Jump to content

Anal sex

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Flyer22 Frozen (talk | contribs) at 00:45, 24 July 2013 (Consistency for percent formatting.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the human sexual act. For anal sex in non-human animals, see Animal sexual behaviour.

Depiction of anal sex on 510 BC Attic red-figure kylix

Anal sex or anal intercourse is the insertion and thrusting of the penis into a person's anus, or anus and rectum, for sexual pleasure.[1][2][3] Other forms of anal sex include fingering, use of sex toys to penetrate the anus/rectum, anilingus, and pegging.[1][2][4] Sources sometimes use the term anal intercourse to refer exclusively to penile-anal penetration, and anal sex to refer to any form of anal sexual activity (especially between two or more people, as opposed to masturbation).[1][5][6]

While anal sex is commonly associated with male homosexuality, research shows that not all gay males engage in anal sex and that it is not uncommon in heterosexual relationships.[1][3][7][8] Types of anal sex can also be a part of lesbian sexual practices.[9] People may experience pleasure from anal sex by stimulation of the anal nerve endings, and orgasm may be achieved through anal penetration – by indirect stimulation of the prostate in men, indirect clitoral/G-Spot stimulation in women, and associated sensory nerves (especially the pudendal nerve).[2][3][10][11] However, people may also find anal sex painful, sometimes extremely so,[12][13] which may be primarily due to psychological factors in some cases.[14]

As with most forms of sexual activity, anal sex participants risk contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs).[15][16] Anal sex is considered a high-risk sexual practice because of the vulnerability of the anus and rectum. The anal and rectal tissues are delicate and do not provide natural lubrication, so they can easily tear and permit disease transmission, especially if lubricant is not used. Anal sex without protection of a condom is considered the riskiest form of sexual activity,[1][3] and therefore health authorities such as the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend safe sex practices for anal sex.[15]

Often, strong views are expressed with regard to anal sex; it is controversial in various cultures, especially with regard to religion, commonly due to prohibitions against anal sex among gay men or teachings about the procreative purpose of sexual activity.[1][4][5] It may be regarded as taboo or unnatural, and is a criminal offense in some countries, punishable by corporal or capital punishment; by contrast, people also commonly regard anal sex as a natural and valid form of sexual activity that may be as equally fulfilling as any other desired sexual expression. They may regard it as an enhancing element of their sex lives or as their primary form of sexual activity.[1][4][5]

Anatomy and stimulation

See also: Prostate massage
File:Male anatomy en.svg
Male genital anatomy, showing the location of the prostate with respect to the rectum

The abundance of nerve endings in the anal region and rectum can make anal sex pleasurable for men or women.[2][3][4] The internal and external sphincter muscles control the opening and closing of the anus; these muscles, which are sensitive membranes made up of many nerve endings, facilitate pleasure or pain during anal sex.[3][4] "The inner third of the anal canal is less sensitive to touch than the outer two-thirds, but is more sensitive to pressure" and "[t]he rectum is a curved tube about eight or nine inches long and has the capacity, like the anus, to expand".[4]

Research indicates that anal sex occurs significantly less frequently than other sexual behaviors,[7][17] but its association with dominance and submission, as well as taboo, makes it an appealing stimulus to people of all sexual orientations.[4][18][19] In addition to sexual penetration by the penis, people may use sex toys such as butt plugs or anal beads, engage in fingering, anilingus, pegging, anal masturbation or fisting for anal sexual activity, and different sex positions may also be included.[4][20] Fisting is the least practiced of the activities,[21] with "[fe]w people" being "capable of relaxing enough to accommodate something as big as a fist in their anus, and there is real danger of damage to the delicate rectal tissues".[4]

In a male receptive partner, being anally penetrated can produce a pleasurable sensation due to the inserted penis rubbing or brushing against the prostate (also known as the "male G-Spot", "P-Spot" or "A-Spot") through the anal wall.[2][10][22][23] This can result in pleasurable sensations and can lead to an orgasm in some cases.[2][10][22] Prostate stimulation can produce a "deeper" orgasm, sometimes described by men as more widespread and intense, longer-lasting, and allowing for greater feelings of ecstasy than orgasm elicited by penile stimulation only.[2][22] The prostate is located next to the rectum and is the larger, more developed male homologue to the Skene's glands (which are believed to be connected to the female G-Spot).[24][25]

General statistics indicate that 70–80% of women require direct clitoral stimulation to achieve orgasm.[26][27][28][29] The clitoris is composed of more than the externally visible glans (head). With its glans or body as a whole estimated to have around 8,000 sensory nerve endings, more than any other part of the human body,[3][30][31] the clitoris surrounds the vagina somewhat like a horseshoe[31] and surrounds the urethra and anus as well;[32][33] the vagina is flanked on each side by the clitoral crura, the internal "legs" of the clitoris, which are highly sensitive and become engorged with blood when sexually aroused.[33][34][35] In addition to nerve endings present within the anus and rectum, women may find anal stimulation pleasurable due to these "legs" extending along the vaginal lips (labia minora) back to the anus.[36] Indirect stimulation of the clitoris through anal penetration may also be caused by the shared sensory nerves; especially the pudendal nerve, which gives off the inferior anal nerves and divides into two terminal branches: the perineal nerve and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris.[2]

The Gräfenberg spot, or G-Spot, is a debated area of female anatomy, particularly among doctors and researchers,[33][37][38] but it is typically described as being located behind the female pubic bone surrounding the urethra and accessible through the anterior wall of the vagina; it is considered to have tissue and nerves that are related to the clitoris.[2][33][37] Besides the shared anatomy of the aforementioned sensory nerves, orgasm by stimulation of the clitoris or G-Spot through anal penetration is made possible because of the close proximity between the vaginal cavity and the rectal cavity, allowing for general indirect stimulation.[11][21] Achieving orgasm solely by anal stimulation is rare among women.[39] Direct stimulation of the clitoris, G-Spot, or both, during anal sex can help some women enjoy the activity and reach orgasm from it.[3][11][40]

Stimulation from anal sex can additionally be affected by popular perception or portrayals of the activity, such as erotica or pornography. In pornography, anal sex is commonly portrayed as desirable, routine, without use of a personal lubricant or a condom, and painless; this can result in couples performing anal sex without care, and men and women believing that it is unusual for women, as receptive partners, to find no pleasure from the activity and instead discomfort or pain from it.[6][41][42][43] In contrast, each person's sphincter muscles react to penetration differently, the anal sphincters have tissues that are more prone to tearing, and the anus and rectum, unlike the vagina, do not provide natural lubrication for sexual penetration. Researchers say adequate application of a personal lubricant, relaxation, and communication between sexual partners are crucial to avoid pain or damage to the anus or rectum.[1][3][13][44] Ensuring that the anal area is clean and the bowel is empty, for both aesthetics and practicality, is also suggested.[1][21]

