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Charles XIV John

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"Carl Johan" redirects here. For a subsequent prince, see Count Carl Johan Bernadotte of Wisborg.
Charles XIV & III John
Charles XIV John (King of Sweden and Norway). Painting by François Gérard
King of Sweden and Norway
Reign5 February 1818 – 8 March 1844
Coronations11 May 1818 (Sweden)
7 September 1818 (Norway)
PredecessorCharles XIII/II
SuccessorOscar I
Born(1763-01-26)26 January 1763
Pau, France
Died8 March 1844(1844-03-08) (aged 81)
Stockholm, Sweden
Burial
Riddarholmskyrkan, Stockholm
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1798)​
IssueOscar I
HouseBernadotte
FatherHenri Bernadotte
MotherJeanne de Saint-Jean
ReligionChurch of Sweden
prev. Roman Catholicism
SignatureCharles XIV & III John's signature

Charles XIV & III John, also known as Carl John, (Swedish and Norwegian: Karl Johan; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden (as Charles XIV John) and King of Norway (as Charles III John) from 1818 until his death and served as de facto regent and head of state from 1810 to 1818. When he became Swedish royalty, he had also been the Sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo in Central-Southern Italy from 1806 until 1810[1] (title established on June 5, 1806 by Napoleon), but then stopped using that title.

He was born Jean Bernadotte[2] and subsequently had acquired the full name of Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte[3][needs IPA] by the time Carl also was added upon his Swedish adoption in 1810. He did not use Bernadotte in Sweden but founded the royal dynasty there by that name.

French by birth, Bernadotte served a long career in the French Army. He was appointed as a Marshal of France by Napoleon I, though the two had a turbulent relationship. His service to France ended in 1810, when he was elected the heir-presumptive to the Swedish throne because the Swedish royal family was dying out with King Charles XIII. Baron Carl Otto Mörner (22 May 1781 – 17 August 1868), a Swedish courtier and obscure member of the Riksdag of the Estates, advocated for the succession.[4]

Early Life and Family

Bernadotte's birth house in Pau, France

Bernadotte was born in Pau, France, as the son of Jean Henri Bernadotte (Pau, Béarn, 14 October 1711 – Pau, 31 March 1780), prosecutor at Pau, and wife (married at Boeil, 20 February 1754) Jeanne de Saint-Jean (Pau, 1 April 1728 – Pau, 8 January 1809), niece of the Lay Abbot of Sireix. The family name was originally du Poey (or de Pouey), but was changed to Bernadotte – a surname of an ancestress – at the beginning of the 17th century.[5] Bernadotte himself added Jules to his first names later.[5]At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a local attorney. The early death of his father, however, would stop him following in his father's career.[6]

Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte
Marshal Bernadotte, Prince de Ponte-Corvo. Painted by Joseph Nicolas Jouy, after François-Joseph Kinson
Allegiance Kingdom of France
Kingdom of France
France French Republic
France French Empire
Years of service1780 - 1810
RankMarshal of the Empire
CommandsGovernor of Hanover
Battles / warsFrench Revolutionary Wars
Napoleonic Wars
AwardsLegion of Honour
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
Titled Prince of Ponte-Corvo
Other workMinister of War
Councillor of State

Early Military Career

Bernadotte joined the army as a private in the Régiment de Royal-Marine on 3 September 1780,[7] and first served in the newly conquered territory of Corsica.[5] Subsequently, the Régiment stationed in Besancon, Grenoble, Vienne, Marseille and Ile de Re etc.[8][9] He reached to the rank of Sergeant in August 1785 and was nicknamed Sergeant Belle-Jambe, for his smart appearance.[10] In early 1790 he was promoted to Adjutant-Major, the highest rank for noncommissioned officers in the Ancien Régime.[11]

During Revolutionary Wars

Following the outbreak of the French Revolution, his eminent military qualities brought him speedy promotion.[5] He was promoted by 1794 brigadier, attached to the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse.[5] After Jourdan's victory at Fleurus (26 June 1794) he became a general of division. At the Battle of Theiningen (1796), Bernadotte contributed, more than anyone else, to the successful retreat of the French army over the Rhine after its defeat by the Archduke Charles of Austria.

