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Azerbaijan–Turkey relations

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Turkey-Azerbaijan relations
Map indicating locations of Turkey and Azerbaijan

Turkey
Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan–Turkey relations have always been strong with the two often being described as "one nation with two states" by the ex-president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev[1] due to both being Turkic countries. Turkey was the first state to recognize Azerbaijan's independence in 1991 and has been a staunch supporter of Azerbaijan in its efforts to consolidate its independence, preserve its territorial integrity and realize its economic potential arising from the rich natural resources of the Caspian Sea. The countries share an 8 km border, with the Aras River separating Turkey from the Nakhchivan exclave.

Modern relations

Post Azerbaijan independence

Nagorno-Karabakh War

Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh War

Inter ethnic fighting between Azerbaijan and neighbouring Armenia broke out shortly after the parliament of Nagorno-Karabakh, an autonomous oblast in Azerbaijan, voted to unify the region with Armenia on February 20, 1988. The Armenian demand to unify Karabakh with Armenia, which proliferated in the late 1980s, began in a relatively peaceful manner; however, as the Soviet Union's disintegration neared, the dispute gradually grew into a violent conflict between the ethnic groups in Nagorno-Karabakh, resulting in ethnic cleansing by all sides.[2] The declaration of secession from Azerbaijan was the final result of this territorial conflict regarding the land.

Following a UN Security Council resolution on April 6, 1993, calling for the immediate withdrawal of Armenian forces from the Azerbaijani district of Kelbajar, Turkey joined Azerbaijan in imposing the full economic embargo on Armenia and the border between the two states was closed.[3][4] The border subsequently remained closed as Turkey demanded Armenia withdraw from Nagorno-Karabakh and seven surrounding districts of Azerbaijan. Turkey also set this demand as a condition for establishing diplomatic relations with Armenia.[5]

Negotiations and economic cooperation

Location of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline.

Turkey supports the OSCE Minsk Group as a mechanism for resolving the territorial dispute and views it from the principle Azerbaijani integrity. It does not recognize the de facto independent republic of Nagorno-Karabakh that has emerged from the conflict and has supported various indirect bilateral talks between Azerbaijan and Armenia and initiated trilateral dialogue in Reykjavik, 2002 and the Istanbul Summit, 2004 among the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia in an attempt to resolve the ongoing conflict but its diplomatic efforts in this regard are hampered by its own tensions with Armenia over the claim of Armenian Genocide and its ongoing blockade of the country that has resulted in subsequent infrastructure projects bypassing Armenian territory.

Azerbaijan and Turkey have subsequently built upon their linguistic and cultural ties to form a very close economic partnership that sees Turkey negotiating to buy natural gas from Azerbaijan and the two co-operating, along with neighbouring Georgia, in such infrastructure projects as the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, the South Caucasus Pipeline, Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway and the proposed Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline[6] all of which bypass Armenia despite a recent thawing in diplomatic relations between Ankara and Yerevan, that make them key players in European energy security. As BBC correspondent Chris Morris states, in The New Turkey (Granta Books, 2005), “Turkey lacks the great natural resources of the industrial age – oil and gas – and it has to import nearly all its energy supplies. But its proximity to Azerbaijan, the Caspian, and Central Asia, as well as to the Middle East, has allowed it to cultivate a new strategic role: the ‘missing link’ in a chain connecting these new producers of vast mineral resources with the consumer societies in Europe, America and beyond.”[7]

İlham Aliyev visited Turkey in 2003 shortly after first entering the Azerbaijani political scene at the behest of his ailing father Heydar Aliyev in a move that was interpreted at the time as an indication of political support from Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[8]

Military cooperation

Military cooperation between Azerbaijan and Turkey first emerged in 1992 with an agreement signed between the Azerbaijani and Turkish governments on military education.[9] Since then, the Azerbaijani and Turkish governments have closely cooperated on defense and security.