Male to female

1892 lithograph by Paul Avril depicting male-to-female anal sex

The anal sphincters are usually tighter than the pelvic muscles of the vagina, which can enhance the sexual pleasure for the inserting male during male-to-female anal intercourse because of the pressure applied to the penis.[11][18] Men may additionally enjoy the penetrative role during anal sex because of its association with dominance, because it is made more alluring by a female or general society insisting that it is forbidden, or primarily because it presents an additional option for penetration.[4][18]

While some women find being a receptive partner during anal intercourse painful or uncomfortable, or only engage in the act to please a male sexual partner, other women find the activity pleasurable or prefer it to vaginal intercourse.[11][6][45][46] The vaginal walls contain significantly fewer nerve endings than the clitoris and anus, and therefore intense sexual pleasure, including orgasm, from vaginal sexual stimulation is less likely to occur than from direct clitoral stimulation in most women.[37][38][47] However, anal sexual simulation is not necessarily more likely to result in orgasm than vaginal sexual stimulation; the types of nerves and how they interact with each other are factors,[2] as "total separation between the vagina and clitoris is mostly artificial, and often based on a misunderstanding of what, where, and how big the clitoris really is"; the clitoris surrounds the vagina and anus.[32][33][37]

In a study of heterosexual anal sex, female participants stated that direct stimulation of multiple erogenous zones simultaneously (the clitoris, the G-Spot, the anus, or other erogenous zones) enabled them to enjoy anal intercourse with much less discomfort compared to anal penetration by itself and to orgasm from it. Women who experienced orgasm during anal sex accompanied by direct stimulation of one or more of the other erogenous zones described it as more of a full-body experience compared to orgasm from direct clitoral stimulation alone.[40]

Kimberly R. McBride's Journal of Sex Research report on heterosexual anal sex, published in 2010, uses the term anal intercourse to refer specifically to penile-anal penetration, and anal sex to refer to any form of anal sexual activity. The report suggests that anal sex is exotic among the sexual practices of some heterosexuals and that "for a certain number of heterosexuals, anal intercourse is pleasurable, exciting, and perhaps considered more intimate than vaginal sex".[6]

Anal intercourse is additionally sometimes used as a substitute for vaginal intercourse during menstruation.[4] The risk of pregnancy during anal sex is greatly reduced, as anal sex alone cannot lead to pregnancy unless sperm is somehow transported to the vaginal opening. Because of this, some couples practice anal intercourse as a form of contraception, often in the absence of a condom.[4][41][48]

The risk of injury to the receptive partner due to anal intercourse is many times higher than that due to vaginal intercourse,[49] and the risk of transmission of HIV is higher for anal sex than for vaginal sex.[50] Additionally, if the man moves from anal intercourse immediately to vaginal intercourse without a condom or without changing it, infections can arise in the vagina due to bacteria present within the anus; this also applies to the use of sex toys.[3][21][36][51] Therefore, the risk to the woman is greater than the risk to the man during male-to-female anal intercourse.[52]

Virginity

Male-to-female anal sex is commonly viewed as a way of preserving female virginity because it is non-procreative and does not tear the hymen; a person, especially a female, who engages in anal sex or other sexual activity with no history of having engaged in vaginal intercourse is commonly regarded among heterosexuals and researchers as not having yet experienced virginity loss. This is often termed technical virginity.[2][53][54][55] Many heterosexuals view anal sex as "fooling around" or as foreplay; this view "dates to the late 1600s, with explicit 'rules' appearing around the turn of the twentieth century, as in marriage manuals defining petting as 'literally every caress known to married couples but does not include complete sexual intercourse'".[53]

Prevalence

In 1992, a study conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that only 26% of men 18 to 59 and 20% of women 18 to 59 had engaged in heterosexual anal sex; a similar 2005 survey (also conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) found a rising incidence of anal sex relations in the American heterosexual population. The survey showed that 40% of men and 35% of women between 25 and 44 had engaged in heterosexual anal sex.[56] In terms of overall numbers of survey respondents, seven times as many women as gay men said that they engaged in anal intercourse, with this figure reflecting the larger heterosexual population size.[57] According to a study from the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) that was authored by Debby Herbenick and other researchers, although anal intercourse is reported by fewer women than other partnered sex behaviors, partnered women in the age groups between 18–49 are significantly more likely to report having anal sex in the past 90 days.[58] As of 2011, this survey provides the most up to date data about anal sex at the population level.

In a 2007 report entitled Prevalence and Correlates of Heterosexual Anal and Oral Sex in Adolescents and Adults in the United States, published in The Journal of Infectious Diseases, a national survey of Family Growth found that 34% men and 30% women reported ever participating in heterosexual anal sex. The percentage of participants reporting heterosexual anal sex was significantly higher among 20- to 24-year-olds and peaked among 30- to 34-year-olds.[59] Another survey in, 2008, focused on a much younger demographic of teenagers and young adults, aged 15–21. It found that 16% of 1350 surveyed had had this type of sex in the previous 3 months, with condoms being used 29% of the time.[60] However, given the subject matter, the survey hypothesized the prevalence was probably underestimated.

In Kimberly R. McBride's clinical report on heterosexual anal intercourse and other forms of anal sexual activity, it is suggested that changing norms may affect the frequency of heterosexual anal sex. McBride and her colleagues investigated the prevalence of non-intercourse anal sex behaviors among a sample of men (n=1,299) and women (n=1,919) compared to anal intercourse experience and found that 51% of men and 43% of women had participated in at least one act of oral–anal sex, manual–anal sex, or anal sex toy use.[6] The report states the majority of men (n=631) and women (n=856) who reported heterosexual anal intercourse in the past 12 months were in exclusive, monogamous relationships: 69% and 73%, respectively.[6]

Figures for prevalence can vary among different demographics, regions, and nationalities. A 2001 French survey of five hundred female respondents concluded that a total of 29% had engaged in this practice, with one third of these confirming to have enjoyed the experience.[61] In contrast, in a 1999 South Korean survey of 586 women, 3.5% of respondents reported having had this type of sex.[62]