At the beginning of 1797 he was ordered by the directory to march with 20,000 men as reinforcements to Napoleon Bonaparte's army in Italy.[12] His successful crossing of the Alps through the storm in midwinter was highly praised but he was coldly received by the Italian Army.[13][14] Upon receiving insult by Dominique Martin Dupuy, the commander of Milan, Bernadotte was to arrest him for insubordination.[15] However, unfortunately for him, Dupuy was a close friend of Louis-Alexandre Berthier and this trouble made a beginning of the long-lasting feud between Bernadotte and the General-in-Chief of Napoleon.[16]

He had the first interview with Napoleon in Mantua and was appointed the commander of the 4th division.[17] During the invasion of Friuli and Istria Bernadotte distinguished himself greatly at the passage of the Tagliamento where he led the vanguard, and at the capture of the fortress of Gradisca (19 March 1797). [12] After the 18th Fructidor, Napoleon ordered his generals to collect from their respective divisions addresses in favor of the coup d'état of that day; but Bernadotte sent an address to the directory different from that which Napoleon wished for and without conveying it through Napoleon's hands. [12]

After the treaty of Campo Formio Napoleon made Bernadotte a friendly visit at his headquarters at Udine, but immediately after deprived him of half his division of the army of the Rhine, and commanded him to march the other half back to France.[12] Paul Barras, one of five directors, was cautious that Napoleon would overturn the Republic, hence he appointed Bernadotte commander-in-chief of the Italian Army in order to offset Napoleon’s power.[18] Bernadotte was pleased with this appointment but Napoleon lobbied Talleyrand-Périgord, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, to appoint him the embassy to Vienna instead.[19] Bernadotte was much dissatisfied, but finally accepted the embassy to Vienna but had to quit his post owing to the disturbances caused by his hoisting the tricolour over the embassy.[5][12]

After returning from Vienna, he resided in Paris. He married in August, 1798, Désirée Clary, the daughter of a Marseilles merchant and Joseph Bonaparte's sister-in-law.[12] In November of the same year he was made commander of the army of observation on the upper Rhine. Although solicited to do so by Barras and Joseph Bonaparte, he did not take part in the coup d'état of the 30th Prairial.[20] From 2 July to 14 September he was Minister of War, in which capacity he displayed great ability. [12] However, his popularity and contacts with radical Jacobins aroused antipathy towards him in the government.[21] On the morning of September 13 he found his resignation announced in the Moniteur before he was aware that he had tendered it. This was a trick; played upon him by Sieyès and Roger Ducos, the directors allied to Napoleon. [12]

He declined to help Napoleon Bonaparte stage his coup d'état of November 1799, but nevertheless accepted employment from the Consulate, and from April 1800 to 18 August 1801 commanded the army in the Vendée and successfully restored its tranquility.[5][12]

Conspiracy of Rennes/Plot of Placards & the Governor of Louisiana

Bernadotte was one of the worst malcontents in the French general staff, and this was well known to Napoleon. In the early summer of 1802, Bernadotte's chief-of-staff was caught leading a conspiracy to whip up a revolt among the large numbers of troops that were being concentrated in Rennes, Brittany. These conscripts were soon to be dispatched to the West Indies, where it was well known that most Europeans were dying from Yellow Fever. Though the plot was uncovered before much more had been achieved than the distribution of seditious handbills and placards, it had still been frightening enough for Napoleon; he initially threatened to have Bernadotte shot, but he wisely backed away after Joseph Bonaparte, Bernadotte's brother-in-law, successfully convinced his younger brother that there was no evidence directly linking Bernadotte with the conspiracy. Nevertheless, Bernadotte remained persona non grata at the Consulate and kept a low profile by residing in Plombières-les-Bains.

In September 1802, Napoleon considered who would make a suitable governor for the retrocession of Louisiana, effective on 15 October 1802. Bernadotte seemed to be the perfect candidate for this virtual exile; he accepted, and he and his family made preparations to depart from La Rochelle. On the day of Bernadotte's scheduled departure, April 12, 1803, James Monroe arrived in Paris to close the deal on the Louisiana Purchase. When Bernadotte's party arrived in La Rochelle, confusion ensued for many days as the ship charted to take them to Louisiana was counter-ordered to carry General Jean Augustin Ernouf to his appointment of governor general of the French colony in Saint-Domingue and Guadeloupe following the suppression of a sudden widespread slave insurrection. A second possible ship was recalled to convey supplies to the army in Saint Domingue. While organizing a third vessel to take him to Louisiana, Parisian newspapers had reached Bernadotte announcing the surprise conclusion of the Louisiana Purchase. Bernadotte was waiting in La Rochelle for clarification from the Consulate on May 16, when Britain declared war on France. On May 27, Bernadotte sent a letter to Napoleon through Joseph resigning his Louisianan appointment and asking for an army for the impending War of the Third Coalition. Under pressure from Joseph, Napoleon acquiesced, but still did not send orders to Bernadotte for over a year.[22][page needed]

Marshal of the French Empire

Bernadotte, as Marshal of the French Empire.

