R-60 (missile)
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (November 2020) |
| Vympel R-60 AA-8 "Aphid" | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Short-range lightweight infrared homing air-to-air missile |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1974–present |
| Wars | Iran–Iraq War South African Border War Lebanese Civil War |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Vympel |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 43.5 kg (96 lb) |
| Length | 2,090 mm (6 ft 10 in) |
| Diameter | 120 mm (4.7 in) |
| Wingspan | 390 mm (15 in) |
| Warhead | 3 kg (6.6 lb) |
Detonation mechanism | proximity |
| Engine | Solid-fuel rocket engine |
Operational range | 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) |
| Flight altitude | 20,000 m (66,000 ft) |
| Maximum speed | Mach 2.7 |
Guidance system | Infrared homing[1] |
Launch platform | MiG-21, MiG-23, MiG-25, MiG-27, MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-15, Su-17, Su-20, Su-22, Su-24, Su-25, Yak-28, Yak-38, Yak-141, Mi-24, BAE Systems Hawk, L39ZA, J-22 Orao |
The Molniya (now Vympel) R-60 (NATO reporting name: AA-8 "Aphid") is a short-range lightweight infrared homing air-to-air missile designed for use by Soviet fighter aircraft. It has been widely exported, and remains in service with the CIS and many other nations.
History
The R-60 was initially developed for the MiG-23. Work began on the weapon, under the bureau designation K-60 (izdeliye 62), in the late 1960s. Series production began in 1973. It entered service with the designation R-60 (NATO reporting name "Aphid-A").
When introduced, the R-60 was one of the world's lightest air-to-air missiles, with a launch weight of 44 kg (97 lb). It has infrared guidance, with an uncooled Komar (Mosquito) seeker head. Control is by forward rudders with large rear fins. The distinctive canards on the nose, known as "destabilizers," serve to improve the rudders' efficiency at high angles of attack. The R-60 uses a small, 3 kg (6.6 lb) tungsten expanding-rod surrounding a high explosive fragmentation warhead. Two different types of proximity fuze can be fitted: the standard Strizh (Swift) optical fuse, which can be replaced with a Kolibri active radar fuse. Missiles equipped with the latter fuse were designated R-60K.[2]
According to Russian sources,[which?] practical engagement range is about 4,000 m (4,400 yd), although "brochure range" is 8 km (5.0 mi) at high altitude. The weapon was one of the most agile air-to-air missiles until the advent of thrust vectored missiles like the R-73 (missile) and AIM-9X. The R-60 can be used by aircraft maneuvering at up to 9g against targets maneuvering at up to 8g. A tactical advantage is the short minimum range of only 300 m (330 yd).
Soviet practice was to manufacture most air-to-air missiles with interchangeable IR-homer and semi-active radar homing (SARH) seekers – however, an SARH version of the R-60 was never contemplated due to the small size of the missile which makes a radar-homing version with an antenna of reasonable size impractical.
An inert training version, alternatively designated UZ-62 and UZR-60, was also built.
An upgraded version, the R-60M (NATO reporting name: "Aphid-B"), using a nitrogen-cooled seeker with an expanded view angle of ±20°, was introduced around 1982. Although its seeker is more sensitive than its predecessor, the R-60M has only limited all-aspect capability. Minimum engagement range was further reduced, to only 200 m (220 yd).[3] The proximity fuzes had improved resistance to ECM, although both optical and radar fuzes remained available (radar-fuzed R-60Ms with the Kolibri-M fuze are designated R-60 km). The R-60M is 42 mm (1.7 in) longer, and has a heavier, 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) continuous-rod warhead, increasing launch weight to 45 kg (99 lb). In some versions the warhead is apparently laced with about 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) of depleted uranium to increase the penetrating power of the warhead.[4]
The inert training version of the R-60M was the R-60MU.
Since 1999, a modified version of the weapon has been used as a surface-to-air missile (SAM) as part of the Yugoslav M55A3B1 towed anti-aircraft artillery system. It has also been seen carried on a twin rail mount on a modified M53/59 Praga armored SPAAG of (former) Czechoslovakian origin. These missiles have been modified with the addition of a first stage booster motor, with the missile's own motor becoming the sustainer. This was done in lieu of modifying the missile's motor for ground launch, as in the case of the US MIM-72 Chaparral.
The current Russian dogfight missile is the R-73 (missile) (AA-11 "Archer"), but large numbers of R-60 missiles remain in service.
