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Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Europe)

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Content from the United States diplomatic cables leak has depicted Europe and related subjects extensively. The leak, which began on 28 November 2010, occurred when the website of WikiLeaks — an international new media non-profit organisation that publishes submissions of otherwise unavailable documents from anonymous news sources and news leaks — started to publish classified documents of detailed correspondence — diplomatic cables — between the United States Department of State and its diplomatic missions around the world. Since the initial release date, WikiLeaks is releasing further documents every day.

Albania

Guantanamo Bay detainees

After accepting five Uighur detainees from Guantánamo Bay in 2006, Sali Berisha offered to take three to six detainees extra. American diplomats portrayed his offer as "gracious, but probably extravagant... as always, the Albanians are willing to go the extra mile to assist with one of our key foreign policy priorities".[1]

Austria

Foreign policy

U.S. diplomats criticised the Austrian government — and especially Austria Chancellor Werner Faymann, and minister of defence Norbert Darabos — for the lack of interest in foreign policy. Foreign minister Michael Spindelegger is criticised for only caring about the expansion of the Austrian economy.[2]

Secret business deals with North Korea and Iran

Further contacts between Austrian banks and Iran and North Korea are criticised.[3] Austrian companies supplied Iran with high-tech equipment for its nuclear program. At the same time government officials helped disclose the deals by secretly passing on that information to the U.S. embassy.[4]

Baltic countries

Operation Eagle Guardian
Main article: Operation Eagle Guardian

The three Baltic countries, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, have been added to Poland as countries to be defended from Russia. Such plans by the U.S. and NATO were revealed by the leak of a confidential cable from U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in January 2010 that allegedly stated that this expansion of pre-existing contingency plans, known as Operation Eagle Guardian, had been approved by NATO allies. This would specifically involve American, British, German and Polish NATO divisions. The cable also warned against public discussion of the military plans for fears of unneeded increase of NATO-Russia tensions. According to Russian foreign-ministry sources they were "perplexed" to learn of these plans.[5]

Belgium

Defense

Mails from the American embassy in Brussels reveal that Minister of Defence Pieter De Crem is considered by the U.S. as their best supporter in the Belgian government, unlike prime minister Yves Leterme or Johan Vande Lanotte. De Crem also asked Hillary Clinton to insist with the Belgian government for more funds for the Belgian army.[6] The U.S. was also concerned about plans for the removal of all nuclear weapons in Kleine Brogel, but the Cabinet of The Crem reassured the Americans that these plans would be stopped in Parliament.[7]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Office of the High Representative
Use of the term "genocide"

U.S. and Turkish officials pressured Haris Silajdžić, a former member of the presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, to ease his rhetoric and desist from using the word "genocide" in relation to Serbs.[11]

Ahtisaari plan

Milorad Dodik, then prime minister of the Republika Srpska entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina, supported the Ahtisaari plan for the independence of Kosovo.[12]

Bulgaria

Soccer clubs owned by the Mafia

According to a cable from the U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria from January 2010 Bulgarian soccer clubs are widely believed "to be directly or indirectly controlled by organized crime figures who use their teams as way to legitimize themselves, launder money, and make a fast buck." The cable further notes that due to very few arrests and successful prosecutions the public has lost faith in the legitimacy of the league and stopped watching the games.[13][14]

Croatia

S-300 missile

A cable written by the U.S. Ambassador to Croatia Ralph Frank in November 2003 reveals the American interest in obtaining the S-300 surface-to-air missile system from Croatia. The Croatian government acquired the system in 1995, before the Operation Storm, but it was incomplete and was never operative. According to other sources, including the court testimony of arms dealer Zvonko Zubak, the system was indeed shipped to the U.S. in 2004.[15]

Czech Republic

Missile Defense

The missile defense system that America was thinking about putting in the Czech Republic would not have been able to shoot down Russian nuclear missiles.[16]

Denmark

Roj TV

Former Danish prime minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen, during a meeting with Turkish foreign ministry undersecretary Feridun Sinirlioglu, promised to shut down the controversial Denmark-based Kurdish TV-station Roj TV, in order to prevent Turkish obstruction to his appointment as Secretary General of NATO.[17]

