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China–Somalia relations

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Chinese-Somali relations
Map indicating locations of Somalia and China

Somalia
China
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Somalia, BeijingEmbassy of China, Mogadishu

China–Somalia relations are the bilateral relations between China and Somalia. Somalia maintains an embassy in Beijing. China has an embassy in Mogadishu. Somalia and China are upgrading their relationship to "Strategic Partnership".[1]

History

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Somalia and China have a long relationship in terms of trade, military, culture and language.[2]

Middle Ages

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Exotic animals such as the giraffe caught and sold by Somali merchants were very popular in medieval China.

Relations between Somalia and China long predate the Middle Ages. Through trade, the peoples of both areas established good relations. Giraffes, zebras and incense were exported to the Ming Empire of China, which established Somali merchants as leaders in the commerce between Asia and Africa,[3] and in the process influenced the Chinese language with the Somali language and vice versa. The Chinese exported celadon wares, spices and muskets in return for horses, exotic animals and ivory. The prominent Hui-Chinese explorer, mariner, diplomat and fleet admiral, Zheng He, arrived in his fourth and fifth voyage to the Somali cities of Mogadishu, Zeila, Merca and Berbera.[4] Sa'id of Mogadishu, a Somali explorer, travelled to China in the 14th century, when China was ruled by the Yuan Dynasty, and noted the trading communities of the Chinese ports and cities.

Cold War era

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Somali Democratic Government (1960–1969)

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On 30 June 1960, Foreign Minister Chen Yi announced the recognition of the Somali Republic by the People's Republic of China.[5] Official relations between the Somali and Chinese governments were established on 14 December 1960.[6]: 346  Somalia and China later signed their first official trade agreement in June 1963.[7]

During the Cold War period, the Somali government maintained active relations with its Chinese counterpart. The Somali government campaigned for an end to China's diplomatic isolation and supported instead its entry into the United Nations.[8] The Sino-Soviet split had a large influence on China's relations with countries in Africa. As early as 1964, Somalia was described as the first major center of Sino-Soviet rivalry on the continent.[9]

Zhou Enlai meeting with Abdirashid Ali Shermarke during his visit to Somalia in 1964.

Somali Democratic Republic 1969–1991

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By 1971, Chinese economic aid to Somalia far exceeded the Soviet Union.[10]

When the Somali government expelled Soviet representatives in late 1977, China agreed to take over many of the development projects started by them.[11] The Chinese government declared Somalia's decision to expel the Soviets as marking a, "another important victory in the struggle against hegemonism"[10]

Mohamed Ainanshe Guled and Mao Zedong, Beijing 1970

In the late 1970s the Chinese carried out and completed what was considered their second most ambitious project in Sub-Saharan Africa known as "The Somali North-South Road". The PRC also became involved in the construction of hospitals, factories and further extended large loans to Somalia.[12]

Present-day

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Somali Civil War

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In January 1991, the Chinese embassy in Mogadishu closed down operations due to the start of the civil war in Somalia.[13] Despite the departure of most Chinese officials, the two countries maintained a small trading relationship in the ensuing years. Total trade volume in 2002 was US$3.39 million, with Somalia exporting US$1.56 million of goods to China and importing $1.83 million.[14]

From 2000 to 2011, approximately seven Chinese development projects were launched in Somalia.[15] These initiatives included $6 million in economic assistance,[16] donation of anti-malaria drugs,[17] and $3 million in debt relief.[18]

2010s

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Following the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in mid-2012, the Chinese authorities reaffirmed their support for the Somali government and called on the international community to strengthen its commitment to the Somali peace process. China's Permanent Representative to the UN, Li Baodong, also emphasized his administration's support for the Somali federal government's stabilization plan, including the latter's efforts at "implementing an interim Constitution, carrying out its six-point plan, strengthening institutional capacity, exercising government functions and extending effective authority over all its national territory."[19]

