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The haka, a traditional dance of the Māori people, has been used in sports in New Zealand and overseas. The challenge has been adopted by the New Zealand national rugby union team, the "All Blacks", and a number of other New Zealand national teams perform before their international matches; some non-New Zealand sports teams have also adopted the haka.[1]

The All Blacks perform "Ka Mate" led by Richie McCaw against France in November 2006.

History

The All Blacks at the climax of their haka before a 1932 test against Australia.

During 1888–89, the New Zealand Native team toured the Home Nations of the United Kingdom, the first team from a colony to do so. It was originally intended that only Māori players would be selected, but four non-Māori were finally included. As the non-Māori were born in New Zealand, the name "Native" was considered justified. The team performed a haka before the start of their first match on 3 October 1888 against Surrey. They were described as using the words "Ake ake kia kaha" which suggests that the haka was not "Ka Mate".

The "Ka Mate" haka was not well known at this time. In 1900, a newspaper reported New Zealand soldiers in the Boer War chanting "Ka Mate! Ka Mate! Ka ora! Ka ora! Hae-haea! Ha!" The soldiers thought it meant "Kill him! Chop him up! Baste him!"[citation needed]

But during the 1901 Royal Tour, Ngati Kahungunu warriors revived "Ka Mate" when they performed it to welcome the Duke of Cornwall at Rotorua. Newspapers described the full actions of this "ancient ngeri", printing its complete Maori words and an accurate translation. A movie cameraman recorded the performance. "Ka Mate" became famous, and was widely performed throughout New Zealand.

Nevertheless, when New Zealand played its first full international test match against Australia in Sydney in August 1903, the New Zealanders' war cry was "Tena Koe Kangaroo." (full details below)

In 1905 New Zealand made their first tour of Britain. This was the first time the team were referred to as the All Blacks and this particular team also became known as the 'Originals'. It is uncertain whether they performed a haka before every match, but they at least performed "Ka Mate" before their first test, against Scotland, and before the match against Wales. The Welsh crowd, led by the Welsh team, responded by singing the Welsh national anthem.

When a New Zealand Army team played Wales in 1916, the words of "Ka Mate" were included in the printed programme, indicating that the haka was established as an accompaniment to New Zealand rugby teams playing overseas.

The New Zealand rugby league team performing the haka at the 2008 World Cup.

The 1924–25 New Zealand rugby team which toured the United Kingdom, Irish Free State, France and Canada and which was nicknamed the Invincibles, performed a haka that was written for them during the voyage to England by two supporters, Judge Frank Acheson of the Native Land Court and Wiremu Rangi of Gisborne.[2] The haka was led by star player George Nepia. It was performed before all but two of the tour matches. Reporters criticised the team for disappointing the crowd on the two occasions it was not performed.

A pre-match haka was not always performed on All Blacks tours. The team that toured Britain in 1935–36 did not perform one before matches, although they did some impromptu performances at social functions. In the early decades, haka were only rarely performed at home matches, such as the third test of the 1921 Springboks tour, played in Wellington.

Recorded performance of the haka, Dunedin, 2014

"Ka Mate"

Main article: Ka Mate

The All Blacks are believed to have first performed a choreographed and synchronized version[3] of the "Ka Mate" haka in 1905.

It is said that this Haka was composed by Te Rauparaha of Ngāti Toa to commemorate his escape from death during an incident in 1810. Chased by his enemies, he hid in a food-storage pit under the skirt of a woman. He climbed out to find someone standing over him, who, instead of killing Te Rauparaha, turned out to be another chief friendly to him. In relief, Te Rauparaha performed this ancient haka, which had been performed all through Aotearoa for centuries.[4] The story of Te Rauparaha was merely woven into several older stories about this haka.

Performance

The "Ka Mate" haka generally opens with a set of five preparatory instructions shouted by the leader, before the whole team joins in:[5][6]

"Ka Mate"
Leader: Taringa whakarongo! Ears open!
Kia rite! Kia rite! Kia mau! Get ready...! Line up...! Stand fast!
Team: Hī! Yeah!
Leader: Ringa ringa pakia! Slap the hands against the thighs!
Waewae takahia kia kino nei hoki! Stomp the feet as hard as you can!
Team: Kia kino nei hoki! As hard as we can!
Leader: Ka mate, ka mate I die! I die!
Team: Ka ora' Ka ora' I live! I live!
Leader: Ka mate, ka mate I die! I die!
Team: Ka ora' Ka ora' I live! I live!
All: Tēnei te tangata pūhuruhuru Here stands the Hairy Man...
Nāna ne I tiki mai whakawhiti te rā ...who summons the Sun and makes it shine on us!
A Upane! Ka Upane! Ride now! Ride now!
A Upane Kaupane" Take the first step!
Whiti te rā,! Let the sunshine in!
Hī! Rise!

