List of geological features on Titan
This is a list of named geological features on Saturn's moon Titan. Official names for these features have only been announced very recently, as Titan's surface was virtually unknown before the arrival of the Cassini–Huygens probe.[1][2] Some features were known by informal nicknames beforehand; these names are noted where appropriate. Note that some features with a physical size given by "diameter" may not be circular and actually refers to its length.[note 1]
Albedo features
Albedo features on Titan are named after sacred or enchanted places in world mythologies and literature.[3]
Bright albedo features
Albedo feature | Coordinates | Named after |
---|---|---|
Adiri | 10°S 210°W / 10°S 210°W | Adiri, Melanesian paradise[4] |
Dilmun | 15°N 175°W / 15°N 175°W | Dilmun, Sumerian heaven |
Quivira | 0°N 15°W / 0°N 15°W | Quivira, legendary city in southwestern America |
Tsegihi | 40°S 10°W / 40°S 10°W | Tsegihi, Navajo sacred place |
Xanadu | 15°S 100°W / 15°S 100°W | Xanadu, an imaginary palace in Coleridge's Kubla Khan |
Dark albedo features
Albedo feature | Coordinates | Named after | Informal name |
---|---|---|---|
Aaru | 10°N 340°W / 10°N 340°W | Aaru, Egyptian paradise | |
Aztlan | 10°S 20°W / 10°S 20°W | Aztlán, mythical Aztec homeland | Southern part of 'Lying H' |
Belet | 5°S 255°W / 5°S 255°W | Belet, Malay paradise | |
Ching-tu | 30°S 205°W / 30°S 205°W | Ching-tu, Chinese Buddhist paradise | |
Fensal | 5°N 30°W / 5°N 30°W | Fensalir, Norse heavenly mansion | Northern part of 'Lying H' |
Mezzoramia | 70°S 0°W / 70°S -0°E | Mezzoramia, African oasis of happiness from Italian legend | |
Senkyo | 5°S 320°W / 5°S 320°W | Senkyo, Japanese paradise | |
Shangri-La | 10°S 165°W / 10°S 165°W | Shangri-La, Tibetan paradise |
Arcūs
Titanean arcūs (arc-shaped features) are named after deities of happiness.[5]
Albedo feature | Coordinates | Named after |
---|---|---|
Hotei Arcus | 28°S 79°W / 28°S 79°W | Hotei, Japanese god |
Colles
Colles are small hills or knobs which are named after characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth.[6]
Collis | Coordinates | Diameter (km) | Named after |
---|---|---|---|
Arwen Colles[6] | 7°30′S 250°00′W / 7.5°S 250.0°W | 64 | Arwen, character from Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy |
Bilbo Colles[6] | 4°12′S 38°36′W / 4.2°S 38.6°W | 164 | Bilbo Baggins, titular character of Tolkien's The Hobbit |
Faramir Colles[6] | 4°00′N 153°48′W / 4.0°N 153.8°W | 82 | Faramir, character from Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy |
Gandalf Colles[6] | 14°36′N 209°30′W / 14.6°N 209.5°W | 102 | Gandalf, character from Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy |
Handir Colles[6] | 10°00′N 356°42′W / 10.0°N 356.7°W | 100 | Handir, character from Tolkien's The Silmarillion |
Nimloth Colles[6] | 11°54′N 151°18′W / 11.9°N 151.3°W | 90 | Nimloth, name of a character and a tree from Tolkien's Middle-earth |
Craters
Craters on Titan are named after deities of wisdom.[7]
Crater | Coordinates | Diameter (km) | Named after | Informal name |
---|---|---|---|---|
Afekan | 25°48′N 200°18′W / 25.8°N 200.3°W | 115.0 | Afekan, New Guinean creator goddess | |
Beag | 34°42′S 169°36′W / 34.7°S 169.6°W | 145.0 | Beag, Irish/Celtic goddess | |
Forseti | 25°30′N 10°24′W / 25.5°N 10.4°W | 115.0 | Forseti, Norse god | |
Hano | 40°18′N 14°54′E / 40.3°N 14.9°E | 100.0 | Hano, Bella Coola (northwestern USA and western Canada) goddess of education knowledge and magic. She manifested as a shaman so she could teach the people | |
Ksa | 14°00′N 65°24′W / 14.0°N 65.4°W | 29.0 | Ksa, Lakota/Oglala spirit | |
Menrva | 20°06′N 87°12′W / 20.1°N 87.2°W | 392.0 | Menrva, Etruscan goddess | 'Circus Maximus' |
Momoy | 11°36′N 44°36′W / 11.6°N 44.6°W | 40.0 | Momoy, Chumash ancestor shaman and goddess of magic | |
Mystis | 0°06′N 194°54′W / 0.1°N 194.9°W | 20.0 | Mystis, Greek nymph | |
Selk crater | 7°00′N 199°00′W / 7.0°N 199.0°W | 80.0 | Selk, Egyptian goddess | |
Sinlap | 11°18′N 16°00′W / 11.3°N 16.0°W | 80.0 | Sinlap, Kachin spirit | |
Soi | 24°18′N 140°54′W / 24.3°N 140.9°W | 75.0 | Soi, Melanesian (New Ireland Island Papua New Guinea) god of wisdom |
Faculae
Faculae (bright spots) are named after islands on Earth that are not politically independent.[8] Groups of faculae are named after archipelagos on Earth.