Figures for the prevalence of sexual behavior can also fluctuate over time. Edward O. Laumann's 1992 survey, reported in The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States, found that about 20% of heterosexuals had engaged in male-to-female anal sex. Sex researcher Alfred Kinsey, working in the 1940s, had found that number to be closer to 40% at the time. A researcher from the University of British Columbia in 2005 put the number of heterosexuals who have engaged in this practice at between 30% and 50%.[63] According to Columbia University's health website Go Ask Alice!: "Studies indicate that about 25 percent of heterosexual couples have had anal sex at least once, and 10 percent regularly have anal penetration."[7] The increase of anal sexual activity among heterosexuals has also been linked to the increase in anal pornography, especially if a person views it more regularly than a person who does not.[1][42][43]

Male to male

19th-century erotic interpretation of Hadrian and Antinous (detail), by Paul Avril

Historically, anal sex has been commonly associated with male homosexuality. However, many men who have sex with men do not engage in anal sex.[1][7][64][65] Among men who have anal sex with other men, the insertive partner is called the top and the one being penetrated is called the bottom. Those who enjoy either role are referred to as versatile.[65][66] Gay men who prefer anal sex may view it as "[their] version of intercourse"[19] and as "the natural apex of sex, a wonderful expression of intimacy, and a great source of pleasure".[64] Psychologist Walt Odets said, "I think that anal sex has for gay men the same emotional significance that vaginal sex has for heterosexuals".[67] Some men who have sex with men, however, believe that being receptive partners during anal sex questions their masculinity.[68]

Men who have sex with men may also prefer to engage in frot or other forms of mutual masturbation because they find it more pleasurable or more affectionate, to preserve technical virginity, or as safe sex alternatives to anal sex,[64][65][69][70] while other frot advocates denounce anal sex as degrading to the receptive partner and unnecessarily risky.[67][69][71]

Prevalence

The prevalence of anal sex among gay men in the West has varied over time. Magnus Hirschfeld, in his 1914 work, The Homosexuality of Men and Women, reported the rate of anal sex among homosexual men surveyed to be 8%, the least favored of all the practices documented.[72] Likewise, some scholars state that oral sex and mutual masturbation are more common than anal stimulation among gay men in long-term relationships,[7][64] and that, in general, anal intercourse is more popular among homosexual male couples than among heterosexual couples, but that "it ranks behind oral sex and mutual masturbation" among both sexual orientations in prevalence.[17]

By the 1950s in the United Kingdom, it was thought that about 15% of male homosexuals had anal sex.[73][full citation needed] More recent studies, The Gay Urban Men's Study (P.I. Stall, UCSF) and the Young Men's Study (YMS, PI Osmond/Catania, UCSF), indicate that 50% of the surveyed men who have sex with men engage in anal sex.[74][full citation needed][75][full citation needed] The 1994 Laumann study suggests that 80% of gay men practice it and 20% never engage in it at all.[76]

The National Institutes of Health (NIH), with information published in the BMJ, states that two thirds of gay men have anal sex.[8] Other sources suggest that roughly three-fourths of gay men have anal sex at one time or another in their lives, with an equal percentage participating as tops and bottoms.[65] A survey in The Advocate in 1994 indicated that 46% of gay men preferred to penetrate their partners, while 43% preferred to be the receptive partner.[65] A survey conducted from 1994 to 1997 in San Francisco by the Stop AIDS Project indicated that over the course of the study, among men who have sex with men, the proportion engaging in anal sex increased from 57.6% to 61.2%.[77]

Pain

Pain during receptive anal sex is formally known as anodyspareunia.[13] One study found that about 12% of gay men find it too painful to pursue, and concluded that the perception of anal sex as painful is just as likely to be psychologically or emotionally based as it is to be physically based.[78] Another study that examined pain during insertive and receptive anal sex in gay men found that 3% of tops (insertive partners) and 16% of bottoms (receptive partners) reported significant pain.[79] Factors predictive of pain during anal sex include inadequate lubrication, feeling tense or anxious, lack of stimulation, as well as lack of social ease with being gay and being closeted. Research has found that psychological factors can in fact be the primary contributors to the experience of pain during anal intercourse and that adequate communication between sexual partners can prevent it, countering the notion that pain is always inevitable during anal sex.[13][14][78][79]

Female to male

A woman wearing a strap-on dildo about to engage in anal sex with a man.

Women may sexually stimulate a man's anus by fingering the exterior or interior areas of the anus; they may also stimulate the perineum (which, for males, is between the base of the scrotum and the anus), massage the prostate or engage in anilingus.[4][21][80] Sex toys, such as a dildo, may also be used.[4][21] The practice of a woman penetrating a man's anus with a strap-on dildo for sexual activity is called pegging.[20][81]

Commonly, heterosexual men reject the idea of being receptive partners during anal sex because they believe it is a feminine act, can make them vulnerable, or contradicts their sexual orientation.[21][82] National Institutes of Health (NIH) information published in the BMJ in 1999, however, states:

There are little published data on how many heterosexual men would like their anus to be sexually stimulated in a heterosexual relationship. Anecdotally, it is a substantial number. What data we do have almost all relate to penetrative sexual acts, and the superficial contact of the anal ring with fingers or the tongue is even less well documented but may be assumed to be a common sexual activity for men of all sexual orientations.[8]

Female to female

A woman performing anilingus (anal–oral sex) on another woman.

Anal stimulation is a lesbian sexual practice that includes fingering, use of a dildo or other sex toys, or anilingus.[9][83] However, some lesbians do not like anal sex.[84] There is less research on anal sexual activity among women who have sex with women compared to couples of other sexual orientations. In 1987, a non-scientific study (Munson) was conducted of more than 100 members of a lesbian social organization in Colorado. When asked what techniques and lesbian sexual practices they used in their last ten sexual encounters, lesbians in their 30s were twice as likely as other age groups to engage in anal stimulation (with a finger or dildo).[3] Anilingus is more rarely practiced among female same-sex couples.[85]

While author Tom Boellstorff, when particularly examining anal sex among gay and lesbian individuals in Indonesia, stated that he had not heard of oral-anal contact or anal penetration as recognized forms of lesbian sexuality but assume they take place,[86] author Felice Newman cites anal sex as a part of lesbian sexual practices in her book The Whole Lesbian Sex Book.[9]

Health risks

Anal sex can expose participants to two principal dangers: infections due to the high number of infectious microorganisms not found elsewhere on the body, and physical damage to the anus and the rectum due to their fragility. Increased experimentation with anal sex by people without sound knowledge about risks and what safety measures do and do not work may be linked to an increase in sexually transmitted infections.[87] Judy Kuriansky, a Columbia University professor and author, stated, "It really is shocking how many myths young people have about anal sex. They don't think you can get a disease from it because you're not having [vaginal] intercourse."[88]

Infection

Mucous membranes of the rectum.