In August 2013, follow a meeting with Chinese Vice Premier Wang Yang, Somalia's Foreign Minister Fowziya Yusuf Haji Adan announced that the Somali authorities looked forward to cooperation with the Chinese government in the energy, infrastructure, national security and agriculture sectors, among others. Wang also praised the traditional friendship between both nations and re-affirmed China's commitment to the Somali peace process.[20]

In June 2014, during the Arab-China Summit in Beijing, Somali Foreign Minister Abdirahman Duale Beyle met with his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi to discuss bilateral cooperation between Somalia and China. The meeting was held at the Chinese foreign ministry center and focused on trade, security and reconstruction. Among the issues discussed were the various Chinese development projects that were in the process of being implemented in Somalia. Beyle also indicated that the Chinese authorities were slated to broaden their support for Somalia, which would serve to create new employment opportunities. Additionally, Wang commended the Somali federal government on its peace-building efforts. He likewise reaffirmed the historically close diplomatic ties between both territories, recalling China's recognition of the nascent Somali Republic in 1960 and Somalia's subsequent campaigning which helped China obtain a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council.[21] On 30 June 2014, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei announced that China would dispatch a diplomatic team on 1 July to reopen the Chinese embassy in Mogadishu. He described the move as both recognition that the Somali authorities were making progress in their national reconstruction efforts and a symbol of the importance that the Chinese government attaches to its bilateral relations with Somalia.[22] On 3 July 2014, Chargé d'Affaires of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China Wei Hongtian presented his credentials to Foreign Minister of Somalia Abdirahman Duale Beyle at an event in the Somali capital. Beyle similarly hailed the appointment as a sign of the nation's strengthening security and foreign diplomatic relations.[23] On 12 October 2014, the new Chinese embassy officially opened in Mogadishu.[24]

2020s

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In July 2020, Somaliland established relations with Taiwan which also included the opening of representative offices in their respective countries.[25][26] In response, the Chinese foreign ministry claimed that Taiwan aimed to ""undermine Somalia's sovereignty and territorial integrity" and it opposes the two entities establishing ties.[25][26]

Human rights

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In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Somalia, signed a joint letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council defending China's persecution of Uyghurs.[27][28] Somalia was one of 16 countries that defended China in 2019 but did not do so in 2020.[29]

In June 2020, Somalia was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[30]

Agreements

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In July 2007, the Chinese state-owned oil company CNOOC also signed an oil exploration agreement with the Somali government over the north-central Mudug province, situated in the autonomous Puntland region.[31]

In September 2013, both governments signed an official cooperation agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five-year national recovery plan in Somalia. The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct several major infrastructural landmarks in the Somali capital and elsewhere, including the National Theatre, a hospital, and the Mogadishu Stadium, as well as the road between Galkayo and Burao in northern Somalia. Additionally, Chinese ambassador Liu Guangyoun indicated that China would re-open its embassy in Mogadishu on land that had been donated for the purpose by the Somali government.[32]

In April 2015, Foreign Minister of Somalia Abdisalam Omer met in Mogadishu with Ambassador of China to Somalia Wei Hongtian to discuss ties between both nations. The meeting concluded with a signed bilateral agreement, which strengthens diplomatic relations and collaboration. As part of the treaty's stipulations, $13 million in Chinese funds will be earmarked for reconstruction and development initiatives in the economy, health, education and infrastructure sectors in Somalia. According to Ambassador Wei, the Chinese authorities are slated to continue their support for the Somali government's stabilizations efforts. Omer in turn commended the Chinese government for its sustained cooperation.[33]