Fluctūs
The term "fluctus" refers to flow terrain. Fluctūs on Titan are named after mythological figures associated with beauty.[9]
Fluctus | Coordinates | Named after |
---|---|---|
Ara Fluctus | 39°48′N 118°24′W / 39.8°N 118.4°W | Ara the Beautiful, Armenian legendary figure |
Leilah Fluctus | 50°30′N 77°48′W / 50.5°N 77.8°W | Layla, Persian goddess |
Mohini Fluctus | 11°47′S 38°32′W / 11.78°S 38.53°W | Mohini, Indian goddess of beauty and magic |
Rohe Fluctus | 47°18′N 37°45′W / 47.3°N 37.75°W | Rohe, Māori goddess |
Winia Fluctus | 49°00′N 46°00′W / 49.0°N 46.0°W | Winia, Indonesian first woman |
Flumina
A flumen is a feature that looks like a channel carved by liquid. Flumina refers to a network of rivers. They are named after mythical or imaginary rivers.[10]
Flumina | Coordinates | Length (km)[note 1] | Named after |
---|---|---|---|
Apanohuaya Flumen | 84°17′N 297°14′W / 84.29°N 297.24°W | 64 | Apanohuaya,[11] mythological river in the Aztec Underworld |
Celadon Flumina | 73°42′S 28°48′W / 73.7°S 28.8°W | 160 | Celadon, river in Homer's Iliad |
Elivagar Flumina | 19°18′N 78°30′W / 19.3°N 78.5°W | 260 | The Élivágar, a group of ice rivers in Norse mythology |
Hubur Flumen | 70°12′S 192°54′W / 70.2°S 192.9°W | 84 | Hubur, river of the underworld in Mesopotamian mythology |
Karesos Flumen | 70°54′S 194°48′W / 70.9°S 194.8°W | 83 | River in Homer's Iliad |
Saraswati Flumen | 74°36′S 193°30′W / 74.6°S 193.5°W | 2.9 | Saraswati, river in Hindu mythology |
Vid Flumina | 72°54′N 242°30′W / 72.9°N 242.5°W | 158 | One of the rivers in Élivágar. |
Xanthus Flumen | 83°28′N 242°46′W / 83.47°N 242.76°W | 78 | Name of the Gods of the river Skamandros in the Iliad. |
Freta
A fretum is a strait of liquid connecting two larger liquid bodies. Freta refers to multiple straits. They are named after characters from the Foundation series of science fiction novels by Isaac Asimov.[12]
Fretum | Coordinates | Length (km)[note 1] | Named after | Informal name |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bayta Fretum | 73°00′N 311°12′W / 73°N 311.2°W | 165 | Bayta Darell, fictional character in Isaac Asimov's Foundation Series, wife of the Trader Toran Darell and grandmother of famous author Arcadia Darell. | |
Hardin Fretum | 57°18′N 317°48′W / 57.3°N 317.8°W | 246 | Salvor Hardin, fictional character in Isaac Asimov's Foundation Series, first Mayor of the planet Terminus. | |
Seldon Fretum | 66°00′N 316°36′W / 66°N 316.6°W | 67 | Hari Seldon, the fictional, intellectual hero of Isaac Asimov's Foundation Series, First Minister of the Galactic Empire. | 'Throat of Kraken'[13] |
Trevize Fretum | 74°24′N 269°54′W / 74.4°N 269.9°W | 173 | Golan Trevize, fictional character in Isaac Asimov's Foundation Series, councilman of the planet Terminus. |
Insulae
Insulae are islands within Titan's seas. They are named after legendary islands.[14]
Insula | Coordinates | Liquid body | Named after |
---|---|---|---|
Bermoothes Insula | 67°06′N 317°06′W / 67.1°N 317.1°W | Kraken Mare | Bermoothes, an enchanted island in Shakespeare's Tempest |
Bimini Insula | 73°18′N 305°24′W / 73.3°N 305.4°W | Kraken Mare | Bimini, island in Arawak legend said to contain the fountain of youth. |
Bralgu Insula | 76°12′N 251°30′W / 76.2°N 251.5°W | Ligeia Mare | Baralku, in Yolngu culture, the island of the dead and the place where the Djanggawul, the three creator siblings, originated. |
Buyan Insula | 77°18′N 245°06′W / 77.3°N 245.1°W | Ligeia Mare | Buyan, a rocky island in Russian folk tales located on the south shore of Baltic Sea |
