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Bacalhau

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For other uses, see Bacalao (disambiguation).
Salted and dried cod, produced in Norway

Bacalhau (Portuguese pronunciation: [bɐkɐˈʎaw]) is the Portuguese word for cod and—in a culinary context—dried and salted cod. Fresh (unsalted) cod is referred to as bacalhau fresco (fresh cod).

Portuguese and other cuisines

Bacalhau dishes are common in Portugal, and also in former Portuguese colonies such as Cape Verde, Angola, Macau, Brazil, and Goa. There are said to be over 1000 recipes for salt cod in Portugal alone and it can be considered the iconic ingredient of Portuguese cuisine. (Curiously it is one of the few species of fish not consumed fresh in this fish-loving country, which boasts the highest per capita fish consumption within the European Union).[1] It is often cooked on social occasions and is the traditional Christmas Eve dinner in some parts of Portugal.

Similar recipes can be found across Europe. It is also found in the cuisines of other territories and regions such as the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Suriname. In Norway bacalao commonly refers to a specific Spanish-style dish prepared with salted and dried cod, potatoes, onions, tomatoes, and olives which was assimilated to Norwegian cuisine in the 20th century, and is now officially spelled bakalao.[citation needed]

For centuries, salted, dried cod came primarily from the North Atlantic fisheries of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (bacalhau da Terra Nova) and Georges Bank, with the salting and drying done in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, with lesser volumes caught and dried in Iceland and Norway. It was a cheap food until the collapse of the cod stocks and dismantling of Portuguese bacalhoeiro fleet when it became more expensive, especially near Easter and Christmas time as it is a part of many traditional dishes of the holiday season.[citation needed]

Cuisine

There are numerous bacalhau recipe variations, depending on region and tradition. In Portugal, it is said there are more than 365 ways to cook bacalhau, one for every day of the year; others say there are 1,001 ways. Whatever the exact number, bacalhau is a ubiquitous ingredient in Portuguese cuisine.

Bacalhau is often served with potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams and fresh bread. More traditional flavourings include but are not limited to garlic, onion, olive oil, black pepper, white pepper, piripiri, bay leaves, parsley, coriander and allspice. Green wine (vinho verde) or mature wines (Alentejo wine, Dão wine, or Douro wine) are served alongside.

Traditional bacalhau dish

Some bacalhau dishes:

Protection in the EU and UK

The traditional production method for Bacalhau is protected in the EU and UK as a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed under the name Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa.[2]

History

Salt cod has been produced for at least 500 years, since the time of the European discoveries of the New World. Before refrigeration, there was a need to preserve the cod; drying and salting are ancient techniques to preserve nutrients and the process makes the cod tastier. More importantly, fish low in oils and fats are more suitable for the drying and preservation process, as oils and fats prevent the salt from preserving the fish. Cod have very low levels of oils and fats in their muscle tissue, and most is located in the liver.[3]

Portuguese, Norman, Breton, and English fisherman were the first to adopt the salt-based curing technique from Basque fishermen in Newfoundland near the cod-rich Grand Banks by the late 1500s.[4] By the 1700s, salted cod had become a staple food for ordinary Portuguese people and by upper levels of Portuguese society.[5] With the advancements in freezing and transportation in the 1900s, salted cod from North America declined and Iceland and Norway became the major supplier of the salted fish to Portuguese markets.[6] During this time bacalhau was a cheap source of protein and frequently consumed.[7] Thus, bacalhau became a staple of the Portuguese cuisine, nicknamed fiel amigo ('loyal friend').[8] In fact, in Portugal, cod always refers to salted, dried codfish and it is very rare to find fresh cod (bacalhau fresco) for sale.[9]

This dish is also popular in Portugal and other Roman Catholic countries because of historical fasting rules, which forbade the eating of meat on many days (Fridays, Lent, and other festivals), and so bacalhau dishes were eaten instead.[10] Bacalhau is also popular in Sfax where this dish is eaten with chermoula on the first day of Eid ul-Fitr .

In Portugal, bacalhau is often sold as a generic product with no brand information. Customers are free to touch, smell, and otherwise personally inspect the fish, which is very different from how fresh seafood is often sold.[11] Stores can carry a large variety of bacalhau differing in color, size, smell, taste, and dryness. Such variation has led Portugal to define requirements as to what products can carry the label Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa.[12] They are however, graded by weight which often defines what price category the bacalhau is sold under. The largest is Especial, which are large pieces of whole fish weighing more than 4kg. Following this are Graúdo (4-2kg), Crescido (2-1kg), Corrente (1-0.5kg) and Miúdo (below 500g).[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ http://www.eumofa.eu/documents/20178/84590/EU+consumer+habits_final+report+.pdf/5c61348d-a69c-449e-a606-f5615a3a7e4c page 9
  2. ^ "Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa". eAmbrosia — Traditional Specialities Guaranteed. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  3. ^ Oliveira, H; Pedro, S (2012). "Processing of Salted Cod (Gadus spp.): A Review". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 11 (6): 546–564. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00202.x.
  4. ^ Silva, p. 132
  5. ^ Silva, p. 133
  6. ^ Silva, p. 134
  7. ^ Mountinho, p 180
  8. ^ History of Portugal: Pamphlet Collection]. CUP Archive. 1937-01-01. p. 480.
  9. ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2011-03-04). Cod: A Biography Of The Fish That Changed The World. Knopf Canada. p. 37. ISBN 9780307369802.
  10. ^ "Um Alimento Milenar: O início do Bacalhau com os Espanhóis e os Vikings" [A Millennial Food : The beginning of the cod with the Spanish and the Vikings]. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  11. ^ Ostli, Jens; Heide, Morten; Carlehog, Mats; Eilertsen, Guro (2006). "The importance of bacalhau consumption in Portugal and a preliminary product consumer test in Lisboa". Seafood Research from Fish to Dish: Quality, Safety and Processing of Wild and Farmed Fish: 241–249. ISBN 978-90-8686-005-0.
  12. ^ "Publication of an application pursuant to Article 50(2)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs". eur-lex.europa.eu. 10 August 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  13. ^ Bacalhau: Portuguese Cod. https://www.wetravelportugal.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.

References

  • Moutinho, Mário C (1985), História da pesca do bacalhau: por uma antropologia do "fiel amigo", Editorial Estampa
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