"Tena Koe Kangaroo" 1903

Early in July 1903, when the New Zealand players were assembling in Wellington for their Australian tour, The Evening Post reported that "A unique souvenir has been prepared for the New Zealand team by Mr C. Parata. It contains the following warcry":

Tena koe, Kangaroo How are you, Kangaroo
Tupoto koe, Kangaroo! You look out, Kangaroo!
Niu Tireni tenei haere nei New Zealand is invading you
Au Au Aue a! Woe woe woe to you!

The Post's rugby correspondent later reported that the war-cry was first practised by the New Zealand team in mid-Tasman on Monday 13 July, and first performed "in response to several calls" at their official reception at Sydney on Thursday 16 July. The reported wording and translation were published next day in the Sydney Morning Herald[7] and in the Sunday Times on 19 July 1903, after the first match against NSW.[8]

The New Zealanders played ten matches on the tour (won 10, lost 0, points for 276, points against 13). Presumably the warcry was performed before all their matches although a search in PapersPast only located mention of its use before "the first test match".[9]

"Ko Niu Tireni" 1924

The Invincibles performed this haka during their unbeaten 1924–1925 tour. It was purpose-written on their voyage to Europe by Wiremu Rangi of Gisborne, and revised by Judge Acheson of New Zealand's Native Land Court.[10] It had two verses, but the second verse (Put a few of your famous teams on display, and let's play each other in friendship) was omitted in later matches.

First verse of Ko Niu Tireni, with a 1925 translation

Kia whakangawari au i a hau Let us prepare ourselves for the prey
I au-e! Hei! (The sound of being ready)
Ko Niu Tireni e haruru nei! The New Zealand storm is about to break
Au, Au, aue hā! Hei! (The sound of the imminent storm.)
Ko Niu Tireni e haruru nei! The New Zealand storm waxes fiercer
Au, Au, aue hā! Hei! (Sounds of The height of the storm.)
A ha-ha!
Ka tū te ihiihi We shall stand fearless
Ka tū te wanawana We shall stand exalted in spirit
Ki runga ki te rangi, We shall climb to the heavens
E tū iho nei, tū iho nei, hī! We shall attain the zenith the utmost heights.
Au! Au! Au!

Newspaper reports of early games spoke of the "weird war cry of the visitors" in response to the crowds' singing. Thus the fifth game at Swansea began with 40,000 waiting Welshmen singing Cwm Rhondda, Sospan Fach, Land of My Fathers and then God Save the Queen, to which the All Blacks responded with a "weird chant led by Nepia".

But as fame of their unbeaten status spread, so did the status of their haka. At the beginning of their 22nd game in Wales at Llanelli, we read

On the appearance of the men in red, 'Sosban Fach' was sung with great enthusiasm. Nepia then led the All Blacks in their famous war dance, which was very impressive. One could almost hear a pin drop while it was rendered. The crowd again sang 'Sosban Fach' in reply.[11]

The haka in Finnegans Wake

Irish writer James Joyce heard the "Ko Niu Tireni" haka performed at the Invincibles' match at Paris in January 1925. He modified some of the words and used them in his word-play novel Finnegans Wake.[10]

Let us propel us for the frey of the fray! Us, us, beraddy!
Ko Niutirenis hauru leish! A lala!
Ko Niutirenis haururu laleish! Ala lala!
The Wullingthund sturm is breaking.
The sound of maormaoring
The Wellingthund sturm waxes fuercilier.
Finnegans Wake, 2nd ed. 1950, Book II chap iii, page 335.

"Kapa o Pango" 2005

Main article: Kapa o Pango

Overview

Before a Tri Nations match against South Africa on 27 August 2005 at Carisbrook in Dunedin, the All Blacks unexpectedly introduced a new haka, "Kapa o Pango". It featured an extended and aggressive introduction by team captain Tana Umaga highlighted by a drawing of the thumb down the throat.[12] This was interpreted by many as a "throat-slitting" action directed at the opposing team. The All Blacks went on to win the match 31 to 27.