France

Mistral-class helicopter carrier

Sarkozy's deal to sell the high-tech Mistral-class helicopter carrier model to Russia was met with criticism from US analysts, who stated that "bad political signal [which] detracted from President Sarkozy's personal engagement to resolve the Georgian crisis of 2008." [18]

Industrial Espionage

France conducts more industrial espionage in Europe than either China or Russia. In fact, out of all the countries in the world, France conducts the most industrial espionage in Europe.[19]

Germany

Data sharing [clarification needed]

A number of cables from the U.S. embassy in Berlin reveal the U.S. concern on Germany's position in the SWIFT-, TFTP- and the bilateral U.S.-Germany data sharing agreement. A revealing cable from December 2009 (09BERLIN1528) describes how German Minister of the Interior Thomas de Maizière overruled Justice Minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and abstained from voting at the November 30 Committee of Permanent Representatives vote in Brussels on an interim U.S.-EU agreement to continue the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program (TFTP).[20][21][22]

Guido Westerwelle

U.S. embassy personnel were very critical of German foreign minister Guido Westerwelle. American diplomats have criticized his effectiveness, stating that "he's no Genscher".[23] An embassy cable sent from Berlin on 22 September 2009 describes Westerwelle as having an "exuberant personality" and calling him an "enigma" who "remains sceptical about the US".[24]

Khalid El-Masri

American officials warned Germany in 2007 not to enforce arrest warrants for CIA officers involved in a bungled operation in which Khalid El-Masri, an innocent German citizen with the same name as a suspected militant, was mistakenly kidnapped and held for months in Afghanistan.[25]

Cabinet Merkel II

It is revealed that the U.S. had an informant in the coalition talks between the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Free Democratic Party (FDP) for Cabinet Merkel II.[23] Following the leak, FDP chairman Westerwelle's chief of staff Helmut Metzner admitted that he gave regular information to the U.S. embassy.[26][27]

Iceland

WikiLeaks played a major role during the 2008–2012 Icelandic financial crisis when Kristinn Hrafnsson, after being forbidden to mention leaks related to Kaupthing, put the wikileaks.org address on screen on the TV news[citation needed]. The alleged first document sent by Chelsea Manning was a cable sent by the U.S. embassy in Reykjavìk dated 13 January 2010, commenting IceSave, and thereafter known as REYKJAVIK13.[28]

Ireland

Shannon Airport and the United States armed forces

A 2006 memo on Ireland featured when on 1 December 2010 it was revealed that American diplomats discussed the Irish government's attempts to oppose American military use of Shannon Airport before Ireland's 2007 general election. After this release Amnesty International asked the Irish government to tighten its legislation to control the use of Irish airspace by the Americans. Colm O'Gorman, the organisation's executive director in Ireland, observed that concerns expressed by Irish citizens over the misuse of the airport by the Americans was "a problem to be managed rather than something to be taken seriously".[29]

According to a 2006 diplomatic cable sent from the U.S. embassy in Ireland, "the Irish Government has informally begun to place constraints on US military transits" at Shannon Airport. The Irish government attempted to limit the transfer of weapons from the U.S. to Israel via the Shannon Airport. James C. Kenny, U.S. Ambassador to Ireland at the time, said Irish officials were warned that the U.S. would use other airports if the policy continued.[30]

Murphy Report

The Vatican stated that another leak of a February 2010 cable was "an act of extreme seriousness". The leak revealed that the Vatican had not replied to questions from the Commission that compiled the 2009 Murphy Report on the Sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Dublin because it felt that such questions should be forwarded only through diplomatic channels.[31][32] The Murphy Commission had written to Pope Benedict XVI as head of the Roman Catholic Church, and not as a Head of State, and the lack of any reply indicated to it that the Church was continuing to hide relevant facts behind the sovereignty of the Vatican City. Commenting to the press after its release, the Vatican said, "Naturally these reports reflect the perceptions and opinions of the people who wrote them, and cannot be considered as expressions of the Holy See itself, nor as exact quotations of the words of its officials".[33]