Hufaidh Insulae | 67°00′N 320°18′W / 67°N 320.3°W | Kraken Mare | Hufaidh, legendary island in the marshes of southern Iraq |
Krocylea Insulae | 69°06′N 302°24′W / 69.1°N 302.4°W | Kraken Mare | Crocylea, mythological Greek island in the Ionian Sea, near Ithaca |
Mayda Insula | 79°06′N 312°12′W / 79.1°N 312.2°W | Kraken Mare | Mayda, legendary island in the northeast Atlantic |
Penglai Insula | 72°12′N 308°42′W / 72.2°N 308.7°W | Kraken Mare | Penglai, mythological Chinese mountain island where immortals and gods lived. |
Planctae Insulae | 77°30′N 251°18′W / 77.5°N 251.3°W | Ligeia Mare | Symplegades, the "clashing rocks" in Bosphorus which only Argo was said to have successfully passed. |
Royllo Insula | 68°18′N 297°12′W / 68.3°N 297.2°W | Kraken Mare | Royllo, legendary island in the Atlantic, on verge of unknown, near Antilla and Saint Brandan. |
Labyrinthi
Labyrinthi (complexes of intersecting valleys or ridges[15]) on Titan are named after planets from the fictional Dune universe created by Frank Herbert.[16][17]
Lacunae
Lacunae are dark areas with the appearance of dry lake beds, which are named after intermittent lakes on Earth.[23]
Lacūs
Lacūs (plural form of lacus used in Titan geological nomenclature) are hydrocarbon lakes.[28]
Large ringed features
Large ring features are named after deities of wisdom in world mythology.[29]
Ring feature | Coordinates | Named after |
---|---|---|
Guabonito | 10°54′S 150°48′W / 10.9°S 150.8°W | Guabonito, Taíno sea goddess |
Nath | 30°30′S 7°42′W / 30.5°S 7.7°W | Irish goddess of wisdom |
Paxsi | 5°00′N 341°12′W / 5.0°N 341.2°W | Aymara goddess of the moon and wisdom |
Veles | 2°00′N 137°18′W / 2.0°N 137.3°W | Veles, Slavic god |
Maculae
Titanean maculae (dark spots) are named after deities of happiness, peace, and harmony in world mythology.[30]
Macula | Coordinates | Named after |
---|---|---|
Eir Macula | 24°00′S 114°42′W / 24.0°S 114.7°W | Eir, Norse goddess. |
Elpis Macula | 31°12′N 27°00′W / 31.2°N 27.0°W | Elpis, Greek god |
Ganesa Macula | 50°00′N 87°18′W / 50.0°N 87.3°W | Ganesa, Hindu god |
Genetaska Macula | 23°30′N 196°18′W / 23.5°N 196.3°W | Genetaska, Peace Queen of the Iroquois |
Omacatl Macula | 17°36′N 37°12′W / 17.6°N 37.2°W | Omacatl, Aztec god. |
Polaznik Macula | 41°06′S 280°24′W / 41.1°S 280.4°W | Polaznik, Slavic god |
Polelya Macula | 50°00′N 56°00′W / 50.0°N 56.0°W | Polelya, Slavic god |
Maria
Maria (plural of mare) are hydrocarbon seas.[31]
Montes
Mountains are named after mountains from the fictional Middle-Earth created by J.R.R. Tolkien.[32]
Planitiae
Planitiae (low plains) on Titan are named after planets from the fictional Dune universe created by Frank Herbert.[16][33]
Regiones
Regiones (regions distinctly different from their surroundings) are named after deities of peace and happiness.[42]
Regio | Coordinates | Named after |
---|---|---|
Concordia Regio | 20°00′S 241°00′W / 20.0°S 241.0°W | Concordia, the Roman goddess of divinity and harmony |
Hetpet Regio | 22°00′S 292°00′W / 22.0°S 292.0°W | Hetpet, the Egyptian personification of happiness |
Hotei Regio | 26°00′S 78°00′W / 26.0°S 78.0°W | Budai, Chinese/Japanese god |
Ochumare Regio | 10°24′N 348°06′W / 10.4°N 348.1°W | Ochumare, Puertan Rican goddess of happiness and weather |
Tui Regio | 24°30′S 124°54′W / 24.5°S 124.9°W | Tui, Chinese goddess. |
Sinūs
Sinus (bays) within seas or lakes are named after terrestrial bays, coves, fjords or inlets.[43]
Terrae