The words to "Kapa o Pango" are more specific to the rugby team than "Ka Mate", referring to the warriors in black and the silver fern.[13]

The new haka was developed by Derek Lardelli of Ngāti Porou by modifying the first verse of "Ko Niu Tirini," the haka used by the 1924 All Blacks. An NZRU press release stated that

Kapa o Pango has been over a year in the making, and was created in consultation with many experts in Māori culture. It will serve as a complement to "Ka Mate" rather than a replacement, to be used for 'special occasions'.

Published words and the NZRU explanation

"Kapa o Pango"
Kapa o Pango kia whakawhenua au i ahau! All Blacks, let me become one with the land
Hī aue, hī!
Ko Aotearoa e ngunguru nei! This is our land that rumbles
Au, au, aue hā! It's our time! It's our moment!
Ko Kapa o Pango e ngunguru nei! This defines us as the All Blacks
Au, au, aue hā! It's our time! It's our moment!
I āhahā!
Ka tū te ihiihi Our dominance
Ka tū te wanawana Our supremacy will triumph
Ki runga ki te rangi e tū iho nei, tū iho nei, hī! And be placed on high
Ponga rā! Silver fern!
Kapa o Pango, aue hī! All Blacks!
Ponga rā! Silver fern!
Kapa o Pango, aue hī, hā! All Blacks!

Words chanted on field, and their literal interpretation

Taringa whakarongo! Let your ears listen
Kia rite! Kia rite! Kia mau! Hī! Get ready...! Line up...! Steady...! Yeah!
Kia whakawhenua au i ahau! Let me become one with the land
Hī aue, hī! (assertive sounds to raise adrenaline levels)
Ko Aotearoa e ngunguru nei! New Zealand is rumbling here
Au, au, aue hā!
Ko Kapa o Pango e ngunguru nei! The Team in Black is rumbling here
Au, au, aue hā!
I āhahā!
Ka tū te Ihiihi Stand up to the fear
Ka tū te Wanawana Stand up to the terror
Ki runga ki te rangi, To the sky above,!
E tū iho nei, tū iho nei, hī! Fight up there, high up there. Yeah!
Ponga rā! The shadows fall!
Kapa o Pango, aue hī! Team in Black, yeah!
Ponga rā! Darkness falls!
Kapa o Pango, aue hī, hā! Team in Black, Yeah, Ha!

The words of both "Kapa o Pango" and "Ko Niu Tireni" are taken from the haka of the earthquake god Ruaumoko, Ko Ruaumoko e ngunguru nei. The lines beginning Ka tū te ihi-ihi... are found in many old haka. Ponga ra, ponga ra is the opening line of 'Te Kiri Ngutu,' an 1880s lament for stolen territory.[14]

Responses and controversies

Haka prior to a game against Portugal in Lyon, France.

The haka, while normally enjoyed by spectators, has been criticised[by whom?] as an unsporting attempt to intimidate the opposition before the match begins. However, most teams accept that the haka is part of rugby's heritage and face up to the All Blacks during its performance, with both teams standing about 10 metres apart. The 2007 Portuguese Rugby team Captain Vasco Uva said of the haka that "[We] faced it, gave it the respect it deserved and it gave us motivation and we knew if it gave them strength, it was also a point of strength for us."[15]

Ignoring the haka is a tactic sometimes used by opposing teams. Famously, the Australian rugby team did a warm up drill well away from the All Blacks during their 1996 test match in Wellington. More recently, the Italian rugby team ignored the haka during a 2007 World Cup Pool Match. All Black team member, Keven Mealamu, said later that in his opinion the snub had backfired and provided motivation to his team.[16] Australian back David Campese often ignored the haka, most notably in the 1991 World Cup semi-final victory over the All Blacks, when he chose to practice warm-up drills instead of facing the All Blacks.

In 1989, as the All Blacks were performing the haka in Lansdowne Road before playing Ireland, the Irish lined up in a tight V formation to facing New Zealand and then edged closer and closer to the All Blacks. By the time the end of the haka came, captain Willie Anderson was only inches from Buck Shelford's face.[17]

In 1997, Richard Cockerill was disciplined for responding to the haka before the start of an England vs. All Blacks game. Cockerill went toe-to-toe with his opposite number Norm Hewitt while they performed the haka. The referee became so concerned that Hewitt and Cockerill would begin fighting that he pushed Cockerill away from Hewitt. Cockerill went on to say afterwards "I believe that I did the right thing that day," he said. "They were throwing down a challenge and I showed them I was ready to accept it. I'm sure they would rather we did that than walk away."[18] In recent times when the haka is performed against England, it is often drowned out by England fans singing "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot".[19]