Unprotected penile-anal penetration, colloquially known as "barebacking",[89] carries a higher risk of passing on sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs) because the anal sphincter is a delicate, easily-torn tissue that can tear and provide an entry for pathogens. The high concentration of white blood cells around the rectum, together with the risk of tearing and the rectum's function to absorb fluid, places those who engage in such sexual activity at high risk of STIs. Use of condoms, ample lubrication to reduce the risk of tearing,[19][44] and other safer sex practices reduce the risk. However, a condom can break or come off during anal sex, so both sex partners must remain watchful during sex and there is still some risk if one or both partners carries a sexually transmissible infection.[90] The use of the same sex toys by more than one person increases the risk of transmitting such infections.

Unprotected receptive anal sex is considered the sex act most likely to result in HIV transmission.[91][92][93][94] Other infections that can be transmitted by unprotected anal sex are human papillomavirus (HPV) (which can increase risk of anal cancer[95] and typhoid fever),[96] amoebiasis; chlamydia; cryptosporidiosis; E. coli infections; giardiasis; gonorrhea; hepatitis A; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; herpes simplex; Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8);[97] lymphogranuloma venereum; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma genitalium; pubic lice; salmonellosis; shigella; syphilis; tuberculosis; and Ureaplasma urealyticum.[98][99][100]

Cancer

Anal cancer is relatively rare, accounting for about 1% of gastrointestinal malignancies, but as many as 4,000 new cases can be diagnosed within a year in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society.[101][102] Most cases of anal cancer are related to infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV).[101][102] Anal sex alone does not cause anal cancer; the risk of anal cancer through anal sex is attributed to HPV infection, which is often contracted through unprotected anal sex. The incidence of the disease has jumped 160% in men and 78% in women in the last thirty years, according to a 2004 American study. The increase is attributed to changing trends in sexual behavior (such as a history of multiple sex partners, fifteen or more, or receptive anal sex) and smoking. If a current smoker, there is a fourfold increase in risk, though independent of other behavioral risk factors, such as sexual activity. Receptive anal sex increases the incidence sevenfold.[102]

Among the female control group studied, 21.5% had reported practicing anal sex, a significant increase from a previous case-control study by epidemiologist Janet Daling (PhD, member of Fred Hutchinson's Public Health Sciences Division) and her colleagues, published in 1987, in which 11% of female controls had reported ever having anal sex. This and other studies also indicate that gay or bisexual sex among men is on the rise, which may account for the increase in anal cancer.[102] "The sharpest increase was among African American men, whose incidence of anal cancer has more than doubled in the past three decades. Black men also had a lower survival rate from the disease." The study reported that the five-year survival rate for black men with early stage disease was 62% as compared to 79% for white men with localized cancer. However, the survey also reported that black men were more likely than white men to report having had intercourse with another male in the last year. Regarding all the increases, whether or not sexual practices have changed, Daling concluded, "[I]t also could be that people are just more likely to discuss their sexual behavior these days."[102]

Physical damage

Physical damage to the rectum and anus can manifest as generalized ano-rectal trauma, anal fissures, rectal prolapse, and exacerbating hemorrhoids.[103] Adequate lubrication and preparation reduces the risk of physical trauma,[104] while the risk increases with use of alcohol or other drugs that dull sensitivity.

Loss of bowel control is not a highly likely result of anal sex, but may be caused by repeated injury or the insertion of large objects.[105][full citation needed][106] Kegel exercises have been recommended to maintain muscle tone by a speaker at the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality and the American Association of Sex Educators, who noted he had never personally observed "loosening" in any of his patients.[107]

A 1993 study published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine found that fourteen out of a sample of forty men receiving anal intercourse experienced episodes of frequent anal incontinence.[108] However, a 1997 study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology found no difference in levels of incontinence between homosexual men who engaged in anal sex and heterosexual men who did not, and criticized the earlier study for its inclusion of flatulence in its definition of incontinence.[109]

Cultural views

Suzuki Harunobu, A shunga print depicting an older and a younger man

Historically, a number of cultures have recorded the practice of anal intercourse between men.

Ancient and non-Western cultures

The term Greek love has long been used to refer to the practice, and in modern times, "doing it the Greek way" is sometimes used as slang for anal sex. However, homosexual anal sex was far from a universally accepted practice in Ancient Greece. It was the target of jokes in surviving comedies; Aristophanes mockingly alludes to the practice, claiming that "Most citizens are europroktoi (wide-arsed) now".[110] While pedagogic pederasty was an essential element in the education of male youths, these relationships, at least in Athens and Sparta, were expected to steer clear of penetrative sex of any kind. There are very few works of pottery or other art that display anal sex between older men and boys, let alone with adult men. Most such works depict fondling or intercrural sex, which was not condemned for violating and feminizing the boys. Other sources make it clear that the practice was criticized as shameful,[111] and seen as a form of hubris.[112][full citation needed]

Two Roman males on the Warren Cup, British Museum

In later Roman-era Greek poetry, anal sex became a common topos, represented as taking place with "eligible" youths: those who had attained the proper age but had not yet become adults. Seducing children into the practice was considered very shameful for the adult, and having such relations with a male who was no longer adolescent was considered more shameful for the young male than for the one mounting him. Greek courtesans, or hetaerae, are said to have frequently practiced heterosexual anal intercourse as a means of preventing pregnancy.[113] The acceptability of anal sex thus varied with the time-period and the location, as Ancient Greece spanned a long time and stretched over three continents and two major seas.

For a male citizen to take the passive (or receptive) role in anal intercourse was condemned in Rome as an act of impudicitia (immodesty or unchastity). Free men, however, frequently took the active role with a young slave, known as a catamite or puer delicatus. In fact the Romans thought of anal sex as something specifically "Greek", although Roman men often availed themselves of their own slaves or others in this way.[114][full citation needed]

In Japan, records (including detailed shunga) show that at least some men in relationships with other men did engage in penetrative anal intercourse.