Gerry Adams

A cable sent from Dublin suggested that the Irish Government had "rock solid evidence" that Gerry Adams was a member of the IRA military command structure, and Bertie Ahern believes Adams had advance knowledge of the 2004 Northern Bank robbery; claims that Mr Adams has continually denied.[34][35][36]

Italy

Italy-Russia relations

American officials voiced concerns over Silvio Berlusconi's relationship with Vladimir Putin, "including 'lavish gifts,' lucrative energy contracts and a 'shadowy' Russian-speaking Italian go-between". Diplomats consider him "to be the mouthpiece of Putin" in Europe.[25]

Italy–Kosovo relations

Berlusconi is alleged to have not supported Kosovo's independence because of his affinity towards Russia.[37]

Natural gas pipelines

The Georgian ambassador in Rome has told American officials that Georgia believes Putin has promised Berlusconi a percentage of profits from any pipelines developed by Gazprom in coordination with Eni S.p.A..[38]

Foreign policy

Berlusconi's foreign policy is seen as chaotic, meddling with critical themes and "complicating international efforts" in matters such as Iranian nuclear crisis, relationship with Russia and G8 policies[39]

Narcotics

The Italian mafia, particularly the Camorra, sell drugs manufactured in Afghanistan. Some of these drugs are sold in America. Some of the profits from these drug sales support terrorists groups in Afghanistan.[40]

Netherlands

American nuclear weapons

Although considered an open secret, it has been established by WikiLeaks that the U.S. has nuclear weapons based in the Royal Netherlands Air Force's Volkel Air Base, Netherlands.[41]

Communications infrastructure

The Port of Rotterdam and the coastal towns of Beverwijk and Katwijk are seen as part of many critical points in a logistic chain. In Beverwijk, the Atlantic Crossing cable number 1 (AC-1), a cable that transports speech and data traffic between the U.S., the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany, meets shore, while in Katwijk the TransAtlantic Telephone cable number 14 (TAT-14), meets shore. The latter is mostly vital for data and internet traffic.[42]

Narcotics

Criminals transport drugs, in particular cocaine, into Europe through the Netherlands. They also produce extensive quantities of amphetamines and MDMA ("ecstasy") in the Netherlands. That output is both consumed within the Netherlands and exported to other countries. One of the export targets is America. Excluding domestic production, America imports nearly all of its ecstasy from the Netherlands.[43]

Norway

Surveillance Detection Unit

The Surveillance Detection Unit row, caused by US embassy personnel conducting secret surveillance on host country citizens and inhabitants.

Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

F-35 contract: lobbying for the Lockheed Martin plane and with an eye on further contracts, the US Ambassadors to Sweden and Norway recommended export license blocks and high-level advocacy, warning that an adverse decision would 'weaken one of the strongest pillars of our bilateral relationship' and damage Norway's long-term interests.[44][45] In the aftermath of the decision, the Norwegian Deputy Defense Minister said it would be 'very helpful' if the US government were to confirm there had been no political pressure to buy the plane.[46][47]

Poland

MIM-104 Patriot

The diplomatic cables reveal the U.S. army Patriot missiles, deployed in north-eastern Poland in early 2010, were neither operational nor armed with missiles and their value was purely symbolic. The Polish government however believed that the U.S. Patriot battery had boosted Polish air defences.[48] The February 2009 cable from Victor Ashe, the U.S. ambassador in Warsaw, to Washington reveals that the Poles have not been told that the battery would rotate without actual missiles and that the Polish officials expectations were naive.[49]

Portugal

  • According to a 28 July 2008 diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Lisbon, nuclear and/or radiological materials allegedly stolen from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant were thought to be in possession of an unidentified ex-Russian general living in Portugal. The cable reports, "The walk-in stated he was approached two months ago by a part-time business associate named Orlando to help sell 'Uranium plates' owned by an unidentified ex-Russian General living in Portugal."[50]