In 2005, the All Blacks agreed to a request from the Welsh Rugby Union to repeat the sequence of events from the original match a century before in 1905. This involved the All Blacks performing the haka after "God Defend New Zealand" and before "Hen Wlad fy Nhadau". For the November 2006 test, the Welsh Rugby Union demanded a repeat of this sequence. The All Blacks refused, and instead chose to perform the haka in their changing room before the match.[20] All Blacks captain Richie McCaw defended the decision by stating that the haka was "integral to New Zealand culture and the All Blacks' heritage" and "if the other team wants to mess around, we'll just do the haka in the shed".[21] The crowd reacted negatively to the lack of the haka and then being shown brief footage of the haka on the screens at the Millennium Stadium.[22]

In 2006, the Seven Network TV channel in Australia aired a commercial which used digital enhancement to add handbags to video of New Zealand rugby players performing the haka.[23] This was inspired by an incident when former All Black captain Tana Umaga struck Hurricanes teammate Chris Masoe over the head with a woman's handbag after the Super 14 final.[24] All Blacks assistant coach Wayne Smith criticised the advertisement, saying "It is insensitive, I think, to Māori and disrespectful of the All Blacks".[25]

The "Kapa o Pango" haka created controversy when the gesture of a thumb drawn down the throat was interpreted by many observers as implying throat slitting. The All Blacks and Māori interpreted it as drawing the breath of life into the heart and lungs ("hauora"). This led to calls for it to be banned,[26] although a poll conducted in July 2006 showed 60 percent support in New Zealand.[27] During Ireland's tour of New Zealand, the NZRU put the haka on a temporary hiatus, to review its appropriateness, by asking the All Blacks not to perform it against Ireland.[28]

In the 2007 Rugby World Cup quarter-finals, France, after having won the coin toss for the choice of uniforms, famously wore the blue/white/red of the French flag and walked up to within a metre of the haka performance, forming a line of opposition to the performance by the All Blacks, who were wearing a predominantly silver uniform (as opposed to the traditional all black). France went on to beat the All Blacks 20–18.

In the 2008 Rugby Autumn Tests, Wales responded to the haka by standing on the pitch refusing to move until the All Blacks did. This resulted in the referee Jonathan Kaplan berating both teams for a full two minutes after the haka had ended until eventually New Zealand captain McCaw instructed his team to break off. After a spirited first half display which ended with Wales leading 9–6, the All Blacks responded positively and won the game 9–29.

Following the final of the 2011 World Cup, the French national team was fined by the IRB for marching to within 10 metres of their All Black opponents during the performance of the haka. To many, this has been viewed as an insult from the IRB.

In the 2019 Rugby World Cup semi-finals, England fanned out across the pitch and adopted a V-shaped formation before the All Blacks began their Haka. As the All Blacks delivered the challenge, several English players crossed the halfway line and stood their ground when officials tried to usher them back. After the match, the IRB issued England with a fine of £2,000 for having have breached World Cup 2019 rules relating to cultural challenges, which states that no players from the team receiving the challenge may advance beyond the halfway line.[29] England went on to win the match 19-7, advancing to meet South Africa in the finals.

Use after matches

New Zealand national sports teams have occasionally performed the haka (usually Ka Mate) as part of their victory celebrations after winning matches. This is not done as a challenge or sign of triumph over the opposing team, but is instead directed at fans and other spectators as a thank you for support. The haka is also occasionally performed in this context to honour individual players achieving important career milestones.[30] This habit is particularly prevalent for the New Zealand national rugby sevens team.[31]

Use by other teams

See also: Haka performed by non-New Zealand sports teams

Other New Zealand sports teams have similarly performed the haka before a match. The tradition of performing a haka before every test match is just as strong with the Kiwis, the New Zealand national rugby league team, performing it before every game. Traditionally they performed the "Ka Mate" haka, but starting at the 2013 Rugby League World Cup they perform a team-specific haka called "Te Iwi Kiwi". It is also performed by the Australian rules football team and Tall Blacks. The New Zealand Māori have performed the 'Timatanga' haka since 2001. In the documentary Murderball, the New Zealand paralympic rugby team can be seen performing a modified version of the haka.