On the introduction of the First French Empire, Bernadotte became one of the eighteen Marshals of the Empire and, from June 1804 to September 1805, served as governor of the recently occupied Hanover. In this capacity, as well as during his later command of the army of northern Germany, he created for himself a reputation for independence, moderation, and administrative ability.[12]

During the campaign of 1805, Bernadotte with an army corps from Hanover, co-operated in the great movement which resulted in the shutting off of Mack in Ulm. In the Austerlitz (2 December 1805) he was posted with his corps in the center between Soult and Lannes, and contributed to baffle the attempt of the right wing of the allies to outflank the French army. [12] As a reward for his services at Battle of Austerlitz, he became the 1st Sovereign Prince of Ponte Corvo (5 June 1806), a district of Naples formerly subject to the pope. [23][12]

However, during the campaign against Prussia, in the same year, he was severely reproached by Napoleon for not participating with his army corps in the battles of Jena and Auerstädt, though close at hand.[23] After the Battle of Jena, Bernadotte defeated the Prussians at Halle(17 October 1806) but the headquarter did not much appreciate this victory.[24] When visiting Halle after the battle, Napoleon enigmatically commented “Bernadotte stops at nothing. Someday the Gascon will get caught.”[25] Subsequently, Bernadotte pursued conjointly with Soult and Murat the Prussian general Blücher to Lübeck, and aided in forcing his capitulation at Radkow (7 November 1806). [12] When the French forced their way to Lübeck, the city became the target of large-scale looting and rampage by the French soldiers. Bernadotte, struggling desperately to prevent his men from sacking, was given six horses from the Council of Lübeck as their appreciation.[26][27] He also treated captured Swedish soldiers with courtesy and allowed their return to home country. The impressed Swedes carried back home with a tale of Bernadotte’s fairness in maintaining order within the city.[28]

Thereafter he marched to Poland and defeated the Russians at Mohrungen (25 January 1807).[12] Since the messenger had been captured by Russians, Bernadotte could not take part in Battle of Eylau (7 to 8 February 1807). Napoleon rebuked him for his absence but it became acknowledged that it was not due to Bernadotte but Berthier’s carelessness in dispatching orderly.[29]

After the peace of Tilsit, in 1808, as governor of the Hanseatic towns, he was to have directed the expedition against Sweden, via the Danish islands, but the plan came to naught because of the want of transports and the defection of the Spanish contingent. [5]

Being recalled to Germany to assist in the new war between France and Austria, he received the command of the 9th corps, which was mainly composed of Saxons.[12] At the Battle of Wagram (6 July 1809), he commanded this corps, of which the division of Dupas formed part. Having resisted on the left wing for a long time an attack from a superior force, he ordered Dupas forward to his support; the latter replied that he had orders from the emperor to remain where he was. After the battle Bernadotte complained to Napoleon for having in violation of all military rules ordered Dupas to act independently of his command, and for having thereby caused great loss of life to the Saxons, and tendered his resignation; and Napoleon accepted it after he had become aware of an order of the day issued by Bernadotte in which he gave the Saxons credit for their courage in terms inconsistent with the emperor's official bulletin. [12]

Bernadotte having returned to Paris, the Walcheren expedition (July, 1809), caused the French ministry in the absence of the emperor to entrust him with the defense of Antwerp with the National Guard.[30] In a proclamation issued to his troops at Antwerp he made a charge against Napoleon of having neglected to prepare the proper means of defense for the Belgian coast. He was deprived of his command of the National Guard, and ordered on his return to Paris to leave it for Catalonia to take command of the Army there.[31][32] Refusing to comply with the order, he was summoned to Vienna, and after an interview with Napoleon at Schönbrunn accepted the general government of the Roman states. [12]

Offer of the Swedish Throne

Statue in Norrköping erected in 1846.

