List of Nazi doctors
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This is a list of notable Nazi medical doctors (physicians).
When the Nazi government came to power it purged Germany of its 6,000 to 7,000 Jewish doctors.[1] Reportedly more than 7% of all German physicians became members of the Nazi party during World War II, a far higher percentage than the general population.[2] In 1942 more than 38,000 German doctors, half the total number of doctors, had joined the Nazi party.[3][4] While most of these doctors were physicians, some held doctorates (PhDs) in biology, anthropology, or related fields.
Doctors who were working for the state, and not for their patients, using a Mendelian type of logic chart, saw extermination of their patients as the correct solution to the problem of mental illness and the genetically defective.[5][6][7][8]
"The participation in the ‘betrayal of Hippocrates’ had a broad basis within the German medical profession. Without the doctors' active help, the Holocaust could not have happened." wrote E Ernst in the International Journal of Epidemiology.[9]
Psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin was the founder of the psychiatric genetics field and was also a founder of the German racial hygiene movement.[10]
Killing and experimentation[11] became medical procedures as they were performed by licensed doctors. A doctor was present at all the mass killings for legal reasons.[12] During the Doctors' trial, the defense argued that there was no international law to distinguish between legal and illegal human experimentation,[13] which led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code (1947).
After the war, the German Medical Association blamed Nazi atrocities on a small group of 350 criminal doctors.[14][15][16]
After Nazi Germany surrendered, some doctors attempted to change names to escape capture and trial, such as Werner Heyde[17] and Robert Ley,[18] Other doctors, such as Walter Schreiber, were covertly moved to the United States during "Operation Paperclip" in 1951.
Alphabetical list of World War II Nazi physicians:
A
- Dr. Kurt Albrecht (Mediziner), psychiatrist. Germany
- Dr. Hans Asperger, Austrian psychiatrist, used human test subjects; Asperger syndrome named after him.
B
- Dr. Karl Babor. German Wikipedia entry on Karl Babor (German Wikipedia), Physician.
- Dr. Ernst Baumhard (Dr. Jäger), Physician.[19]
- Dr. Heinz Baumkötter. Tried in the Sachsenhausen trials.
- Dr. Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Physician.
- Dr. Wilhelm Beiglböck (Beiglboeck, Bleibeck), Physician. Defendant in the Doctors' trial.
- Dr. Friedrich Berner (Dr. Barth), Physician.
- Dr. Hans Bertha Head psychiatrist of Am Steinhof, Vienna’s main wartime psychiatric hospital.[20]
- Dr. Otto Bickenbach
- Dr. Kurt Borm, Physician. T4 pseudonym “Dr Storm”. Killed or assisted in the deaths of 6,652 patients and acquitted 6 June 1972.
- Dr. Kurt Blome, Physician. Defendant in the doctors trial. Dr Walter Schreiber gave evidence against Blome.
- Dr. Karl Brandt, Physician. Defendant in the doctors trial.
- Dr. Heinrich Bunke (a.k.a. Dr. Rieper, Dr. Keller), Physician.
C
- Dr. Carl Clauberg, Gynecologist.
- Dr. Leonardo Conti, Physician. Accused of killing patients in Clemens August Graf von Galen August 3, 1941 sermon.[21]
- Dr. Fritz Cropp, Physician.
D
- Dr. Hans Delmotte Physician.
- Dr. Erwin Oskar Ding (alias Schuler), Physician.
- Dr. Maximinian Friedrich Alexander de Crinis (full name). Max de Crinis, psychiatrist.
E
- Dr. Irmfried Eberl (also known as Dr. Schneider, Dr. Meyer), psychiatrist, Austria
- Dr. Hans Ehlich
- Dr. Hans Eisele, Physician.
- Dr. Klaus Endruweit, Physician.
- Dr. Willi Enke psychiatrist. Book.[22]
- Dr. Friedrich Entress, Friedrich Entress (German Wikipedia), Physician.[23] Captured, tried and convicted in the Mauthausen Trial and executed in 1947.
- Dr. Hans Eppinger, Physician.
F
- Dr. Valentin Faltlhauser psychiatrist Valentin Faltlhauser, part of the T4-Gutachter program.
- Dr. Eugen Fischer (eugenics)
- Dr. Fritz Fischer
G
- Dr. Karl Franz Gebhardt, Physician.
- Dr. Emil Gelny Psychiatrist who killed patients with a modified ECT machine.[24][25]
- Dr. Karl August Genzken, Physician. Tried and convicted of war crimes; released in 1954.
- Dr. Hans Bodo Gorgaß Full name Hans Bodo Gorgaß/Gorgass (A.K.A. Dr. Kramer) Physician.
- Dr. Ernst-Robert Grawitz, Physician.