List of Somali Ambassadors to China

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Name Appointed Recalled Notes
Ahmed Mohamed Darman ? 1975? [34]
Mohamed Hassan Said 1988 2005[A] [35][36]
Mohamed Ahmed Awil 2005 2011 [37]
Yusuf Hassan Ibrahim 2010 - [38]
A Mohamed Hassan Said was appointed by the Siad Barre government and was stranded in Beijing when his government collapsed in 1991. The Chinese government continued to recognize him as the Somali ambassador until the Transitional Federal Government appointed a replacement in 2005.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Chinese Ambassador to Somalia Fei Shengchao Meets with Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud". www.mfa.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
  2. ^ Colour, confusion and concessions: the history of the Chinese in South Africa, 2005, Melanie Yap,Dianne Leong Man, page 3
  3. ^ East Africa and its Invaders p. 37
  4. ^ Zheng He's voyages down the western seas – p. 42, 福建省新闻办公室
  5. ^ "China Recognizes Republic of Somalia C". Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts. 60 (128). Foreign Broadcast Information Service: 13. 1 July 1960 – via Readex.
  6. ^ Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
  7. ^ "Somalia to Trade With China". The New York Times. 1963-06-09. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  8. ^ Ssekandi, Ronald (30 January 2013). "Somali FM hails Somalia-China relations". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  9. ^ Schwartz, Harry (1964-09-06). "Communists Competing in Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  10. ^ a b Lyons, Roy (1978). "The USSR, China and the Horn of Africa". Review of African Political Economy. 5 (12): 5–30. doi:10.1080/03056247808703358 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  11. ^ "Chinese to Increase Aid to Somalia". The Washington Post. 1987-04-21. Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  12. ^ Samatar, Ahmed I. (1987). "Self-Reliance Betrayed: Somali Foreign Policy, 1969–1980". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 21 (2): 211. doi:10.2307/484371. JSTOR 484371.
  13. ^ Chinese Foreign Ministry (October 10, 2006). "FOCAC Beijing Summit: Somali".
  14. ^ "China and Somalia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 2003-10-12. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
  15. ^ Austin Strange, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2013. China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. CGD Working Paper 323. Washington DC: Center for Global Development.[1]
  16. ^ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.http://aiddatachina.org/projects/2285
  17. ^ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.http://aiddatachina.org/projects/28502
  18. ^ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.http://aiddatachina.org/projects/2284
  19. ^ "China calls on international community to continue advancing Somalia peace process". Xinhua. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  20. ^ "Somalia: Chinese Vice Premier Meets Somali Counterpart". Shabelle Media Network. 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  21. ^ "Foreign affairs minister meets his Chinese counterpart". Goobjoog. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  22. ^ "China to reopen Somalia embassy, sees strong ties". Reuters. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  23. ^ "China reopens embassy in Somalia". Shanghai Business Review. 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  24. ^ "Somalia: China officially opens embassy in Somalia today". Raxanreeb. 12 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  25. ^ a b "Taiwan-China Diplomatic Competition Comes to Somaliland | Voice of America – English". www.voanews.com. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  26. ^ a b Smith, Nicola; Yan, Sophia (2020-09-07). "Why is China so worried about the new alliance between Taiwan and Somaliland?". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  27. ^ "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  28. ^ "Saudi Arabia and Russia among 37 states backing China's Xinjiang policy". Reuters. 12 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2019-07-13.
  29. ^ Basu, Zachary (8 October 2020). "Mapped: More countries sign UN statement condemning China's mass detentions in Xinjiang". Axios. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  30. ^ Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020). "The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong". Axios. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  31. ^ Jopson, Barney (2007-07-13). "Somalia oil deal for China". Financial Times. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  32. ^ "Somalia: Gov't, China Officially Sign Cooperation Agreement". Dalsan Radio. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  33. ^ "China donates $13 million to Somalia". Horseed Media. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  34. ^ Bush, George H. W. (2008). Jeffrey A. Engel (ed.). The China Diary of George H. W. Bush: The Making of a Global President. Princeton University Press. p. 382.
  35. ^ Richburg, Keith B. (December 17, 1996). "When It's Diplomatic to Do Nothing". The Washington Post. p. A15.
  36. ^ The Europa World Year Book 2004. Taylor & Francis. 2004. p. 1140. ISBN 9781857432541.
  37. ^ "Somalia's new China envoy sweeps away the cobwebs". Reuters. June 13, 2006.
  38. ^ Hussein, Mohammed Omar (June 11, 2010). "Somalia: Ministers decision regarding the appointment of new ambassador to China". Archived from the original on February 26, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
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