In 1810, he was about to enter upon his new post as governor of Rome when he was unexpectedly elected the heir-presumptive to King Charles XIII of Sweden.[23] The problem of Charles' successor had been acute almost from the time he had ascended the throne a year earlier, as it was apparent that the Swedish branch of the House of Holstein-Gottorp would die with him. He was 61 years old and in failing health. He was also childless; Queen Charlotte had given birth to two children who had died in infancy, and there was no prospect of her bearing another child. The king had adopted a Danish prince, Charles August, as his son soon after his coronation, but he had died just a few months after his arrival.[33]

Bernadotte was elected partly because a large part of the Swedish Army, in view of future complications with Russia, were in favour of electing a soldier, and partly because he was also personally popular, owing to the kindness he had shown to the Swedish prisoners in Lübeck.[34] The matter was decided by one of the Swedish courtiers, Baron Karl Otto Mörner, who, entirely on his own initiative, offered the succession to the Swedish crown to Bernadotte. Bernadotte communicated Mörner's offer to Napoleon, who treated the whole affair as an absurdity. The Emperor did not support Bernadotte but did not oppose him either and so Bernadotte informed Mörner that he would not refuse the honour if he were elected. Although the Swedish government, amazed at Mörner's effrontery, at once placed him under arrest on his return to Sweden, the candidature of Bernadotte gradually gained favour and on 21 August 1810[23] he was elected by the Riksdag of the Estates to be the new Crown Prince,[23] and was subsequently made Generalissimus of the Swedish Armed Forces by the King.[35][page needed]

Before freeing Bernadotte from his allegiance to France, Napoleon asked him to agree never to take up arms against France. Bernadotte having refused to make any such agreement, upon the ground that his obligations to Sweden would not allow it, Napoleon exclaimed “Go, and let our destinies be accomplished” and signed the act of emancipation unconditionally.[36]

Crown Prince and Regent

Bernadotte as Crown Prince.
Painting by Fredric Westin.

On 2 November Bernadotte made his solemn entry into Stockholm, and on 5 November he received the homage of the Riksdag of the Estates, and he was adopted by King Charles XIII under the name of "Charles John" (Karl Johan).[23] At the same time, he converted from Roman Catholicism to the Lutheranism of the Swedish court.[37]

“I have beheld war near at hand, and I know all its evils: for it is not conquest which can console a country for the blood of her children, spilt on a foreign land. I have seen the mighty Emperor of the French, so often crowned with the laurel of victory, surrounded by his invincible armies, sigh after the olive-branches of peace. Yes, Gentlemen, peace is the only glorious aim of a sage and enlightened government: it is not the extent of a state which constitutes its strength and independence; it is its laws, its commerce, its industry, and above all, its national spirit.”

Charles John, address to the State-General, 5 November 1810.[38]

The new Crown Prince was very soon the most popular and most powerful man in Sweden. The infirmity of the old King and the dissensions in the Privy Council of Sweden placed the government, and especially the control of foreign policy, entirely in his hands. The keynote of his whole policy was the acquisition of Norway as a compensation for the loss of Finland and Bernadotte proved anything but a puppet of France. [23] Many Swedes expected him to reconquer Finland which had been ceded to Russia, however, the Crown Prince was aware of its difficulty for reasons of the desperate situation of the state finance and the lack of the Finnish people to accept their return to Sweden.[39] Even if Finland was regained, he thought, it would put Sweden into a cycle of conflicts with the powerful neighbor because there was no guarantee Russia would accept the loss as final.[40] Therefore, he made up his mind to make a united Scandinavian peninsula by taking Norway from Denmark and uniting her to Sweden. He tried to divert public opinion from Finland to Norway, by arguing that to create a compact peninsula, with sea for its natural boundary, was to inaugurate an era of peace, and that to establish a state of war with Russia would lead to ruinous consequences.[41]

Soon after Charles John’s arrival in Sweden, Napoleon compelled him to accede to the continental system and declare war against Great Britain; otherwise, Sweden would have to face the determination of France, Denmark and Russia.This demand would mean a hard blow to the national economy and the Swedish population. Sweden reluctantly declared war against Great Britain but it was treated by both countries as being merely nominal, although Swedish imports of British goods decreased from £4,871 million in 1810 to £523 million in the following year.[42][43]