Man and woman having anal sex. Ceramic, Moche Culture. 300 C.E. Larco Museum Collection

Evidence suggestive of widespread heterosexual anal intercourse in a pre-modern culture can be found in the erotic vases, or stirrup-spout pots, made by the Moche people of Peru; in a survey[115] of a collection of these pots, it was found that 31 percent of them depicted heterosexual anal intercourse, more by far than any other sex act. Moche pottery of this type belonged to the world of the dead, which was believed to be a reversal of life. Thus the reverse of common practices was often portrayed. The Larco Museum houses an erotic gallery in which this pottery is showcased.[116]

The 19th century anthropologist Richard Francis Burton theorized that there is a geographical Sotadic zone wherein penetrative intercourse between men is particularly prevalent and accepted; moreover he was one of the first writers to advance the premise that such an orientation is biologically determined.[117]

Western cultures

In many Western countries, anal sex has generally been taboo since the Middle Ages[118] when heretical movements were sometimes attacked by accusations that their members practised anal sex among themselves.[citation needed] At that time the mainstream Christian clergy was not celibate, but the highest orders of some heretical sects were, leading to rumors that their celibacy was a sign of their attraction to members of the same sex.[citation needed] The term buggery originated in medieval Europe as an insult used to describe the rumoured same-sex sexual practices of the heretics from a sect originating in Bulgaria, where its followers were called bogomils[citation needed]; when they spread out of the country they were called buggres (from the ethnonym Bulgars).[citation needed] Another term for the practice, more archaic, is "pedicate" from the Latin pedicare, with the same meaning.[119]

The Renaissance poet Pietro Aretino advocated the practice in his Sonetti Lussuriosi (Lust Sonnets).[120]

While men who engaged in homosexual relationships were generally suspected of engaging in anal sex, many such individuals did not. Among these, in recent times, have been André Gide, who found it repulsive;[121][full citation needed] and Noël Coward, who had a horror of disease, and asserted when young that "I'd never do anything – well the disgusting thing they do – because I know I could get something wrong with me".[122][full citation needed]

Religion

François-Rolland Elluin, Sodomites provoking divine wrath, from Le pot-pourri (1781)
Further information: Sodomy
Ottoman illustration depicting two young men having sex (from Sawaqub al-Manaquib)

Judaism

The Mishneh Torah, a text considered authoritative by Orthodox Jewish sects,[123] states "since a man’s wife is permitted to him, he may act with her in any manner whatsoever. He may have intercourse with her whenever he so desires and kiss any organ of her body he wishes, and he may have intercourse with her naturally or unnaturally [traditionally, unnaturally refers to anal and oral sex], provided that he does not expend semen to no purpose. Nevertheless, it is an attribute of piety that a man should not act in this matter with levity and that he should sanctify himself at the time of intercourse."[124]

Christianity

In Christian countries,[clarification needed] anal sex is sometimes referred to euphemistically as the peccatum contra naturam (the sin against nature, after Thomas Aquinas) or Sodomitica luxuria (sodomitical lusts, in one of Charlemagne's ordinances), or peccatum illud horribile, inter christianos non-nominandum (that horrible sin that among Christians is not to be named).

Islam

Main article: Islamic views on anal sex

Liwat, or the sin of Lot's people, is officially prohibited by most Islamic sects. There are parts of the Qur'an which talk about smiting on Sodom and Gomorrah, and this is thought to be a reference to unnatural sex, and so there are hadith and Islamic laws which prohibit it. Same sex male practitioners of anal relations are called luti or lutiyin in plural and are seen as criminals in the same way that a thief is a criminal, meaning that they are giving in to a universal temptation.

Buddhism

Further information: Sexuality and Buddhism and LGBT topics and Buddhism

The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics is the Five Precepts. These precepts take the form of voluntary, personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third of the Precepts is "To refrain from committing sexual misconduct".[125] However, "sexual misconduct" (Sanskrit: Kāmesu micchācāra literally "sense gratifications arising from the 5 senses"") is subject to interpretation relative to the social norms of the followers.[126] In fact, Buddhism, in its fundamental form, does not define what is right and what is wrong in absolute terms for lay followers. Therefore the interpretation of what kinds of sexual activity are acceptable for a layman is not a religious matter as far as Buddhism is concerned.[127]