In June 2010, Azerbaijani military company Azersimtel has announced that it reached agreement with Turkish Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation (MKE) about launching joint military facility.[10][11] According to Turkish Defense Minister Vecdi Gonul, Turkish military assistance to Azerbaijan has exceeded $200 million in 2010.[12] In the first stage of production, the company is expected to produce military arms venture for the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.

In December 2010, both countries signed the range of treaties that makes each other guarantor in case from an attack by third forces.[13] The Treaty shall enter into force upon the exchange of instruments of ratification and valid for 10 years. In addition, the term extended for another 10 years if in last 6 months is not notified of the termination of the treaty.[14]

More than 20 Turkish defense industry companies have cooperation and commercial relations with Azerbaijan.[15]

In January 29, 2013, TAKM (Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status) was formed as an intergovernmental military law enforcement (gendarmerie) organization of three Turkic countries (Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey) and Mongolia.

Nakhchivan Military Base

The Azerbaijani military doctrine adopted in 2010 allows for foreign military bases in Azerbaijan and that action opened the way to speculation that Turkey could quarter its troops in the Nakhchivan region, an Azerbaijani exclave surrounded by Armenia and Turkey.[16] Azerbaijan maintains a base in Nakhchivan that has received heavy Turkish support in the past, but no official information is available about the current scope of military cooperation between the two countries in the exclave.[17]

Recent relations

Armenian-Turkish diplomatic progress

On the eve of the April 2009 official visit to Turkey by US President Barack Obama sources in Ankara and Yerevan announced that a deal may soon be struck to reopen the border between the two states and exchange diplomatic personnel.[18]

This prompted concerns from both Baku and Turkish nationalists that the ongoing negotiations over the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute would be adversely affected by the lifting of the longstanding blockade. Azerbaijan Foreign Ministry spokesman Elkhan Polukhov initially stated that it was “too early” to discuss what steps his country might take in retaliation,”[19] but Azerbijani President İlham Aliyev boycotted the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) meeting in Istanbul on April 6–7 in protest and made a quick visit to Moscow prompting speculation in the Turkish press that Azerbaijan had received distorted information on the content of the Armenian-Turkish talks through Russian channels.[20]

There was also heated debate in the Turkish Parliament with Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) leader Devlet Bahçeli sharing the Azerbaijani people’s “rightful concerns” in warning the government, “Your approach to Armenia harms our dignity,” and Republican People's Party (CHP) leader Deniz Baykal asking, “How can we ignore the ongoing occupation of Azerbaijan?”[21] as the two parties dispatched delegations to Baku and hosted Azerbaijani politicians in Ankara.

Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan attempted to ease these concerns by announcing that, “Unless Azerbaijan and Armenia sign a protocol on Nagorno-Karabakh, we will not sign any final agreement with Armenia on ties. We are doing preliminary work but this definitely depends on resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh problem.”[22] Turkish Foreign Minister Ali Babacan clarrified that, “we want a solution in which everybody is a winner,” in a statement made prior to the April 15 Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) Foreign Ministers Council in Yerevan, "We don't say, 'Let's first solve one problem and solve the other later.' We want a similar process to start between Azerbaijan and Armenia. We are closely watching the talks between Azerbaijan and Armenia."[23] Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Mahmud Mammad Guliev responded that the solution to the two countries' problems should be tied to the solution of the dispute between Azerbaijan and Armenia, and that Azerbaijanis believe Turkey will protect their interests.

The International Crisis Group (ICG) issued a report on the normalisation stating, "The politicized debate whether to recognize as genocide the destruction of much of the Ottoman Armenian population and the stalemated Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh should not halt momentum." Stating that whilst, "The unresolved Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh still risks undermining full adoption and implementation of the potential package deal between Turkey and Armenia," the, "Bilateral detente with Armenia ultimately could help Baku recover territory better than the current stalemate."[24]

Armenian-Turkish provisional roadmap

When the announcement of the provisional roadmap for normalizing Armenia–Turkey relations was made on April 22, 2009 there was however no mention of the dispute which is no longer believed to be part of the agreement.[25]

