Titan IIIB

Titan IIIB
	Titan 23B launching KH-8 reconnaissance satellite from Vandenberg AFB, CA. (USAF)
Function	Medium launch vehicle
Manufacturer	Martin
Country of origin	United States
Size
Height	45 m (148 ft)
Diameter	3.05 m (10.0 ft)
Mass	156,540 kg (345,110 lb)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass	3,300 kg (7,300 lb) (23B)
Associated rockets
Family	Titan
Launch history
Status	Retired
Launch sites	SLC-4W, Vandenberg AFB
Total launches	68
Success(es)	62
Failure(s)	4
Partial failure(s)	2
First flight	29 July 1966
Last flight	12 February 1987
First stage (Titan 23B/33B)
Powered by	2 LR87-AJ-5
Maximum thrust	1,913 kN (430,000 lbf)
Burn time	147 seconds
Propellant	N2O4 / Aerozine 50
Second stage
Powered by	1 LR87-AJ-5
Maximum thrust	445 kN (100,000 lbf)
Burn time	205 seconds
Propellant	N2O4 / Aerozine 50
Third stage – Agena
Powered by	1 Bell XLR81-BA-9
Maximum thrust	71.7 kN (16,100 lbf)
Burn time	240 seconds
Propellant	IRFNA/UDMH
	[edit on Wikidata]

Titan IIIB was the collective name for a number of derivatives of the Titan II ICBM and Titan III launch vehicle, modified by the addition of an Agena upper stage. It consisted of four separate rockets. The Titan 23B was a basic Titan II with an Agena upper stage, and the Titan 24B was the same concept, but using the slightly enlarged Titan IIIM rocket as the base. The Titan 33B was a Titan 23B with the Agena (which had a smaller diameter than the Titan) enclosed in an enlarged fairing, in order to allow larger payloads to be launched. The final member of the Titan IIIB family was the Titan 34B which was a Titan 24B with the larger fairing used on the Titan 33B.

Features

Part of the Titan rocket family, the Titan 23B space launch vehicle was a three-stage liquid fueled booster, designed to provide a small-to-medium weight class capability. It was able to lift approximately 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) into a polar low-Earth circular orbit. The first stage consisted of a ground ignited Aerojet LR-87 liquid propellant rocket, while the second stage consisted of an LR91 liquid propellant rocket. The third stage was an Agena D XLR81-BA-9 liquid propellant rocket.^{[citation needed]}

Various models of this Titan/Agena D rocket were called, "Titan 23B", "Titan 24B", "Titan 33B" and "Titan 34B".^{[citation needed]}

Background

The Titan rocket family was established in October 1955, when the Air Force awarded The Martin Company a contract to build an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). It became known as the Titan I, the nation's first two-stage ICBM and first underground silo-based ICBM. More than 140 Titan II ICBMs, once the vanguard of America's strategic deterrent force, were built. Titan IIs also were flown in NASA's Gemini crewed space program in the mid-1960s. The Titan 23B is a derivative of the Titan II vehicle with an Agena D upper stage added.^{[citation needed]}

The Titan IIIB family emerged when the new KH-8 (Gambit Mark 3) photo reconnaissance satellite was being developed as the successor to the KH-7 Gambit Mark 1/2 which began flying in 1963. It was decided to switch to the Titan family over the Atlas used for KH-7 because it had substantially more lift capability and also its conventional two-stage design and hypergolic propellants made for a simpler and more reliable launch vehicle than the quirky Atlas. The KH-8 was double the size of its predecessor but still well below the Titan's lift capability.^{[citation needed]}

While the KH-8 was the original raison d'être for the Titan IIIB's existence, as well as its primary payload, the booster was also used for Jumpseat SIGINT satellites and military comsats. It also lived up to its promise of greater reliability than the Thor and Atlas, with only a few failures over its run.^{[citation needed]}

Primary function: Launch vehicle used to lift medium class satellites into space:^{[citation needed]}

Builder: The Martin Company
Launch site: Vandenberg AFB, Calif.
First stage: Length: 70 ft (21 m)
Diameter: 10 feet (3.05 m)
Engine thrust: 474,000 lbf (2,110 kN) vacuum
Weight: 258,000 pounds (117,000 kg) Fueled
- Empty weight: 10,500 pounds (4,800 kg)
Second stage: Length: 24 ft (7.3 m)
Diameter: 10 ft (3.0 m)
Engine Thrust: 100,000 lbf (440 kN) vacuum
Weight: 64,000 pounds (29,000 kg) Fueled
- Empty weight: 6,100 pounds (2,800 kg)
Third stage: Length: 24.8 ft (7.6 m)
Diameter: 5 ft (1.5 m)
Engine thrust: 16,000 lbf (71 kN) vacuum
Weight: 7,160 kg (15,790 lb) – fueled
- Empty Weight: 2,300 pounds (1,000 kg)
Guidance: Radio
Subcontractor: GE
Payload fairing: Diameter: 5 ft (1.5 m)
Length: 20 to 25 ft (6.1 to 7.6 m)
Skin and Stringer Construction – Tri-Sector Design
Subcontractor: Boeing
Date deployed: July 1966