Hinduism

See also: History of sex in India and LGBT topics and Hinduism

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dr. John Dean and Dr. David Delvin. "Anal sex". Netdoctor.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 7, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The Orgasm Answer Guide. JHU Press. 2009. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-8018-9396-4. Retrieved November 6, 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k See pages 270–271 for anal sex information, and page 118 for information about the clitoris. Janell L. Carroll (2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. pp. 629 pages. ISBN 978-0-495-60274-3. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. 1994. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0824079728. Retrieved July 5, 2013. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b c "Anal Sex, defined". Discovery.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2002. Retrieved July 23, 203. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f McBride, Kimberly R.; Fortenberry, J. Dennis (March 1, 2010). "Heterosexual anal sexuality and anal sex behaviors: a review.(Clinical report)". Journal of Sex Research. Retrieved July 16, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e "Not all gay men have anal sex". Go Ask Alice!. May 10, 1996 (Last Updated/Reviewed on June 13, 2008). Retrieved April 26, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b c Bell, Robin (1999). "ABC of sexual health: Homosexual men and women". BMJ. 318 (7181). National Institutes of Health/BMJ: 452–5. PMC 1114912. PMID 9974466. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ a b c Felice Newman (2004). The Whole Lesbian Sex Book: A Passionate Guide For All Of Us. Cleis Press. pp. 376 pages. ISBN 978-1-57344-199-5. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  10. ^ a b c "The male hot spot — Massaging the prostate". Go Ask Alice!. September 27, 2002 (Last Updated/Reviewed on March 28, 2008). Retrieved April 21, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ a b c d e See page 3 for women preferring anal sex to vaginal sex, and page 15 for reaching orgasm through indirect stimulation of the G-Spot. Tristan Taormino (1997). The Ultimate Guide to Anal Sex for Women. Cleis Press. pp. 282 pages. ISBN 978-1-57344-221-3. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  12. ^ "Pain from anal sex, and how to prevent it". Go Ask Alice!. April 26, 2002 (Last Updated/Reviewed on June 26, 2009). Retrieved April 7, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ a b c d Joel J. Heidelbaugh (2007). Clinical men's health: evidence in practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-4160-3000-3. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
  14. ^ a b Damon, W (March–April 2005). "Anodyspareunia in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Prevalence, Predictors, Consequences, and the Development of DSM Diagnostic Criteria". Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy. 31 (2): 129–141. PMID 15859372. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission, 2007, ISBN 978-92-4-156347-5
  16. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2008. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; November 2009.Fact Sheet
  17. ^ a b Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st century. Cengage Learning. 2008. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-495-55339-7. Retrieved February 26, 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  18. ^ a b c Understanding sexual interaction. Houghton Mifflin (Original from the University of Virginia). 1981 (Digitized May 29, 2008). p. 123. ISBN 978-0-395-29724-7. Retrieved November 6, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  19. ^ a b c Hunko, Celia (February 6, 2009). "Anal sex: Let's get to the bottom of this". The Daily of the University of Washington. Archived from the original on April 28, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b Hawley, John C (2008). LGBTQ America Today: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Greenwood Press. p. 977. ISBN 0313339902. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Zdrok, Victoria (2004). The Anatomy of Pleasure. Infinity Publishing. pp. 100–102. ISBN 0741422484. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
  22. ^ a b c Rosenthal, Martha (2012). Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society. Cengage Learning. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-0-618-75571-4. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
  23. ^ The A-Spot, Talk Sex with Sue Johanson, 2005. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  24. ^ The G spot and other recent discoveries about human sexuality. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 1982 (Digitized October 31, 2008). p. 236. ISBN 978-0-03-061831-4. Retrieved April 26, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Jones, Nicola (July 2002). "Bigger is better when it comes to the G spot". New Scientist. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "'I Want a Better Orgasm!'". WebMD. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  27. ^ Psychiatry: Diagnosis & therapy. A Lange clinical manual. Appleton & Lange (Original from Northwestern University). 1993, Digitized October 29, 2010. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-8385-1267-8. The amount of time of sexual arousal needed to reach orgasm is variable — and usually much longer — in women than in men; thus, only 20–30% of women attain a coital climax. b. Many women (70–80%) require manual clitoral stimulation... {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Mah, Kenneth; Binik, Yitzchak M (January 7, 2001). "The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends". Clinical Psychology Review. 21 (6): 823–856. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00069-6. PMID 11497209. Women rated clitoral stimulation as at least somewhat more important than vaginal stimulation in achieving orgasm; only about 20% indicated that they did not require additional clitoral stimulation during intercourse.
  29. ^ Kammerer-Doak, Dorothy; Rogers, Rebecca G. "Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 35 (2): 169–183. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006. PMID 18486835. Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... About 20% have coital climaxes... {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ^ Harvey, Elizabeth D. (Winter, 2002). "Anatomies of Rapture: Clitoral Politics/Medical Blazons". Signs. 27 (2): 315–346. doi:10.1086/495689. JSTOR 3175784. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ a b Cornforth, Tracee (July 17, 2009). "The Clitoral Truth. Interview with author and sex educator Rebecca Chalker". About.com. pp. 2–3. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  32. ^ a b "Difference between clitoral and vaginal orgasm". Go Ask Alice!. December 23, 1994 (Last Updated/Reviewed on March 28, 2008). Retrieved November 21, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ a b c d e O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM (2005). "Anatomy of the clitoris". The Journal of Urology. 174 (4 Pt 1): 1189–95. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd. PMID 16145367. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Yang, Claire J.; Cold, Christopher; et al. (2006, first published online on December 20, 2005). "Sexually responsive vascular tissue of the vulva". BJUI. 97 (4): 766–772. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05961.x. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ^ Mulhall, John P.; Incrocci, Luca; Goldstein, Irwin; Rosen, Ray (2011). Cancer and Sexual Health. Springer. p. 783. ISBN 978-1-60761-915-4. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  36. ^ a b "Doin' the butt – objects in anus?". Go Ask Alice!. October 7, 1994 (Last Updated/Reviewed on March 26, 2010). Retrieved April 22, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ a b c d "Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2011. 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x. PMID 22240236. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  38. ^ a b Sex and Society, Volume 2. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2009. p. 590. ISBN 978-0-7614-7907-9. Retrieved August 17, 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  39. ^ Natasha Janina Valdez (2011). Vitamin O: Why Orgasms Are Vital to a Woman's Health and Happiness, and How to Have Them Every Time!. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 282 pages. ISBN 978-1-61608-311-3. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  40. ^ a b David DeCitore (2007–2011). Arouse Her Anal Ecstasy: The Best Step-by Step Guide that Provides a Pleasurable Path to Anal Sexuality, so She Enjoys Amazing Orgasms and Loves It from Beginning to End. Eroticflow.com. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-9832755-3-4. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
  41. ^ a b See page 550 for effects of viewing pornography with regard to anal sex, and pages 286–289 for anal sex as a birth control method. Robert Crooks, Karla Baur (2010/2011). Our Sexuality. Cengage Learning. pp. 570 pages. ISBN 0495812943,. Retrieved May 7, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: year (link)
  42. ^ a b Karen Boyle (2010). Everyday Pornography. Routledge. pp. 170–171. ISBN 0203847555,. Retrieved May 7, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  43. ^ a b Thomas Johansson (2007). The Transformation of Sexuality: Gender And Identity In Contemporary Youth Culture. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 56–58. ISBN 1409490785,. Retrieved May 7, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  44. ^ a b Carballo-Diéguez, Alex; Stein, Z.; Saez, H.; Dolezal, C.; Nieves-Rosa, L.; Diaz, F. (2000). "Frequent use of lubricants for anal sex among men who have sex with men" (PDF). American Journal of Public Health. 90 (7): 1117–1121. doi:10.2105/AJPH.90.7.1117. PMID 10897191.
  45. ^ Adrian Howe (2008). Sex, Violence and Crime: Foucault and the 'Man' Question. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 0203891279,. Retrieved July 16, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  46. ^ Essential Concepts for Healthy Living. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2012. p. 144. ISBN 1449630626,. Retrieved July 16, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  47. ^ "I'm a woman who cannot feel pleasurable sensations during intercourse". Go Ask Alice!. October 8, 2004 (Last Updated/Reviewed on October 17, 2008). Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ SIECUS Prevalence of Unprotected Anal Sex among Teens Requires New Education Strategies"[1] Accessed January 26, 2010
  49. ^ Deborah Dortzbach, W. Meredith Long, The AIDS Crisis; p.97
  50. ^ Voeller, B. (1991). "AIDS and heterosexual anal intercourse". Arch Sex Behav. 20: 233–276.. as cited in Leichliter, Jami S. PhD, "Heterosexual Anal Sex: Part of an Expanding Sexual Repertoire?" in Sexually Transmitted Diseases: November 2008 – Volume 35 – Issue 11 – pp 910–911 [2] Accessed January 26, 2010
  51. ^ "Anal Sex – Facts and Safe Sex Information". sexual-health-resource.org. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
  52. ^ The Gynecological Sourcebook By M. Sara Rosenthal; p153
  53. ^ a b See here and pages 48–49 for the majority of researchers and heterosexuals defining virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity lost: an intimate portrait of first sexual experiences. NYU Press. pp. 295 pages. ISBN 978-0-8147-1652-6. Retrieved October 9, 2011. More than half of heterosexual women and men argued that female-male anal intercourse would not result in virginity loss... ....Many studies, moreover, seemed uncritically to lump nonvirgin teens (so designated if they'd had vaginal sex) together with their alcohol–and drug–using peers 'at risk' for negative outcomes from unintended pregnancy and STIs (sexually transmitted infections) to academic failure and low self-esteem.
  54. ^ The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. 2010. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-534-62425-5. Retrieved October 8, 2011. Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. ... Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual activity (e.g. oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation). ... Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins'. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  55. ^ Jayson, Sharon (October 19, 2005). "'Technical virginity' becomes part of teens' equation". USA Today. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