According to a statement from the office of Turkish President Abdullah Gül he initiated a phone conversation with Azerbijani President Aliyev following the announcement to stress the importance of “solidarity and cooperation” between their nations for regional stability and speaking to the press on April 23 he reaffirmed commitment to finding a solution to the dispute stating that, “There has been unprecedented intense diplomacy,” on this which, “does not only involve Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia,” but also, “ Russia, the United States, the EU, are all involved,” before going on to conclude that, “If all these efforts produce a positive outcome, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the entire region will benefit.”[25]

Azerbaijani Ambassador to Turkey Zakir Hashimov has confirmed that there is no crisis in his country’s relations with Turkey following the announcement and welcomed the reassurances from Turkish President Gül and Prime Minister Erdoğan but expressed his state’s position that the opening of the border between Turkey and Armenia would only be acceptable if the Armenia evacuates five of the seven districts surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh (including the strategically important land corridor in Lachin) and subsequent discussions are agreed on for the evacuation of the remaining two and the eventual status of Nagorno-Karabakh itself.[26]

Diplomatic tension

On April 25, 2009, reports quoted SOCAR President Rovnag Abdullayev as saying that the current deal for the supply natural gas by Azerbaijan to Turkey was outdated and that talks on a new price deal were under way. Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan responded, "I don't have information on that. However, if it [Azerbaijan] increased prices, then according to which facts did it do this? Such a rise in natural gas prices during a period of time when oil prices in the world are on the decline will of, course, be thought provoking. These [facts] will be assessed and steps will be taken accordingly,"[27] and when then Turkish Energy Minister Hilmi Güler finally emerged from the talks he stated, "These reports are not true; I have been holding meetings with the Azerbaijanis for two days. No such thing has been said; there is no rise. We have a contract, so they cannot do it."[28]

On May 4 Azerbaijani Deputy Foreign Minister Arza Azimov travelled to Ankara to meet with the new Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu, his first official engagement since taking office on May 2, and Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Ertuğrul Apakan for discussions reported to have been timed to ease diplomatic tensions and highlight the importance of bilateral relations.[29]

On May 6 new Turkish Energy Minister Taner Yıldız stated that, “Energy will play the role of a catalyst in bringing the relations among Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey to a more positive level,” and, “There are no plans to delay the projects with Azerbaijan,”[30] as BOTAŞ President Saltuk Düzyol lead delegation to Baku to discuss gas prices and future infrastructure projects and request an additional 8 billion m³ of Azerbaijani gas to meet Turkish domestic requirements.[31]

Following a reportedly tense May 7 OSCE Minsk Group mediated peace summit between Armenian President Sargsyan and Azerbaijani President Aliyev at the residence of the US Ambassador in Prague, on the sidelines of the EU Eastern Partnership conference,[32] that resulted in “no serious progress”[33] Turkish President Gül met separately with the two leaders to propose four-way talks on the conflict to include Russia when they next met at the St. Petersburg Economic Forum in July.[34]

Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan confirmed during a live 9 May TRT broadcast that no problem exists in bilateral relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan and that the provisional roadmap with Armenia was linked to resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict stating that, “There is a causal link here. We closed the [border] gate. The reason was the occupation and the result was our closing the gate. If the reason disappears - then lets open the gate.”[33]

In a 24 February 2010 meeting with US Undersecretary of State William Burns, Azerbaijan's president Aliyev “made clear his distaste for [Turkey’s] Erdogan government.” Aliyev sees “naivete” in Turkish foreign policy, especially Turkey’s “hostility to Israel.” Aliyev also related his opposition to Turkish support for “Hamas and Gaza.”[35]

2009 Turkish Prime Ministerial visit to Baku

Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan made a 13 May visit to Baku with a delegation that included Energy Minister Taner Yıldız, Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu, Foreign Trade Minister Zafer Çağlayan, Transportation Minister Binali Yıldrım and Culture and Tourism Minister Ertuğrul Günay to reaffirm the strained ties between the two countries.[20][29]