Romania

  • Former European Commissioner for External Relations Chris Patten was quoted saying in 2004 that Croatia was probably far more prepared for E.U. membership than either Bulgaria or Romania, adding that Romania, in particular, was a "feral nation".[51]
  • The U.S. Embassy in Paris informs about a talk between Pierre Moscovici and Victoria Nuland, U.S. Ambassador to NATO. The 2006 cable reads that Moscovici said that Romania and Bulgaria will join the EU in 2007 but the joining will be accompanied by heated debates.[52]
  • A 2007 cable presents a discussion among American and French diplomats. One of the French diplomats comment that Russians could argue that American military bases in Bulgaria and Romania are destined not only for trainings but also for new implementations. The comment is not explained nor commented.[52]
  • A 2009 cable presents information for FBI director Robert Mueller reading that France is a destination of "prostitute victims"[clarification needed] and Romania appears as a supplier of prostitutes[52]
  • On 5 February 2009 Hillary Clinton meets French Foreign Affairs Bernard Kouchner and talks include a mention that Romania and Poland were completely cut off from the energy policy.[52]

Russia

Chechnya
  • Reports that Ramzan Kadyrov, the Chechnyan leader, "showered" his friends at a wedding with gold.[65]
  • Reports from an unnamed, non-Chechen source in Moscow that the Kremlin-appointed Chechen leadership was "lacking experts to develop programs for economic recovery, is simply demanding and disposing of cash from the central government."[66]
  • Chris Patten, the former European Commissioner for External Relations, apparently said of Putin, "He seems a completely reasonable man when discussing the Middle East or energy policy, but when the conversation shifts to Chechnya or Islamic extremism, Putin's eyes turn to those of a killer."[67]
Dagestan

Serbia and Kosovo

Slovenia

  • According to the cables, the U.S. State Department ordered diplomats to spy on their Slovenian counterparts, with directives such as gaining their credit-card numbers and phone books.[70] American diplomats were also ordered to research Slovenian international relations, including various agreements and projects connected to Russia.[70] The U.S. also wanted to gain information on subjects such as money laundering and organised crime, as well as information on locations of various chemical factories, secret underground military bases, evacuation plans of hospitals and buildings of the government and Slovenia's commitment to the War in Afghanistan.[70]
  • According to another cable documents written in October 2009 and signed by Hillary Clinton, the U.S. was pressuring Slovene officials to hurry with the negotiations and allow Croatia to enter NATO, and threatened that in opposite scenario United States are going to "pour wrath upon Slovenia".[71]

Spain

Sweden

  • According to Swedish television SVT, a yet-to-be-released cable from the U.S. Embassy in Stockholm reveals that Swedish authorities have secretly cooperated with the U.S. government handing over information about Swedish citizens, who might be associated with terrorism. According to the report the Swedish authorities knew about American surveillance of Swedish citizens but were hiding it from the public. Michael M. Wood, U.S. Ambassador to Sweden, writes in the leaked cable that this cooperation would not pass a parliamentary hearing, and that it could be unconstitutional. Nevertheless, he recommended to stick with the secret practice. Swedish Minister for Justice Beatrice Ask claimed she had no knowledge of this type of cooperation.[75]
  • The U.S. government was very concerned about file-sharing-related issues in Sweden. The U.S. Embassy actively worked with the Swedish authorities to reduce file-sharing-related threats, including The Pirate Bay, a Swedish website, which was raided in 2006 following U.S. pressure. The diplomatic cables reveal how the U.S. pressured Sweden, despite the Swedish prosecutors' claim that there had been no political interference.[76][77]
  • The Surveillance Detection Unit row, caused by US embassy personnel conducting secret surveillance on host country citizens and inhabitants. Shortly after the initial report in Norway, the Swedish government confirmed[78] that similar secret surveillance of residents of Stockholm had been sponsored by the U.S. Embassy there, and Justice Minister Beatrice Ask said that the authorities had yet to be adequately informed.[79] She described the situation as "very serious".[80] The Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat referred to 2000 Swedes under surveillance by the US Embassy's SDU in Stockholm.[80]
  • Saab Gripen fighter contracts: lobbying successfully for the Lockheed Martin F-35 against the Gripen for the Norwegian Air Force, and with an eye also on further contracts with the Danish Air Force, the US Ambassador rehearsed the Swedish case for the release and installation of a US radar system in its planes (involvement in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Iraq; enhanced cooperation with NATO) before recommending an export license block be placed on the new system prior to the Norwegian decision.[47][81]