Operational history
Soviet Union
On 20 April 1978, two R-60 missiles were fired at Korean Air Lines Flight 902 after a navigational error had caused it to fly into Russian airspace. One missile hit, detaching 4 meters of the left wing and killing 2 passengers. The plane made an emergency landing on a frozen lake.
On 21 June 1978, a PVO MiG-23M flown by Pilot Captain V. Shkinder shot down two Iranian Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopters that had trespassed into Soviet airspace, one helicopter being dispatched by two R-60 missiles and the other by cannon fire.
Syria
Several Russian reports affirm the AA-8 was widely used during the 1982 Lebanon war, and it was the main weapon used by the Syrians in air-to-air combat. Some Russian reports affirm that the R-60 was the most successful air-to-air missile deployed by the Syrians in Lebanon over the Bekaa Valley in 1982[5][6] According to Israeli reports, the vast majority of air-to-air combat consisted of visual range dogfights, and this has been also confirmed by Russian sources. The Russian reports also mentioned that several F-4s, F-16, IAI Kfirs were destroyed by R-60s among other aircraft. Israel claims some F-4s and Kfirs were lost in 1982, but lists SAMs as responsible for all Israeli aircraft losses.
Iraq
On 19 January 1991, during the Gulf War, Iraqi air force pilot Jameel Sayhood claimed to have shot down a Royal Air Force Panavia Tornado with a R-60 missile, however according to the Royal Air Force the aircraft crashed on 22 January 1991 on a bombing mission in Ar Ruthba.
Angola/Cuba
On 27 September 1987, during Operation Moduler, two Cuban FAR MiG-23MLs intercepted Captain Arthur Piercy's Mirage F1CZ, which was damaged by either an R-23 or an R-60 fired head-on by Major Alberto Ley Rivas. The explosion destroyed the aircraft's drag chute and damaged the hydraulics. Piercy was able to recover to AFB Rundu, but the aircraft overshot the runway. The impact with the rough terrain caused Piercy's ejection seat to fire, but he failed to separate from the seat and suffered major spinal injuries.[7][8]
On 7 August 1988, a BAe-125 owned by the Botswana government was carrying the President of Botswana, Quett Masire, and his staff to a meeting in Luanda. An Angolan MiG-23 pilot fired two R-60s at the plane. One missile hit the no. 2 engine, causing it to fall off the aircraft. The second missile then hit the falling engine. The crew was able to make a successful emergency landing on a bush strip at Cutio Bie.[9][citation needed]
India
An Indian Air Force MiG-21 used an infrared homing R-60 to bring down a Pakistani Navy Breguet Atlantic in 1999 which intruded over Indian airspace. Part of the wreckage was found in contested territory, this incident is widely known as the Atlantique incident.
Operators
Current operators
Algeria[10]
Armenia
Angola
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cuba
Georgia[11]
India
Iran
Libya[12]
Malaysia
North Korea
Peru
Poland[13]
Romania
Russia
Slovakia
Serbia
Syria
Ukraine
Vietnam
Former operators
Czechoslovakia- Passed on successor states.
- Czech Republic
East Germany
Finland- Was used on MiG-21Bis. Was used concurrently and afterwards on BAE Hawks until the early 2000s, replaced by the AIM-9M.
Germany
Hungary- Used on MiG-29
Iraq- As of Saddam's Era.
Soviet Union- Passed on successor states.
Yugoslavia- Passed on successor states.
References
- Citations
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Spring of 1978. How USSR downed over Karelia the Korean "Boeing". (The homing device was produced at the Kiev Arsenal factory.)
- ^ Gordon, Yefim, Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two (Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, 2004), pp. 29–32.
- ^ Mladenov, Alexander, "Air-to-air missiles for the fighter 'Flogger'", International Air Power Review vol. 14, 2004, pp. 90–91.
- ^ "Health Risks of Using Depleted Uranium," Venik's Aviation, 2001.
- ^ SyAAF MiG-23 comabat record. Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "-23". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ Lord, Dick (2000). Vlamgat: The Story of the Mirage F1 in the South African Air Force. Covos-Day. ISBN 0-620-24116-0.
- ^ "Piloto SAAF derribado por MiG-23 cubano". Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
- ^ Hatch, Paul (29 November – 5 December 1989). "World's Air Forces 1989". Flight International. p. 42.
- ^ "Error with loading of Weaponsystem (HH07 - R-60)". weaponsystems.net. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- ^ "Fighter SU-25KM (Scorpion)". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ "Facebook". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ "Wiadomości - Altair Agencja Lotnicza". www.altair.com.pl. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- Bibliography
- Gordon, Yefim (2004). Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-188-1.