When Munster hosted the All Blacks at Thomond Park, Limerick in November 2008, the four New Zealand players in the Munster team performed their own haka prior to the All Blacks.[32]

At the opening parade of the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, the New Zealand team stopped in front of the Queen and performed a haka.[33]

New Zealand teams have attracted some criticism for performing the haka, on occasions such as winning a swim relay bronze medal.[34]

In 2009, Ice Blacks did their haka before their ice hockey match against Australia.[35] The Tall Blacks performed the dance prior to its games in the 2014 FIBA tournament, including a contest against the United States, where video of the dance was widely circulated and sparked discussion.[36]

The Black Sticks, the (field) hockey team, also perform a haka.

The high-profile of the All Blacks, and their use of the haka has led other Pacific teams to use similar dances from their own cultures, such as the Cibi, Kailao, and Siva tau. Other teams from the Pacific and elsewhere however have performed the "Ka Mate" or "Kapa o Pango" haka. For instance, the "Kapa o Pango" haka was used by the University of Hawaii Warriors in 2006, before they created their own war dance, the "Haʻa", in the Hawaiian language with original movements.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Taking the haka to American football games", Jon Stokes, 17 Sep 2005, NZ Herald
  2. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". www.teara.govt.nz.
  3. ^ Jackson, SJ; Hokowhitu, B (2002). "Sport, Tribes, and Technology: The New Zealand All Blacks Haka and the Politics of Identity". Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 26 (2): 125–139. doi:10.1177/0193723502262002. ISSN 0193-7235.
  4. ^ Ko Nga Moteatea, 1853
  5. ^ "Haka". 30 November 2015.
  6. ^ Haka! The Dance of a Noble People. Raupo Publishing (NZ) Ltd. 17 June 1993.
  7. ^ Welcome to the New Zealand Team Sydney Morning Herald, 17 July 1903, p.7
  8. ^ "New Zealand's Much Discussed War Cry" Sunday Times, 19 July 1903, at Trove
  9. ^ Football: New Zealanders in New South Wales. Taranaki Herald, 30 July 1903)
  10. ^ a b Cheng, Derek (20 October 2007). "Controversial All Blacks haka could get chop". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  11. ^ The Triumphant Tour! : the All Blacks in England, Ireland and Wales, 1924–1925. This rugby treasure is mostly reprints of extensive newspaper reports of each match of the tour.
  12. ^ "Rugby | Rugby Union and Rugby League news | MSN UK". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012.
  13. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "A Famous Haka", March 1959, Rev. Tipi Kaa, Te Ao Hou The New World
  15. ^ "Uva looking ahead already". Planet Rugby. 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
  16. ^ Long, David (9 September 2007). "Haka snub sparks All Black fury". Sunday News. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
  17. ^ "Anderson bucks the trend". BBC. 15 November 2001. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  18. ^ "England receive 'Haka' warning". BBC News. 7 October 1999. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
  19. ^ Inverdale, John (14 November 2002). "Give the haka its due respect". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  20. ^ "All Blacks perform haka in changing room to protest Welsh Rugby Union". International Herald Tribune. 25 November 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  21. ^ "McCaw defends private haka choice". BBC Sport. 26 November 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
  22. ^ Godwin, Hugh (27 November 2006). "Wales 10 New Zealand 45: All Blacks dance to a different beat". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
  23. ^ Bernard Lagan (8 July 2006). "Handbag haka was foul play, say heavyweights of rugby". London: Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  24. ^ "Masoe fined after tearful handbag punch-up". Taipei Times. 31 May 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  25. ^ "New Zealand ire at 'handbag haka'". BBC News. 6 July 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
  26. ^ "Debate flares again on controversial haka". newstalkzb.co.nz. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2006.
  27. ^ "New haka gets public approval". tvnz.co.nz. Archived from the original on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2006.
  28. ^ "Throat-slitting haka upsets NZRU". tvnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2 August 2006.
  29. ^ Phillips, Smith (30 October 2019). "England fined for V-formation haka response". REUTERS. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  30. ^ "Kiwis honour Blair with Haka". NRL. 2 November 2019.
  31. ^ Agars, Sam (23 July 2018). "Rugby World Cup Sevens 2018: All Blacks haka after win vs England caps incredible New Zealand turnaround". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  32. ^ Thornley, Gerry (19 November 2008). "Valiant Munster come so close to repeating magic of 1978". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  33. ^ Smith, Giles (27 July 2002). "Forget the usual pageantry, let's just have fun". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  34. ^ "Kiwis deny overdoing haka at Games". The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 March 2006. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  35. ^ Woolf, Alexander (31 August 2002). "Thunder from Down Under". SportsIllustrated.com. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  36. ^ "New Zealand Basketball Team's Haka Dance Baffles Team USA". ABC News. 3 September 2014.

References

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