  56. ^ William D. Mosher, PhD; Anjani Chandra, PhD; and Jo Jones, PhD, Sexual Behavior and Selected Health Measures: Men and Women 15–44 Years of Age, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES, Division of Vital Statistics, September 15, 2005
  57. ^ Anne-Christine d'Adesky, Expanding Microbicide Research in amfAR Global Link – Treatment Insider; May 2004
  58. ^ National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB). Findings from the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, Vol. 7, Supplement 5.
  59. ^ Leichliter JS, Chandra A, Liddon N, Fenton KA, Aral SO (2007). "Prevalence and correlates of heterosexual anal and oral sex in adolescents and adults in the United States". J. Infect. Dis. 196 (12): 1852–9. doi:10.1086/522867. PMID 18190267. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  60. ^ "Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center".
  61. ^ "Les pratiques sexuelles des Françaises" (in French). TNS/Sofres. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.Survey carried out by TNS/Sofres in a representative sample of 500 women from 18 to 65 years of age, in April and May 2002.
  62. ^ Yi, Ung-hoe; Sin, Jong-seong; Choe, Hyeong-gi (1999). "한국여성의 성형태에 대한 연구 (Sexual Behavior of Korean Women)". Daehan Namseong Gwahak Hoeji. 17 (3): 177–185.
  63. ^ "Healthy sex is all in the talk". The Georgia Straight. May 5, 2005. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  64. ^ a b c d Edwin Clark Johnson, Toby Johnson (2008). Gay Perspective: Things Our Homosexuality Tells Us about the Nature of God & the Universe. Lethe Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-59021-015-4. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
  65. ^ a b c d e Steven Gregory Underwood (2003). Gay men and anal eroticism: tops, bottoms, and versatiles. Psychology Press. p. 225 pages. ISBN 978-1-56023-375-6. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
  66. ^ [3] Role versatility among men who have sex with men in urban Peru. In: The Journal of Sex Research, August 2007
  67. ^ a b "The New Sex Police". The Advocate. April 12, 2005. pp. 39–40, 42. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
  68. ^ John H. Harvey, Amy Wenzel, Susan Sprecher (2004). The handbook of sexuality in close relationships. Routledge. pp. 355–356. ISBN 0805845488,. Retrieved July 6, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ a b Joe Perez (2006). Rising Up. Lulu.com. pp. 190–192. ISBN 1-4116-9173-3,. Retrieved March 24, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  70. ^ Joseph Gross, Michael (2003). Like a Virgin. p. 44. 0001-8996. Retrieved March 12, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  71. ^ Dolby, Tom (February 2004). "Why Some Gay Men Don't Go All The Way". Out. pp. 76–77. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
  72. ^ William A. Percy and John Lauritsen, Review in The Gay & Lesbian Review, November–December 2002
  73. ^ H. Montgomery Hyde, The Love That Dared not Speak its Name; pp.6–7
  74. ^ The Gay Urban Men's Study (P.I. Stall, UCSF)
  75. ^ Young Men's Study (YMS, PI Osmond/Catania, UCSF)
  76. ^ Laumann, E., Gagnon, J.H., Michael, R.T., and Michaels, S. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. 1994. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (Also reported in the companion volume, Michael et al, Sex in America: A Definitive Survey, 1994).
  77. ^ Center for Disease Control, Increases in Unsafe Sex and Rectal Gonorrhea Among Men Who Have Sex With Men – San Francisco, California, 1994–1997[4]. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  78. ^ a b Handbook of affirmative psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men By Kathleen Ritter, Anthony I. Terndrup; p350
  79. ^ a b Rosser, B.R. (Spring 1997). "Sexual difficulties, concerns, and satisfaction in homosexual men: an empirical study with implications for HIV prevention" (PDF). Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy. 23 (1): 61–73. doi:10.1080/00926239708404418. PMID 9094037. Retrieved February 11, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  80. ^ Keesling, Barbara (2005). Sexual Pleasure: Reaching New Heights of Sexual Arousal and Intimacy. Hunter House. p. 221. ISBN 9780897934350. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  81. ^ Savage, Dan (June 21, 2001). "We Have a Winner!". The Stranger. Retrieved July 5, 2013 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  82. ^ Odets, Walt (1995). In the Shadow of the Epidemic: Being Hiv-negative in the Age of AIDS. Duke University Press. p. 191. ISBN 0822316382. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
  83. ^ JoAnn Loulan (1984, Digitized October 31, 2008). Lesbian sex. The University of California. pp. 309 pages. ISBN 0-933216-13-0. Retrieved February 3, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  84. ^ Kat Harding (2006). The Lesbian Kama Sutra. Macmillan. pp. 144 pages. ISBN 0-312-33585-7. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
  85. ^ Diamant AL, Lever J, Schuster M (2000). "Lesbians' Sexual Activities and Efforts to Reduce Risks for Sexually Transmitted Diseases". J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc. 4 (2): 41–8. doi:10.1023/A:1009513623365. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ Tom Boellstorff (2005). The gay archipelago: sexuality and nation in Indonesia. Princeton University Press. pp. 282 pages. ISBN 978-0-691-12334-9. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  87. ^ "About Anal Sex". Minou.com. Retrieved January 6, 2011. "In the 1990s, anal sex has been given the bad rap because HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is most easily transmitted by anal intercourse."
  88. ^ Donaldson James, SUSAN (December 10, 2008). ".Study Reports Anal Sex on Rise Among Teens". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2011. But experts say that as social mores ease, more young heterosexuals are engaging in anal sex, a behavior once rarely mentioned in polite circles. And the experimentation, they worry, may be linked to the current increase in sexually transmitted diseases. "It really is shocking how many myths young people have about anal sex", said Judy Kuriansky, a Columbia University professor and author of "Sexuality Education: Past Present and Future." "They don't think you can get a disease from it because you're not having intercourse", she told ABCNews.com. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  89. ^ Partridge, Eric; Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: A-I (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-415-25937-8. Bareback – to engage in sex without a condom.
  90. ^ Westheimer, Ruth K. “Sex for Dummies”, Pages 157 in Chapter 9: Changing Positions: Variations on a Theme For Dummies (2006) ISBN 978-0-470-04523-7 page 432
  91. ^ High-Risk Sexual Behavior by HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men --- 16 Sites, United States, 2000—2002, MMWR Weekly, October 1, 2004 / 53(38);891–894. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  92. ^ What are the Dangers of Anal Sex?, SexInfo, University of California at Santa Barbara. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  93. ^ "Am I at Risk for HIV Infection?" Mark Cichocki, About:HIV/AIDS, retrieved April 29, 2007
  94. ^ The truth about barebacking Dr. Jeffrey Klausner, PlanetOut. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  95. ^ Anal Cancer in Gay & Bisexual Men, LGBTHealthChannel. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  96. ^ Sexual Transmission of Typhoid Fever: A Multistate Outbreak among Men Who Have Sex with Men, Reller, Megan E. et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, volume 37 (2003), pages 141–144. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  97. ^ Pauk J, Huang ML, Brodie SJ; et al. (2000). "Mucosal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in men". N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (19): 1369–77. doi:10.1056/NEJM200011093431904. PMID 11070101. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  98. ^ Diseases From Anal Sex Harold Oster, MD, iVillage. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  99. ^ Tuberculosis, The Mayo Clinic. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  100. ^ Weiss, Margaret D.; Wasdell, Michael B.; Bomben, Melissa M.; Rea, Kathleen J.; Freeman, Roger D.; Xue, H; Yang, H; Zhang, G; Shao, C (February 2006). "High Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Jiangsu Province, China". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 33 (2): 118–123. doi:10.1097/01. PMID 16432484.
  101. ^ a b "What Are the Risk Factors for Anal Cancer". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  102. ^ a b c d e "Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Changing Trends in Sexual Behavior May Explain Rising Incidence of Anal Cancer Among American Men and Women". Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (fhcrc.org). July 6, 2004. Archived from the original on March 19, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  103. ^ "Rectal Prolapse". Pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  104. ^ Importance of Foreplay dudeman41465, The Sexuality Guide November 3, 2005. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  105. ^ The Hot Guide to Safer Sex By Yvonne K. Fulbright p.208
  106. ^ " Although the threat of fecal incontinence from anal sex is small, it can occur from repeated injury to the internal sphincter." Duke University Student Health Center website [5][dead link]
  107. ^ "Jack Morin Transcript". Sexuality.org. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  108. ^ Effect of anoreceptive intercourse on anorectal function AJ Miles, TG Allen-Mersh and C Wastell, Department of Surgery, Westminster Hospital, London; in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Vol 86, Issue 3 144–147; 1993. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  109. ^ Chun AB, Rose S, Mitrani C, Silvestre AJ, Wald A: Anal sphincter structure and function in homosexual males engaging in anal receptive intercourse. Amer J of Gastroenterology 92:465–468, 1997
  110. ^ The Eleven Comedies Aristophanes et al., Part 7 out of 8, retrieved
  111. ^ Aesop, "Zeus and Shame" (Perry 109, Chambry 118, Gibbs 528), in Fables
  112. ^ David Cohen, "Sexuality, Violence, and the Athenian Law of Hubris" Greece and Rome; V.38.2 pp171-188
  113. ^ Miller, James E. (1995). "The Practices of Romans 1:26: Homosexual or Heterosexual?". Novum Testamentum. 37 (1): 9. Heterosexual anal intercourse is best illustrated in Classical vase paintings of hetaerae with their clients, and some scholars interpret this as a form of contraception
  114. ^ Quignard, Pascal (1996) Le Sexe et l'effroi
  115. ^ Rafael Larco Hoyle and Dr. Francisco Guerra, quoted in Tannahill, Reay (1992) Sex in History, p. 297-298
  116. ^ "Larco Museum - Lima Peru - Experience Ancient Peru - Permanent Exhibition ::". Museolarco.org. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  117. ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1885). "Section D: Pederasty". "Terminal Essay", from his translation of The Arabian Nights.
  118. ^ Herbenick, Debby. Good in Bed Guide to Anal Pleasuring. Good in Bed Guides. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-9843221-6-9.
  119. ^ "I have derived the word pedicate from the Latin paedicare or pedicare, meaning "to penetrate anally". in "The Warren Cup: homoerotic love and symposial rhetoric in silver", Note 6;The Art Bulletin, March 1999 by John Pollini [6][dead link]
  120. ^ Daileader, Celia R. (Summer 2002). "Back Door Sex: Renaissance Gynosodomy, Aretino, and the Exotic" (PDF). English Literary History. 69 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 303–334. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  121. ^ Love's Litany By Kevin Kopelson p.62
  122. ^ Philip Hoare, Noel Coward: A Biography p.18
  123. ^ Isidore Twersky, Introduction to the Code of Maimonides (Mishneh Torah), Yale Judaica Series, vol. XII (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1980). passim, and especially Chapter VII, "Epilogue", pp. 515–538.
  124. ^ Maimonides, Moshe. Mishneh Torah. p. Laws Concerning Forbidden Relations 21:9.
  125. ^ Higgins, Winton. "Buddhist Sexual Ethics". BuddhaNet Magazine. Archived from the original on January 21, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  126. ^ Po, Jeffrey. "Sexual Misconduct – The third Precept". 4ui.com. Retrieved March 22, 2010Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  127. ^ GLBT in World Religions, Sermon by Rev. Gabriele Parks, along with Phil Manos and Bill Weber.[7]