- Dr. Heinrich Gross psychiatrist, physician and neurologist, Austria
- Dr. Kurt Gutzeit, Gastroenterologist
H
- Dr. Eugen Haagen
- Dr. Julius Hallervorden
- Dr. Siegfried Handloser
- Dr. Ernst Hefter psychiatrist
- Dr. Aribert (Ferdinand) Heim (Dr Death)
- Dr. Hans Heinze, psychiatrist, Germany
- Dr. Martin Hellinger (dentist) was tried and convicted in the Hamburg Trials); released in 1955.[26]
- Dr. Günther Hennecke (Dr. Ott)
- Dr. Werner Heyde, Psychiatrist; after the war, known as Fritz Sawade, Germany
- Dr. Fritz Hintermayer
- Dr. Rudolf Hippius, psychologist
- Dr. Erich Hippke
- Dr. Alfred Erich Hoche, Psychiatrist
- Dr. Ernst Holzlöhner
- Dr. Waldemar Hoven
I
- Dr. Yusuf Bey Murad Ibrahim
- Dr. Ernst Illing, psychiatrist and neurologist
J
- Dr. Erwin Jekelius psychiatrist
- Dr. Wilhelm Jobst, Willy Jobst or William Jobst, Physician
K
- Dr. Emil Kaschub
- Dr. Bruno Kitt (executed on 8 October 1946)[27]
- Dr. Fritz Klein
- Dr. Hans Wilhelm König
- Dr. Eduard Krebsbach
- Dr. Johann Paul Kremer
L
- Dr. Herbert Linden
- Dr. Rudolf Lonauer
- Dr. Franz Lucas
- Dr. Ulrich Cameron Luft
M
- Dr. Friedrich Mauz, psychiatrist
- Dr. Josef Mengele, physician, conducted genetic research, primarily on twins, at Auschwitz
- Dr. Friedrich Mennecke, physician.
- Dr. Theodor Gilbert Morell
- Dr. Joachim Mrugowsky
- Dr. Heinrich Mückter, pharmacologist and chemist
N
- Dr. Hermann Paul Nitsche, psychiatrist
O
- Dr. Herta Oberheuser, defendant in the doctors' trial
P
- Dr. Friedrich Panse psychiatrist
- Dr. Hermann Pfannmüller psychiatrist
- Dr. Alfred Ploetz
- Dr. Adolf Pokorny
- Dr. Helmut Poppendick
R
- Dr. Sigmund Rascher
- Dr. Hans Conrad Julius Reiter
- Dr. Georg Renno
- Dr. Hans Richter/Hermann Richter [28][29]
- Dr. Heinrich Rindfleisch
- Dr. Robert Ritter psychiatrist
- Dr. Hans-Wolfgang Romberg . Defendant in the doctors trial
- Dr. Gerhard Rose AKA Gerhard August Heinrich Rose, Gerhard Rose at German Wikipedia
- Dr. Paul Rostock
- Dr. Rolf Rosenthal
- Dr. Siegfried Ruff
- Dr. Ernst Rüdin, psychiatrist, Germany, Switzerland, USA
- Dr. Helmut Rühl
S
- Dr. Fritz Sawade see Dr Werner Heyde, Psychiatrist
- Dr. Gerhard Schiedlausky
- Dr. Curt Schmalenbach
- Dr. Ernst Heinrich Schmidt
- Dr. Carl Schneider, psychiatrist, Germany
- Dr. Walter Paul Emil Schreiber
- Dr. Oskar Schröder
- Dr. Horst Schumann (Dr. Keim)
- Dr. Heinrich Schütz was convicted of war crimes; sentenced to 10 years prison in 1975, but never served due to medical reasons.
- Dr. Hubertus Strughold
T
- Dr. Heinz Thilo
- Dr. Percival Treite, Gynecologist, tried at the Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
- Dr. Alfred Trzebinski
- Dr. Marianne Türk, pediatrician
- Dr. Erich Traub
U
- Dr. Aquilin Ullrich
- Dr. Hellmuth Unger (AKA Friedrich Hermann, Fritz Herrmann, Hans Holm)
V
- Dr. Carl Peter Værnet
- Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
- Dr. Werner Villinger, psychiatrist, Germany
- Dr. Helmut Vetter
W
- Dr. Gerhard Wagner
- Dr. Erich Wasicky
- Dr. Bruno Nikolaus Maria Weber
- Dr. Friedrich Wegener
- Dr. Georg August Weltz
- Dr. Ernst Wentzler Full name Ernst Albert Max Wentzler
- Dr. Adolf Winkelmann
- Dr. Eduard Wirths
- Dr. Gerhard Wischer, psychiatrist, Germany
- Dr. Wilhelm Witteler
- Dr. Waldemar Wolter
- Dr. Ewald Wortmann also known as Hannes Wortmann
Other doctors
- Viktor Brack
- Dering v Uris trial
- Dr. Otto Ambros, chemist
- Dr. Klaus Schilling
- Dr. Gustav Wilhelm Schübbe
- Dr. Hans Münch
- Dr. Hermann Stieve
- Dr. Shirō Ishii
- Dr. Otto Georg Thierack
- Dr. Karl/Carl Krauch
- Dr. Albert Widmann, chemistry. "Dr Widmann operated the gassing apparatus."