Switzerland

Turkey

Exclusion of India in meetings

Turkey did not invite India for a meeting on Afghanistan to appease Pakistan, reflecting Islamabad's insistence at every international forum that India be kept out of any meeting on Afghanistan.[84][85]

Roj TV

Anders Fogh Rasmussen, former Prime Minister of Denmark, during a meeting with Turkish foreign ministry undersecretary Feridun Sinirlioglu, promised to shut down the controversial Denmark-based Kurdish television station Roj TV, to prevent Turkish obstruction to his appointment as Secretary General of NATO.[17]

Sarah Ferguson, Duchess of York

Turkey complained to British diplomats that Sarah, Duchess of York wanted to ruin Turkey's chances to join the European Union by filming a documentary revealing the plight of disabled children in Turkey. The U.K. foreign secretary responded by saying that "as a private citizen, her activities could not 'be controlled'".[86]

Pope Benedict XVI

Pope Benedict XVI wanted Muslim Turkey kept out of E.U. The Pope is responsible for the Vatican's growing hostility towards Turkey joining the E.U., previously secret cables sent from the U.S. embassy to the Holy See in Rome claim. The U.S. diplomat noted that the Pope "clearly understands that allowing a Muslim country into the E.U. would further weaken his case for Europe's Christian foundations".[87]

Azerbaijan-Turkey relations

Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan, is no fan of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Prime Minister of Turkey, and the ruling Justice and Development Party despite both countries maintaining fraternal relations publicly. Aliyev criticised Turkish foreign policy by calling it "naïve". He also revealed that he had sold gas to Russia in order to impede Turkey's ability to "create a gas distribution hub".[88]

Claim of weapons to Iraq cable

Prior to the initial WikiLeaks cable release, Arutz Sheva reported an al Hayat claim that WikiLeaks revealed that Turkish authorities "allowed money and weapons to pass across Turkey's border with Iraq, en route to Al Qaeda terrorists in Iraq."[89] A cable, unpublished as of 4 January 2011, is claimed to state, "Large amounts of water have arrived from Turkey, large waves will hit Baghdad in a few hours. Some people are widening the irrigation canals."[89] Arutz Sheva stated, 'This message is believed to refer to the arrival of weapons from Turkey, that were intended for terror and warfare in Baghdad. Al Hayat also says that the WikiLeaks documents show that ammunition seized in a terrorist's apartment in Iraq in 2009 bore the markings "made in Turkey".'[89]

Predator drones

Turkish military officials have pressured the U.S. for Predator B drones, to use against the Kurdistan Workers Party in Iraq. Because of American concerns over a potential rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Turkey, the "State Department has warned that the purchasing process promises to be 'long and complex.'"[90]

Incirlik Air Base

Turkey’s Incirlik Air Base was used by the CIA to move Muslim detainees under Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s watch.[91]

Ukraine

United Kingdom

Diego Garcia and Chagos Islanders

U.K. Foreign Office officials misled the public over Diego Garcia, and privately admitted no regret over the eviction of the Chagos islanders (Chagossians).[100][101]

Cluster bombs
See also: Convention on Cluster Munitions

U.K. Foreign Office officials concealed from Parliament a loophole in the ban on use and storage of cluster bombs, allowing the U.S. to store the munitions on U.K. territory[102][103]

Rapid Action Battalion

The United Kingdom has assisted in training the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) an elite anti-crime and anti-terrorism unit of Bangladesh Police which is described by the Human Rights Watch as a "government death squad". It was held responsible for more than 1000 extrajudicial killings. The British training was involved in "investigative interviewing techniques" and "rules of engagement" and conducted by serving British police officers, working under the auspices of the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA). However, the U.S. has been aware of this training sessions but its government was constrained by RAB's "alleged human rights violations, which have rendered the organisation ineligible to receive training or assistance [by U.S.]".[104]

Iraq Inquiry
Main article: Iraq Inquiry

The U.K. Ministry of Defence's director general for security policy told Ellen Tauscher, U.S. Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs, that the U.K. government had "put measures in place to protect your interests during the UK inquiry into the causes of the Iraq war".[105]