Suddenly French troops in January, 1812, invaded Swedish Pomerania and the island of Rügen.[44] The decisive reason was that Napoleon, before marching to Moscow, had to secure his rear and dared not trust a Swedish continental foothold behind him.[45] To render it the more insulting, Napoleon had fixed for the Crown Prince’s birthday.[46] The invasion was a clear violation of international law as well as an act of war so that public opinion in Sweden was understandably outraged.[45][47] Moreover, it antagonized the pro-French faction at the Swedish court.[48] Thereafter, the Crown Prince declared the neutrality of Sweden and opened negotiations with Great Britain and Russia.[49]

In 1813 he allied Sweden with Napoleon's enemies, including Great Britain, Russia and Prussia, in the Sixth Coalition, hoping to secure Norway. After the defeats at Lützen (2 May 1813) and Bautzen (21 May 1813), it was the Swedish Crown Prince who put fresh fighting spirit into the Allies; and at the conference of Trachenberg he drew up the general plan for the campaign which began after the expiration of the Truce of Pläswitz.[23]

United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway

Charles John, as the Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Army, successfully defended the approaches to Berlin and was victorious in battle against Oudinot in August and against Ney in September at the Battles of Großbeeren and Dennewitz; but after the Battle of Leipzig he went his own way, determined at all hazards to cripple Denmark and to secure Norway,[23] defeating the Danes in a relatively quick campaign. His efforts culminated in the favourable Treaty of Kiel, which transferred Norway to Swedish control.[37]

However, the Norwegians were unwilling to accept Swedish overlordship. They declared independence, adopted a liberal constitution and elected Danish crown prince Christian Frederick to the throne. The ensuing war was swiftly won by Sweden under Charles John's generalship. Charles John could have named his terms to Norway, but in a key concession accepted the Norwegian constitution.[37][50] This paved the way for Norway to enter a personal union with Sweden later that year.[23]

King of Sweden and Norway

Coronation of Karl III Johan as King of Norway

As the union King, Charles XIV John in Sweden and Charles III John in Norway, who succeeded to that title on 5 February 1818 following the death of Charles XIII & II, he was initially popular in both countries.[23]

The foreign policy applied by Charles John in the post-Napoleonic era was characterized by the maintenance of balance between the Great Powers and non-involvement into conflicts that took place outside of the Scandinavian peninsula, and he successfully kept his kingdoms in state of peace from 1814 until his death.[37][51] He was especially concerned about the conflict between Great Britain and Russia. In 1834, when the relationship between both countries strained regarding the Near East Crisis, he sent memorandum to British and Russian governments and proclaimed neutrality in advance. It is pointed out as the origin of Swedish neutrality.[52]

Equestrian in Stockholm depicting Charles XIV John.

His domestic policy particularly focused on promotion of economy and investment in social overhead capital, and the long peace since 1814 led to an increased prosperity for the country.[53] During his long reign of 26 years, the population of the Kingdom was so much increased that the inhabitants of Sweden alone became equal in number to those of Sweden and Finland before the latter province was torn from the former, the national debt was paid off, a civil and a penal code were proposed for promulgation, education was promoted, agriculture, commerce, and manufactures prospered, and the means of internal communication were increased.[53][54]

On the other hand, radical in his youth, his views had veered steadily rightward over the years, and by the time he ascended the throne he was an ultra-conservative. His autocratic methods, particularly his censorship of the press, were very unpopular, especially after 1823. However, his dynasty never faced serious danger, as the Swedes and the Norwegians alike were proud of a monarch with a good European reputation.[37] [23]

He also faced challenges in Norway. The Norwegian constitution gave the Norwegian parliament, the Storting, more power than any legislature in Europe. While Charles John had the power of absolute veto in Sweden, he only had a suspensive veto in Norway. He demanded that the Storting give him the power of absolute veto, but was forced to back down.[50]

Opposition to his rule reached a fever pitch in the 1830s, culminating in demands for his abdication.[37] Charles John survived the abdication controversy and he went on to have his silver jubilee, which was celebrated with great enthusiasm on 18 February 1843. He reigned as King of Sweden and Norway from 5 February 1818 until his death in 1844.[23]

Death

On 26 January 1844,[23] his 81st birthday, Charles John was found unconscious in his chambers having suffered a stroke. While he regained consciousness, he never fully recovered and died on the afternoon of 8 March. [55]On his deathbed, he was heard to say:

"Nobody has had a career in life like mine.[53] I could perhaps have been able to agree to become Napoleon’s ally: but when he attacked the country that had placed its fate in my hands, he could find in me no other than an opponent. The events that shook Europe and that gave her back her freedom are known. It is also known which part I played in that."[56]

Charles John's huge granite sarcophagus.