See also
- Action 14f13
- Action T4
- Glossary of Nazi Germany
- Grafeneck Euthanasia Centre
- Josef Kramer
- List of Axis personnel indicted for war crimes
- List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
- List of medical eponyms with Nazi associations
- List of Nazi concentration camps
- List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
- Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany
- Nazi human experimentation
- Responsibility for the Holocaust
References
- ^ "Germany looks for way out of war". The Southeast Missourian. 17 September 1938.
- ^ Colaianni, Alessandra (2012). "A long shadow: Nazi doctors, moral vulnerability and contemporary medical culture". Journal of Medical Ethics. 38 (7): 435–438. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100372. PMID 22556311.
- ^ The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code : Human Rights in Human Experimentation. Oxford University Press. May 7, 1992. p. 19. ISBN 9780199772261.
- ^ Leary, Warren E. (1992-11-10). "Exhibition Examines Scientists' Complicity in Nazi-Era Atrocities". The New York Times.
- ^ Strous, Rael D. (2007). "Psychiatry during the Nazi era: Ethical lessons for the modern professional". Annals of General Psychiatry. 6: 8. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-6-8. PMC 1828151. PMID 17326822.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science" authors Akua F. Abu and Zhanrui Kuang. April 15, 2011]. "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "...carried out only by physicians." Book "Human Subjects Research after the Holocaust" authors Sheldon Rubenfeld, Susan Benedict. Year 2014. Page 10.
- ^ Torrey, E. F.; Yolken, R. H. (2009). "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 36 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp097. PMC 2800142. PMID 19759092.
- ^ Ernst, E. (2001). "Commentary: The Third Reich—German physicians between resistance and participation". International Journal of Epidemiology. 30 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.37. PMID 11171848.
- ^ Joseph, J.; Wetzel, N. A. (2013). "Ernst Rüdin: Hitler's Racial Hygiene Mastermind". Journal of the History of Biology. 46 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1007/s10739-012-9344-6. PMID 23180223. S2CID 207150510.
- ^ "Nazi Sterilization Experiments" Author Genevieve Payzer. 2017
- ^ "History Vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church" Author David Cymet. Page 262. Told by Dr Hans Wilhelm Münch in 1981.
- ^ "As Other Editors See it : The Nazi Doctors" Schenectady Gazette. November 27, 1946
- ^ Kolb, Stephan; Weindling, Paul; Roelcke, Volker; Seithe, Horst (2012). "Apologising for Nazi medicine: A constructive starting point". The Lancet. 380 (9843): 722–723. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61396-8. PMC 4365922. PMID 22928190.
- ^ Strous, Rael D. (2006). "Nazi Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (1): 27. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.27. PMID 16390885.
- ^ Müller-Hill, Benno (1988-04-28). Murderous science. ISBN 9780192615558.
- ^ Schneider, Frank (2011). "Psychiatry under National Socialism: Remembrance and Responsibility". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 261: 111–118. doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1. PMID 21959914.
- ^ "Robert Ley is in hands of yankees" Lawrence Daily Journal World. May 17, 1945
- ^ Roelcke, Volker; Lepicard, Etienne; Topp, Sascha (2014). Silence, Scapegoats, Self-reflection: The Shadow of Nazi Medical Crimes on Medicine and Bioethics. p. 109. ISBN 9783847103653.
- ^ "Vienna buries last remains of victims of Nazi medical mistreatment" newspaper national post. may 9, 2012.
- ^ "The Murder of Unproductive Persons"
- ^ [The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution By Henry Friedlander pg 92]
- ^ The Dachau Trials:Mauthausen-Gusen Cases
- ^ Gazdag G, Ungvari GS, Czech H (2017). "Mass killing under the guise of ECT: the darkest chapter in the history of biological psychiatry". Hist Psychiatry. 28 (4): 482–488. doi:10.1177/0957154X17724037. PMID 28829187. S2CID 9732068.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Abusive Medical Practices on “Euthanasia” Victims in Austria during and after World War II" Author Herwig Czech. Page 112. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-05702-6_9
- ^ "Nazi War Crimes Trials:Ravensbrück Trial"
- ^ Nazi War Crimes Trials
- ^ p.17, "The Eternal Nazi" by Nicholas Kulish and Souad Mekhennet, 2014
- ^ "Mauthausen: Killing Operations"