Titan 23B

Titan 23B used the basic Titan 3A core (including its Transtage) with an Agena D upper stage, though without the all-inertial guidance system, malfunction detection equipment, and redundant systems required for man-rating the 3A.^[1] The Titan 23B was launched from SLC-4W at Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Its main payload was the GAMBIT (KH-8 reconnaissance) satellites, in 9 flights from 1969 through 1971.^[2]

Titan 24B

The Titan 24B differed from the Titan 23B in that the Titan IIIM core with extended propellant tanks was used in place of the original Titan II core. The payload remained attached to the Agena stage. 23 flights took place from 1971 to 1984, with two failures.^{[citation needed]}

Titan 33B

The Titan 33B was a Titan 23B with the entire Agena and payload completely enclosed in a shroud. It flew only three times (1971–73) with one failure and was used to launch Jumpseat satellites.^{[citation needed]}

Titan 34B

The Titan 34B was a Titan 24B, modified by the addition of the larger fairing used on the Titan 33B. 23 were launched in 1971–87 with two failures. All launches consisted of KH-8 satellites.^{[citation needed]}

Failures

Titan IIIB rockets suffered four outright failures, and two partial failures. The first failure occurred on 26 April 1967 during the launch of a Gambit 3 satellite when the second stage suffered a sudden thrust decay which left it unable to achieve orbital velocity, sending the Agena and GAMBIT into the Pacific Ocean some 400 miles (644 km) downrange. It was not possible to determine the cause of the malfunction with certainty, but a fuel line obstruction was believed to be the most likely explanation. Martin-Marietta had no answers except to suggest implementing better quality control measures during assembly of the Titan vehicles. The next launch, on 20 June 1967 was a partial failure; due to a problem with the protective skirt on the second stage, a lower-than-planned orbit was achieved.^[3] On 24 October 1969 OPS 8455 was placed into a higher-than-planned orbit by another 23B due to an engine failing to cut off after completing its planned burn, however the payload was able to correct its own orbit.^[4]

On 16 February 1972, a Titan III(33)B failed to achieve orbit carrying a Jumpseat satellite.^[5] Another failure occurred later the same year, when on 20 May a Titan III(24)B malfunctioned during the launch of KH-8 #35. The Agena suffered a failure of a pneumatic regulator during ascent and reentered the atmosphere. Although it had been assumed debris would land near South Africa, pieces turned up in faraway Great Britain a few months later. The launch of KH-8 #39 on 26 June 1973 also failed to orbit when the Agena had a fuel valve failure, preventing engine start.^[6] A launch of a Jumpseat satellite on 24 April 1981 was a partial failure when the Agena failed to separate.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "Titan 3B Launch". Aviation Week and Space Technology. McGraw Hill Publishing Company. 8 August 1961. p. 29. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ "Titan 23B". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
^ "History of Satellite Reconnaissance Volume 5, Management of NRP" (PDF). US National Reconnaissance Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
^ Perry, Robert, A History of Satellite Reconnaissance (PDF), vol. IIIA, US National Reconnaissance Office, pp. 291–2, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-16, retrieved 2012-06-04
^ Wade, Mark. "Titan 33B". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on December 30, 2003. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
^ Wade, Mark. "Titan 24B". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on September 4, 2003. Retrieved 19 September 2011.

External links

Titan missiles & variations

[avweek1966-1] "Titan 3B Launch". Aviation Week and Space Technology. McGraw Hill Publishing Company. 8 August 1961. p. 29. Retrieved 27 July 2021.

[astronautix-2] "Titan 23B". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved 2021-08-27.

[3] "History of Satellite Reconnaissance Volume 5, Management of NRP" (PDF). US National Reconnaissance Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2011.

[4] Perry, Robert, A History of Satellite Reconnaissance (PDF), vol. IIIA, US National Reconnaissance Office, pp. 291–2, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-16, retrieved 2012-06-04

[5] Wade, Mark. "Titan 33B". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on December 30, 2003. Retrieved 19 September 2011.

[6] Wade, Mark. "Titan 24B". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on September 4, 2003. Retrieved 19 September 2011.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H-IIA H3 Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 7 7A 8 11 11H LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased RS1^† Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB 2-1v SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega C Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Cyclone-4M Deca Epsilon S Eris Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 12 Miura 5 MLV Neutron New Glenn New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zhuque 3 Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard Vega original VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^†
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)

v t e Orbital launch systems developed in the United States
Active	Atlas V**^†† Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Minotaur I IV V C Pegasus XL RS1^† SLS Block 1 Vulcan Centaur
In development	Antares 330 Daytona I MLV New Glenn Neutron Nova Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Starship Terran R
Retired	Antares 110/120/130/230/230+^††† Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able Agena Centaur Conestoga Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" H-I* Juno I Juno II LauncherOne N-I* N-II* Pilot Rocket 3 Saturn I IB V Scout Space Shuttle SPARK Sparta Terran 1 Thor Able Ablestar Agena Burner Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Vanguard
* - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages ** - uses Russian engines ^† - never succeeded ^†† - no new orders accepted ^††† - used Ukrainian first stage