Comments by the Duke of York

The Duke of York[53] was noted as saying "The Americans don't understand geography. Never have. In the UK, we have the best geography teachers in the world!"[106]

Sri Lankan Civil War

U.K. Secretary of State David Miliband directed much of his attention to the final stages of Sri Lankan Civil War in order to win the votes of Tamils in the UK.[107]

RAF Akrotiri

The U.S. dismissed U.K. concerns about the use of RAF Akrotiri to stage U-2 spy plane flights.[108]

Lockerbie bombing

The British government secretly supported the early release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, who was convicted of carrying out the Lockerbie bombing.[109] At the time, the British Government did not publicly support or oppose the decision.[110] Following the 2010 U.K. general election but prior to the cables leak, the new British government stated that the release, authorised by the Scottish government, was "a mistake" which it regretted.[111]

Finsbury Park Mosque

A group of U.S. officials took a tour of the Finsbury Park Mosque on November 6, 2007. The membership of that mosque became radicalized sometime around the year 2000. According to one official at the mosque, Abu Hamza al-Masri was able to turn the mosque into a safe haven for extremists. In an attempt to rectify the situation, the mosque gave him an eviction notice, but al-Masri refused to leave. The mosque also informed the police of the situation, but much to their chagrin, the police did nothing about it until 2003 when they arrested al-Masri.[112]

Vatican City/Holy See

U.K.–Vatican relations

Relations between the U.K. and the Vatican "were facing their worst crisis in 150 years" because of Pope Benedict XVI's invitation to convert followers of the Church of England who opposed female priests.[113]

Accession of Turkey to the European Union

According to Pietro Parolin, the Pope's voice is behind the Vatican's growing hostility towards Turkey joining the European Union because he believed that allowing a Muslim country into the EU would further weaken his case for Europe's Christian foundations.[114] When he was still a Cardinal in 2004, the Pope had spoken out against a Muslim state joining the EU when the Vatican had then held a neutral opinion on the question,[115] and was the leading voice behind the Holy See's unsuccessful drive to secure a reference to Europe's "Christian roots" in the EU constitution.[114] But by 2006 when Parolin was working for Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, he stated: "Neither the pope nor the Vatican have endorsed Turkey's EU membership per se... rather, the Holy See has been consistently open to accession, emphasizing only that Turkey needs to fulfil the EU's Copenhagen criteria to take its place in Europe."[116]

Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research

The Vatican withdrew from a written agreement to join Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research (ITF) because of tensions over the activity of Pope Pius XII, the pope during the World War II, who has been a controversial figure for his failure publicly to denounce the Holocaust.[117]

2007 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel
Main article: 2007 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel

U.S. diplomats believed the Pope was instrumental in securing the release of 15 British sailors captured and held by Iran in 2007.[118]

Murphy Report

Vatican officials were offended when their fellow priests were summoned from Rome to testify before an Irish commission investigating the 2009 Murphy report.[119] The cable revealed that U.S. diplomats believed that Vatican officials felt that Irish opposition politicians wanted to make political gains from the investigation.[120] Ultimately the Vatican officials were granted immunity by the Irish government.[121]

Communication technology

Vatican communication technology within the Pope's inner circle is not up to modern standards, as evident by several communication mishaps during Benedict's papacy. Few Vatican officials have e-mail accounts, and only one has a BlackBerry. "Most of the top ranks of the Vatican, all men, generally in their seventies, do not understand modern media and new information technologies" reported Julieta Valls Noyes, the Deputy Chief of Mission of the U.S. Embassy to the Holy See.[122][123]

Pope Benedict XVI

This is a list of notable content from the United States diplomatic cables leak that reveals the United States' political opinion towards a variety of international affairs. Beginning on November 28, 2010, WikiLeaks had been publishing classified documents of detailed correspondence—diplomatic cables—between the United States Department of State and its diplomatic missions around the world. On 1 September 2011, it released all of the Cablegate documents in its possession without redaction.