Further reading

  • Bentley, Toni The Surrender: An Erotic Memoir, Regan Books, 2004.
  • Brent, Bill Ultimate Guide to Anal Sex for Men, Cleis Press, 2002.
  • DeCitore, David Arouse Her Anal Ecstasy (2008) ISBN 978-0-615-39914-0
  • Hite, Shere The Hite Report on Male Sexuality
  • Houser, Ward Anal Sex, Encyclopedia of Homosexuality Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.), Garland Publishing, 1990. pp. 48–50.
  • Manning, Lee The Illustrated Book Of Anal Sex, Erotic Print Society, 2003. ISBN 978-1-898998-59-4
  • Morin, Jack Anal Pleasure & Health: A Guide for Men and Women, Down There Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-940208-20-9
  • Sanderson, Terry The Gay Man's Kama Sutra, Thomas Dunne Books, 2004.
  • Strong, Bill with Lori E. Gammon Anal Sex for Couples: A Guaranteed Guide for Painless Pleasure Triad Press, Inc.; First edition, 2006. ISBN 978-0-9650716-2-8
  • Tristan Taormino The Ultimate Guide to Anal Sex for Women, Cleis Press, 1997, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57344-028-8
  • Underwood, Steven G. Gay Men and Anal Eroticism: Tops, Bottoms, and Versatiles, Harrington Park Press, 2003
  • Webb, Charlotte Masterclass: Anal Sex, Erotic Print Society, 2007.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anal sex.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anal_sex&oldid=565553081"