His remains were interred after a state funeral in Stockholm's Riddarholm Church.[55] He was succeeded by his only son, Oscar I.[12]

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

  • 18 May 1804 - 26 September 1810: Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, Marshal of France
  • 5 June 1806 - 26 September 1810: Jean Baptiste Jules, Sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo
  • 26 September 1810 - 5 November 1810: His Royal Highness Prince Johan Baptist Julius de Pontecorvo, Prince of Sweden[57]
  • 5 November 1810[23] - 4 November 1814: His Royal Highness Charles John, Crown Prince of Sweden
  • 4 November 1814[23] - 5 February 1818: His Royal Highness Charles John, Crown Prince of Sweden and Norway
  • 5 February 1818 - 8 March 1844: His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway.

Honours

King Charles John was the 909th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain and the 28th Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword in Portugal.

Arms

Prince of Pontecorvo
Coat of arms of Crown Prince Charles John according the armorial of Knights of the order of the Seraphim.
Coat of arms of King Charles XIV John of Sweden and Norway
A Monogram for King Charles XIV John of Sweden and Norway used on a coin

Fictional portrayals

The love triangle between Napoleon, Bernadotte and Desiree Clary was the subject of the novel Désirée, by Annemarie Selinko.

The novel was filmed as Désirée in 1954, with Marlon Brando as Napoleon, Jean Simmons as Désirée, and Michael Rennie as Bernadotte.

Bernadotte appears in a series of side missions in the video game Assassin's Creed Unity, again concerning the love triangle.

Ancestry

Family of Charles XIV John
8. Jean Bernadotte
4. Jean Bernadotte
9. Marie de La Barrère dite Bertrandot
2. Jean Henri Bernadotte
10. Jacques du Pucheu dit de Laplace
5. Marie du Pucheu dite de La Place
11. Françoise de Labasseur
1. Charles XIV John of Sweden
6. Jean de Saint Vincent
3. Jeanne de Saint Vincent
14. Doumengé Habas d'Arrens
7. Marie d'Abbadie de Sireix
15. Marie d'Abbadie, Lay Abbess of Sireix

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Palmer 1990, p. [page needed].
  2. ^ Ulf Ivar Nilsson in Allt vi trodde vi visste men som faktiskt är FEL FEL FEL!, Bokförlaget Semic 2007 ISBN 978-91-552-3572-7 p 40
  3. ^ Six 2003, p. [page needed].
  4. ^ Cronholm 1902, pp. 249–71.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Bain 1911, p. 931.
  6. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.6
  7. ^ Barton, Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.5
  8. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.8-13
  9. ^ Barton, Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.14
  10. ^ Barton, Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.11
  11. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.15
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r The American Cyclopædia 1879, p. 571.
  13. ^ Barton, Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.42
  14. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.42
  15. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.42-43
  16. ^ Barton, Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.44
  17. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.43
  18. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.60−61
  19. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.61
  20. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.84
  21. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.88
  22. ^ Barton 1921.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Bain 1911, p. 932.
  24. ^ Barton, Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.193
  25. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.135
  26. ^ Barton, Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.198-199
  27. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.132-137
  28. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.136-137
  29. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.140-141
  30. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.153
  31. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.153-154
  32. ^ Favier, Franck (2010). P.158
  33. ^ Charles XIII at Encyclopædia Britannica
  34. ^ Favier, Franck (2010). P.12
  35. ^ Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813 (in Swedish). 1813.
  36. ^ Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.245-246
  37. ^ a b c d e f Charles XIV John at Encyclopædia Britannica
  38. ^ Meredith, William George (1829). P.105-106
  39. ^ Berdah, Jean-Francois (2009).P.39
  40. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.181
  41. ^ Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.257-258
  42. ^ Berdah, Jean-Francois (2009).P.40-41
  43. ^ Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.259
  44. ^ Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.265
  45. ^ a b Scott, Franklin D.(1988). P.307
  46. ^ Palmer, Alan(1990). P.185-186
  47. ^ Favier, Franck (2010). P.206-207
  48. ^ Griffiths, Tony (2004). P.19
  49. ^ Berdah, Jean-Francois (2009). P.45
  50. ^ a b Norway at Encyclopædia Britannica
  51. ^ Killham, Edward L.(1993). P.17-19
  52. ^ Wahlbäck, Krister(1986).P.7-12
  53. ^ a b c Sjostrom, Olof
  54. ^ Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket (1930). P.374
  55. ^ a b Palmer 1990, p. 248.
  56. ^ Alm, Mikael;Johansson, Brittinger(Eds) (2008).p.12
  57. ^ Succession au trône de Suède: Acte d'élection du 21 août 1810, Loi de succession au trône du 26 septembre 1810 (in French)