By subject

The United States Department of State requires the reason for classification to be specified on all classified cables according to these classification categories:

  • 1.4 a) military plans, weapons systems, or operations
  • 1.4 b) foreign government information
  • 1.4 c) intelligence activities, sources, or methods, or cryptology
  • 1.4 d) foreign relations or foreign activities of the United States, including confidential sources
  • 1.4 e) scientific, technological or economic matters relating to national security; which includes defense against transnational terrorism
  • 1.4 f) United States government programs for safeguarding nuclear materials or facilities
  • 1.4 g) vulnerabilities or capabilities of systems, installations, infrastructures, projects or plans, or protection services relating to the national security, which includes defense against transnational terrorism
  • 1.4 h) weapons of mass destruction[124]

Of the 3,420 cables published as of February 3, 2011, 2,647 are classified confidential or secret. Of these, the vast majority are labeled 1.4 (b) or 1.4 (d), or both, indicating that they contain information about foreign relations or governments. 107 of the cables are labeled 1.4 (c).

By transnational organization

United Nations

Main article: Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats

In July 2009, a confidential cable originating from the United States Department of State, and under United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's name, ordered US diplomats to spy on Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations, and other top UN officials.[125] The intelligence information the diplomats were ordered to gather included biometric information (which apparently included DNA, fingerprints, and iris scans), passwords, and personal encryption keys used in private and commercial networks for official communications.[125][126] It also included Internet and intranet usernames, e-mail addresses, web site URLs useful for identification, credit card numbers, frequent flyer account numbers, and work schedules.[125][127][128] The targeted human intelligence was requested in a process known as the National Humint Collection Directive, and was aimed at foreign diplomats of US allies as well.[128]

Further leaked material revealed that the guidance in the cables was actually written by the National Clandestine Service of the Central Intelligence Agency before being sent out under Clinton's name, as the CIA cannot directly instruct State Department personnel.[126][129]

The disclosed cables on the more aggressive intelligence gathering went back to 2008, when they went out under Condoleezza Rice's name during her tenure as Secretary of State.[128]

European Union

Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council, was quoted as saying to Howard Gutman, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium, that the "EU no longer believes in the success of the military mission in Afghanistan". He also added "Europe is doing it [the War in Afghanistan] and will go along out of deference to the United States, but not out of deference to Afghanistan".[130]

In 2007, with reference to negotiations with the EU over the adoption of genetically modified crops, the U.S. Ambassador to France recommended that "we calibrate a target retaliation list that causes some pain across the EU".[131]

Council of Europe

According to a cable from the US embassy in Strasbourg, European human rights standards are "an irritant", and their champion, the Council of Europe, "is an organisation with an inferiority complex and, simultaneously, an overambitious agenda".[132]

NATO

NATO created plans to defend the Baltic states and Poland known as Operation Eagle Guardian. Nine British, German, U.S. and Polish divisions have been designated for combat operations in the event of a Russian attack. In 2011, NATO wanted to conduct exercises for this new plan. The U.S. also offered to Poland to station special naval forces in Gdańsk and Gdynia as well as stationing F-16 fighter aircraft and C-130 Hercules transport aircraft in Poland.[133]

Catholic Church

After the election of Pope Benedict XVI, US diplomats recommended that the US Department of State seek to 'help shape his approach as he begins to grapple with the world beyond the Vatican's walls'.[134]

By region

Other information in the tranche of cables released by WikiLeaks on November 28, 2010, and subsequent days included the following:

Global

Copenhagen Accord on climate change

Diplomatic cables show how the U.S. "used spying, threats and promises of aid" to gain support for the Copenhagen Accord, under which commitments are made to reduce emissions.[135] The emergent U.S. emissions pledge was the lowest by any leading nation.[136]

List of infrastructure critical to U.S. national security

Main article: Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative

Perhaps the most sensitive of all releases as of 6 December was a cable from the U.S. State Department sent in February 2009 referencing the Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative and listing installations and infrastructure worldwide that it considered critical to protect U.S. interests from terrorists. Before releasing this list WikiLeaks had deliberately removed details of names and locations, but much was still revealed. Ostensibly the list does not include any military facilities. Instead it includes key facilities that if attacked could disrupt the global supply chain and global communications, as well as goods and services important to the U.S. and its economy.[137]

