consisting of the families Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae and placed it in the subclass Magnoliidae, in class Magnoliopsida (or dicotyledons) of division Magnoliophyta (or angiosperms).

The Dahlgren system also recognised the order and placed it in superorder Magnolianae, in subclass Magnoliideae (Dahlgren's dicotyledons), in class Magnoliopsida with the same circumscription of families as the Chronquist system.

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) does not recognize the order, initially leaving the family Illiciaceae unplaced as to order. In its second higher level taxonomy of angiosperms (APG II), the APG recognized Illicium and Schisandra as closely related taxa in the family Illiciaceae, and created the order Austrobaileyales with the families Illiciaceae, Trimeniaceae, and Austrobaileyaceae.[72]

Plant families

Acoraceae Aextoxicaceae Akaniaceae Alismataceae Alstroemeriaceae Amaryllidaceae Amborellaceae Anarthriaceae Ancistrocladaceae Apocynaceae (Apocynoideae & Rauvolfioideae) Aponogetonaceae Araceae Araliaceae Araucariaceae Arecaceae Asparagaceae Asteliaceae Asteraceae Asteropeiaceae Austrobaileyaceae Balanopaceae Barbeuiaceae Barbeyaceae Basellaceae Bataceae Begoniaceae Betulaceae Bignoniaceae Bixaceae Blandfordiaceae Boryaceae Bromeliaceae Brunelliaceae Burmanniaceae Butomaceae Byblidaceae Cabombaceae Calycanthaceae Campanulaceae Campynemataceae Canellaceae Cannaceae Cardiopteridaceae Caryocaraceae Casuarinaceae Centrolepidaceae Centroplacaceae Cephalotaceae Ceratophyllaceae Cercidiphyllaceae Chrysobalanaceae Circaeasteraceae Clethraceae Colchicaceae Columelliaceae Commelinaceae Coriariaceae Cornaceae Corsiaceae Corynocarpaceae Costaceae Ctenolophonaceae Cupressaceae Curtisiaceae Cycadaceae Cyclanthaceae Cymodoceaceae Cynomoriaceae Cyperaceae Daphniphyllaceae Dasypogonaceae Degeneriaceae Didiereaceae Dioscoreaceae Dipentodontaceae Doryanthaceae Droseraceae Drosophyllaceae Ebenaceae Ecdeiocoleaceae Ephedraceae Eriocaulaceae Euphorbiaceae Eupomatiaceae Fagaceae Flagellariaceae Garryaceae Ginkgoaceae Gnetaceae Gomortegaceae Gunneraceae Haemodoraceae Hanguanaceae Heliconiaceae Helwingiaceae Himantandraceae Hydatellaceae Hydnoraceae Hydrocharitaceae Hypoxidaceae Iridaceae Irvingiaceae Ixioliriaceae Joinvilleaceae Juncaceae Juncaginaceae Lamiaceae Lanariaceae Lecythidaceae Liliaceae Lowiaceae Magnoliaceae Marantaceae Mayacaceae Melanthiaceae Musaceae Myrtaceae Nartheciaceae Nothofagaceae Oleaceae Opiliaceae Orchidaceae Pandaceae Pandanaceae Paracryphiaceae Peraceae Petermanniaceae Petrosaviaceae Philesiaceae Philydraceae Picrodendraceae Pinaceae Poaceae Podocarpaceae Pontederiaceae Posidoniaceae Potamogetonaceae Phyllanthaceae Physenaceae Putranjivaceae Rapateaceae Restionaceae Rhipogonaceae Rubiaceae Ruppiaceae Sapotaceae Sarcolaenaceae Saururaceae Scheuchzeriaceae Schisandraceae Schlegeliaceae Sciadopityaceae Smilacaceae Sphaerosepalaceae Stemonaceae Stilbaceae Strelitziaceae Taxaceae Tecophilaeaceae Tetrachondraceae Thurniaceae Ticodendraceae Tofieldiaceae Triuridaceae Typhaceae Velloziaceae Verbenaceae Welwitschiaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae Xeronemataceae Xyridaceae Zamiaceae Zingiberaceae Zosteraceae

Rauvolfioideae

Rauvolfioideae
Alstonia venenata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Gentianales
Family:
Apocynaceae
Subfamily:
Rauvolfioideae

Rauvolfioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Apocynaceae (order Gentianales).[73] Many species are woody lianas, others are shrubs or perennial herbs.

Peraceae

Peraceae
Fruits of Pera glabrata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Malpighiales
Family:
Peraceae

(Baill.) Benth. ex Klotsch

Peraceae is a family of flowering plants in the eudicot order Malpighiales. The family includes one non-succulent genus, Pera, recently separated from the family Euphorbiaceae based on molecular and morphological characteristics.[74][75]

Anarthriaceae

Anarthriaceae is a family of three genera, Anarthria, Hopkinsia and Lyginia of flowering plants. The family is accepted in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group's classification system, APG III system, but is not considered a separate family in many other taxonomic systems.[76][77] The three genera are herbaceous but differ greatly in characteristics.

The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), does recognize this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots. The family contains three genera and ten species, and is found in Southwest Australia.

Ancistrocladaceae

Ancistrocladaceae
Ancistrocladus heyneanus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Core eudicots
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Ancistrocladaceae

Genera

Ancistrocladus Wall.

Ancistrocladaceae is a monotypic family of flowering plants. The family consists of a single genus, Ancistrocladus, of about a dozen species of lianas, found in the tropics of the Old World.

Recent molecular and biochemical evidence (see the AP-Website) suggests the carnivorous taxa in the order Caryophyllales (the families Droseraceae and Nepenthaceae and the species Drosophyllum lusitanicum and Triphyophyllum peltatum) all belong to the same clade.[citation needed] This family Ancistrocladaceae would belong to this same clade, although the plants in the family are not carnivorous.[citation needed]

A close relationship between this family and the family Dioncophyllaceae (containing the carnivorous species T. peltatum) is supported by similar pollen and petiole structure. The Cronquist system, 1981, placed the family in the order Violales (together with Dioncophyllaceae). The Takhtajan system placed the family in its own order Ancistrocladales.

Alstonia venenata

Alstonia venenata
Alstonia venenata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Gentianales
Family:
Apocynaceae
Subfamily:
Rauvolfioideae
Tribe:
Plumeriae
Subtribe:
Alstoniinae
Genus:
Alstonia
Species:
A. venenata
Binomial name
Alstonia venenata

Alstonia venenata is an important ethnobotanical plant of the Apocynaceae family. It grows as a shrub or small tree in low to mid elevation deciduous forests of India.[78] The bark of the plant and, sometimes, the fruit, are used for medicinal purposes.

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