References

  • Alm, Mikael;Johansson, Brittinger(Eds) (2008). Script of Kingship:Essays on Bernadotte and Dynastic Formation in an Age of Revolution, Reklam & katalogtryck AB, Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-977312-2-5
  • Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket (1921). Bernadotte and Napoleon: 1763–1810. London: John Murray. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket (1930). The Amazing Career of Bernadotte 1763-1844, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  • Berdah, Jean-Francois (2009). “The Triumph of Neutrality : Bernadotte and European Geopolitics(1810-1844)”, Revue D’ Histoire Nordique, No.6-7.
  • Cronholm, Neander N. (1902). "39". A History of Sweden from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. pp. 249–71. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Favier, Franck (2010). Bernadotte: Un marechal d’empire sur le trone de Suede, Ellipses Edition Marketing, Paris. ISBN 9782340-006058
  • Griffiths, Tony (2004). Scandinavia, C. Hurst & Co., London. ISBN 1-85065-317-8
  • Killham, Edward L.(1993).The Nordic Way : A Path to Baltic Equilibrium, The Compass Press, Washington, DC. ISBN 0-929590-12-0
  • Meredith, William George (1829). Memorials of Charles John, King of Sweden and Norway, Henry Colburn, London.
  • Palmer, Alan (1990). Bernadotte : Napoleon’s Marshal, Sweden’s King, John Murray, London. ISBN 0-7195-4703-2
  • Scott, Franklin D.(1988). Sweden, The Nation's History, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. ISBN 0-8093-1489-4
  • Six, Georges (2003). Dictionnaire Biographique des Generaux & Amiraux Francais de la Revolution et de l'Empire (1792-1814). Paris: Gaston Saffroy. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Sjostrom, Olof. "KARL XIV JOHAN" (PDF). Ambassade de France en Suede. Retrieved 2016-01-09.
  • Wahlbäck, Krister(1986). The Roots of Swedish Neutrality, The Swedish Institute, Stockholm.

Attribution

Further reading

  • Alm, Mikael and Britt-Inger Johansson, eds. Scripts of Kingship: Essays on Bernadotte and Dynastic Formation in an Age of Revolution (Uppsala: Swedish Science Press, 2008)
    • Review by Rasmus Glenthøj, English Historical Review (2010) 125#512 pp 205–208.
  • Barton, Dunbar B.: The amazing career of Bernadotte, 1930; condensed one volume biography based on Barton's detailed 3 vol biography 1914-1925, which contained many documents
  • Koht, Halvdan. "Bernadotte and Swedish-American Relations, 1810-1814," Journal of Modern History (1944) 16#4 pp. 265–285 in JSTOR
  • Lord Russell of Liverpool: Bernadotte: Marshal of France & King of Sweden, 1981
  • Jean-Marc Olivier. "Bernadotte Revisited, or the Complexity of a Long Reign (1810–1844)", in Nordic Historical Review, n°2, 2006.
  • Scott, Franklin D. Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon (1935); scholarly analysis
  • Moncure, James A. ed. Research Guide to European Historical Biography: 1450-Present (4 vol 1992); vol 1 pp 126–34
Charles XIV/III John
Born: 26 January 1763 Died: 8 March 1844
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Sweden and Norway
5 February 1818 – 8 March 1844 		Succeeded by
New title Prince of Pontecorvo
5 June 1806 – 21 August 1810 		Vacant
Title next held by
Lucien Murat
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of War of France
2 July 1799 – 14 September 1799 		Succeeded by


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