In a press conference with Azerbaijani President Aliyev, Erdoğan reaffirmed that, “There is a relation of cause and effect here. The occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh is the cause, and the closure of the border is the effect. Without the occupation ending, the gates will not be opened,” and Aliyev responding that, “There could be no clearer answer than this. There is no doubt anymore.” On the subject of gas prices Erdoğan stated that, “I cannot say that the price is fair. We will have talks to make sure the price is a fair one.”[36]

In a speech to the Armenian Parliament in which he reaffirmed that Turkey and Azerbaijan were “one nation with two states” Erdoğan stated that, “Some reports said Turkey gave up on Nagorno-Karabakh in order to normalize relations with Armenia. This is an outright lie. I dismiss it once again here. Our stance on Nagorno-Karabakh is clear, and there has never been any deviation from this stance. We want the problem to be resolved on the basis of the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. We have never taken any steps that could harm the national interests of Azerbaijan and will never take such steps. There will be no normalization unless the occupation of Azerbaijani territory ends.”[36]

Turkish opposition parties responded positively to the visit with MHP Deputy Parliamentary Group Chairman Oktay Vural stating that, “The visit has been extremely positive because it reversed an erroneous policy.”[37]

Erdoğan flew on to Sochi, Russia, for a 16 May “working visit” with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin at which he stated, “Turkey and Russia have responsibilities in the region. We have to take steps for the peace and well being of the region. This includes the Nagorno-Karabakh problem, the Middle East dispute, the Cyprus problem.” Putin responded that, “Russia and Turkey seek for such problems to be resolved and will facilitate this in every way,” but, “As for difficult problems from the past – and the Karabakh problem is among such issues – a compromise should be found by the participants in the conflict. Other states which help reach a compromise in this aspect can play a role of mediators and guarantors to implement the signed agreements.”[38][39]

2009 Turkish Foreign Ministerial visit to Baku

Swiss Foreign Secretary Michael Ambühl updated Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Elmar Mammadyarov on the ongoing Armenian-Turkish normalisation negotiations at an 18 May meeting in Baku. Mammadyarov stated, “The latest developments showed that it was impossible to achieve progress in the maintenance of stability and security in the region without taking Azerbaijan’s position into consideration and without a solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.”[40]

Turkish Foreign Minister Davutoğlu met with Mammadyarov on the sidelines of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Council of Foreign Ministers 23 May session in Damascus with Davutoğlu subsequently announcing, "We will head to Baku together on board the same plane. This has turned out to be something like ‘one state, two nations’; ‘one nation, two delegations’," and, "It is not possible to disagree with [Azerbaijani President] Aliyev's remarks concerning the performance of the Minsk Group. Because no progress has been made, it is now necessary to rescue this issue from being in the status of a frozen conflict. Turkey will continue its efforts."[41][42]

Davutoğlu announced, at a 26 May joint press conference in Baku, that, “Turkey and Azerbaijan are not two ordinary friend, neighbour and brother countries, they are at the same time two strategic partners. One of the fundamental foreign policy priorities which is embraced by everybody in Turkey – no matter what political thought [they] have – is the existing strategic partnership with Azerbaijan,” and, “Our message intended for actors in the region, particularly intended for Armenia, is very open and clear. The region should now be cleansed of occupation, stresses and high tension.” Mammadyarov added, “We also discussed cooperation in the fields of energy, economy and culture. Our countries have signed around 150 documents in total, but we don’t have to stop at what has been achieved.”[43]

Failure and Cancellation of the Proposed Turkey-Azerbaijan Visa Free Regime

Azerbaijan agreed to visa free regime with Turkey while Iran also demanded the same visa free regime with Azerbaijan. Iran had threatened to cut off the critical supply line between Azerbaijan and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic if Azerbaijan lifted visa requirements for Turkish citizens, but not extend the same privilege to Iranian citizens.[44] According to Azerbaijani diplomats, a visa-free travel regime proposed by Turkey in 2009 had fallen victim to Iranian pressure on Azerbaijan, prompting the last minute cancellation of the deal between Baku and Ankara. Azerbaijani diplomats also said the national interests of Azerbaijan did not allow for an open-border policy with Iran since the political instability in Iran may trigger a huge influx of Iranian ethnic Azeris refugees to Azerbaijan and did not want the proposed Turkey-Azerbaijan Visa Free Regime to be reciprocal with Iran as well.[45]