Terrae are extensive landmasses. As with the albedo features, they are named after sacred and enchanted locations from cultures across the world.[45]
Terra | Coordinates | Named after |
---|---|---|
Garotman Terra | 13°30′S 348°00′W / 13.5°S 348.0°W | Garotman, the Iranian paradise that the souls of faithful men inhabit |
Tollan Terra | 6°24′N 322°42′W / 6.4°N 322.7°W | Tollan, the Aztec paradise where crops never wilt |
Tsiipiya Terra | 2°50′N 340°07′W / 2.83°N 340.12°W | Tsiipiya, the Hopi name for Mount Taylor in New Mexico, USA |
Yalaing Terra | 19°30′S 324°00′W / 19.5°S 324.0°W | Yalaing, the Australian spirit land for good souls with clean water and game |
Undae
Undae are dune fields. On Titan they are named after Greek deities of wind.[46]
Undae | Coordinates | Diameter (km) | Named after |
---|---|---|---|
Aura Undae | 13°47′N 226°52′W / 13.79°N 226.86°W | 490 | Aura, Titanis goddess of the morning wind. |
Boreas Undae | 6°S 215°W / 6°S 215°W | 260 | Boreas, Greek god of the north wind. |
Eurus Undae | 7°30′S 210°18′W / 7.5°S 210.3°W | 220 | Eurus, Greek personification of the east wind. |
Notus Undae | 10°00′S 211°06′W / 10°S 211.1°W | 530 | Notus, Greek god of the south or southwest wind. |
Zephyrus Undae | 8°30′S 217°06′W / 8.5°S 217.1°W | 130 | Zephyrus, Greek personification of the gentle west wind. |
Virgae
Virgae (streaks of colour) are named after rain gods in world mythologies.[47]
Virga | Coordinates | Named after |
---|---|---|
Bacab Virgae | 19°00′S 151°00′W / 19.0°S 151.0°W | Bacab, Mayan rain god |
Hobal Virga | 35°00′S 166°00′W / 35.0°S 166.0°W | Hobal, Arabian rain god. |
Kalseru Virga | 36°00′S 137°00′W / 36.0°S 137.0°W | Kalseru, Australian Aborigine rain god. |
Perkunas Virgae | 27°00′S 162°00′W / 27.0°S 162.0°W | Perkūnas, Lithuanian supreme god |
Shiwanni Virgae | 25°00′S 32°00′W / 25.0°S 32.0°W | Shiwanni, Zuni rain god |
Tishtrya Virgae | 23°48′N 179°48′W / 23.8°N 179.8°W | Tishtrya, Persian rain god |
Tlaloc Virgae | 23°42′N 207°42′W / 23.7°N 207.7°W | Tlaloc, Aztec rain god |
Uanui Virgae | 45°12′N 235°18′W / 45.2°N 235.3°W | Uanui, Māori rain god |
Informal names for previously unnamed features
Because the exact nature of many surface features remain mysterious, a number of features took time to receive formal names and are known by nicknames. In most cases, indications of brightness and darkness refer not to visible light, but to the infrared images used to look through Titan's obscuring haze.[48]
- 'The Sickle': a large, dark, sickle-shaped region identified by the Hubble Space Telescope.
- 'Throat of Kraken': unofficial name for the strait that separates the north and south basins of Kraken Mare, before officially being named Seldon Fretum. It was used in early publications that hypothesized about its role with tidal dissipation and surface currents between the two basins of Kraken Mare.[13][49]
See also
Notes
References
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- ^ Overbye, Dennis (3 December 2019). "Go Ahead, Take a Spin on Titan - Saturn's biggest moon has gasoline for rain, soot for snow and a subsurface ocean of ammonia. Now there's a map to help guide the search for possible life there". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
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- ^ Tokano, Tetsuya; Lorenz, Ralph D.; Van Hoolst, Tim (2014-11-01). "Numerical simulation of tides and oceanic angular momentum of Titan's hydrocarbon seas". Icarus. 242: 188–201. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.021. ISSN 0019-1035.