Strategic Partnership

On June 2010, Azerbaijan and Turkey have signed key agreement on a package of Shah Deniz gas issues in Istanbul.[46][47] The agreement also will open the way for securing supplies to the EU's flagship Nabucco gas pipeline project.[48] On 16 September 2010, countries signed a treaty to establish Strategic Cooperation Council in Istanbul.[49][50] In December 2010, National Assembly of Azerbaijan ratified on strategic partnership and mutual assistance between Azerbaijan and Turkey.[51][52] The agreement consists of 23 articles and five chapters: Military-political and security issues, military and military-technical cooperation, humanitarian issues, economic cooperation, and common and final provisions.[53][54]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Joint press statements of Presidents of Azerbaijan and Turkey". Retrieved 8 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Rieff, David (June 1997). "Case Study in Ethnic Strife. (Nagorno-Karabakh)". Foreign Affairs. 76 (1997). Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
  3. ^ Morris, Chris (2005). "Chapter 5: Open Wounds: The Greeks and the Armenians". The New Turkey. London: Granta Books. pp. 111–132. ISBN 978-1-86207-865-9. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  4. ^ Hale, William M. (2000). Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000. Routledge. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-7146-5071-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
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  6. ^ Zulfugar Agayev (2011-12-28). "Socar to Ship Caspian Natural Gas to EU Using Own Pipelines". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
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  14. ^ Elchin, Veliyev. "В регионе может быть создан новый альянс". Retrieved 23 December 2010.
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  17. ^ Abbasov, Shahin. "Turkey Steps Up Support for Strategic Azerbaijani Exclave of Nakhchivan". Eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  19. ^ "Q&A: Does Turkey-Armenia deal affect European energy security?". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-25.
  20. ^ a b "Erdoğan in bid to mend fences with Baku". Today’s Zaman. 2009-05-13.
  21. ^ Yanatma, Servet (2009-04-15). "Armenia gives assurances on border recognition". Today’s Zaman.
  22. ^ Yanatma, Servet (2009-04-13). "Turkey-Armenia deal to refer to Karabakh solution". Today's Zaman.
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  35. ^ https://electronicintifada.net/content/palestinian-rights-dont-factor-israel-azerbaijan-relations/9285
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  40. ^ "Report: Switzerland informs Baku of Turkey-Armenia talks". Today’s Zaman. 2009-05-20.
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  43. ^ "Davutoğlu declares Azerbaijan 'strategic partner' in Baku visit". Today’s Zaman. 2009-05-27.
  44. ^ Azerbaijan Says Visa-Free Regime With Turkey Fell Victim to Iranian Pressure
  45. ^ Azerbaijan says visa-free regime with Turkey fell victim to Iranian pressure Archived December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
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  49. ^ "Azerbaijan, Turkey To Sign Treaty To Establish Strategic Cooperation Council Today". 1news.az. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
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  51. ^ "Milli Majlis ratifies Joint Declaration on "Establishment of Azerbaijan-Turkey High Level Cooperation Council"". Apa.az. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "Обнародован текст военного соглашения между Азербайджаном и Турцией Подробности: http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1359151.html#ixzz18nkQKMjS Любое использование материалов допускается только при наличии гиперссылки на ИА REGNUM". regnum.ru. Retrieved 22 December 2010. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  53. ^ "Azerbaijani Parliament Ratifies Azeri-Turkish Defense Pact". azerireport.com. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  54. ^ "Türkiye İle Azerbaycan Arasındaki Güvenlik Ve Yardımlaşma Anlaşması Onaylandı". Retrieved 22 December 2010. [dead link]
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