In the cable the U.S. State Department requests American diplomats to identify installations overseas "whose loss could critically impact the public health, economic security, and/or national and homeland security of the United States".[138] The order was under the direction of the U.S. Department for Homeland Security in co-ordination with the U.S. Department of State.[139]

These are noted excerpts from the list:[137]

The publishing of this particular cable, which had been classified secret and not for review by non-U.S. personnel,[138] was followed by strong criticism. U.S. State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley said the disclosure "gives a group like al-Qaeda a targeting list".[138] British prime minister David Cameron stated that the list was damaging to the national security of both his country and the United States, "and elsewhere". WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson said with reference to the cable: "This further undermines claims made by the US Government that its embassy officials do not play an intelligence-gathering role." Part of the cable read: "Posts are not/not being asked to consult with host governments with respect to this request."[139]

Africa

Main article: Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Africa)

Americas

Main article: Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Americas)

Asia and Oceania

Main article: Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Asia and Oceania)

Europe

Main article: Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Europe)

Middle East

Main article: Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Middle East)

By company

BAE Systems

In 2002, BAE Systems sold Tanzania an overpriced radar. Objections by the then British development secretary Clare Short were overruled by Prime Minister Tony Blair.[140]

Boeing

A series of cables show how US diplomats and senior politicians intervene on behalf of Boeing to help boost the company's sales.[141][142]

Bouygues

  • According to a January 2010 cable, "Bouygues Batiment International, a major French construction company, has relocated large numbers of its staff to Turkmenistan from other international operations that have closed due to the international economic downturn." In the same cable, the author comments: "Repeated visits by the company's leadership to praise the president's economic policies and to stay in his good graces helps to guarantee a stream of 'grandiose' projects".[143]

Chevron Corporation

DynCorp

Employees of DynCorp, a US government contractor funded by U.S. tax dollars, in Afghanistan paid for the services of underage "dancing boys", apparently a euphemistic reference to Bacha bazi, which is considered child prostitution.[145] The boys were auctioned off to be sexually abused by Afghan policemen, with some to be kept as sex slaves and participate in events funded by DynCorp.[146][147]

Itera

Russian-based company Itera gifted Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow with a yacht worth €60 million.[148]

Lockheed Martin

Lobbying for a major Norwegian defense contract for the F-35, and with an eye on further contracts, the US Ambassador to Sweden urged that the export license for the rival fighter's radar be delayed until after the Norwegian decision,[149] while the US Ambassador to Norway sought high-level political advocacy, warned that an adverse decision would "weaken one of the strongest pillars of our bilateral relationship" and damage Norway's long-term interests, and backed ways of "helping the GON (Government of Norway) recognise the seriousness of their decision".[150] In the aftermath of the decision, the Norwegian Deputy Defense Minister said it would be 'very helpful' if the US government were to confirm there had been no political pressure to buy the plane.[151][152]

McDonald's

McDonald's attempted to pressure the U.S. government to stall the implementation of the Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement until El Salvador appointed "neutral judges" in a $24 million lawsuit against the company in 2006.[153]

MasterCard and Visa

U.S. diplomats lobbied Russian politicians for U.S. credit-card companies MasterCard and Visa Inc. A law proposal currently[when?] undergoing discussion in the Russian State Duma proposes a National Payment Card System to collect all credit-card fees for domestic transactions. This would result in a revenue loss for MasterCard and Visa.[154]

Monsanto

  • In a 2007 cable, the US ambassador to France, Craig Roberts Stapleton, recommended "retaliation" against European "targets" in order to defend Monsanto sales of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Europe, where controversy over GMOs is strong.[155] In the cable, the French decision to suspend Monsanto's MON 810 patented seed product line was described as "damaging" and not "science-based".[156] The French government's "apparent recommitment" to the precautionary principle written in the French Constitution was also referred to as "damaging".[156] In the cable, Stapleton stated, "Country team Paris recommends that we calibrate a target retaliation list that causes some pain across the EU since this is a collective responsibility, but that also focuses in part on the worst culprits. The list should be measured rather than vicious and must be sustainable over the long term, since we should not expect an early victory."[156]
  • A 2007 cable reports a meeting between several agricultural biotechnology companies (Dow Chemical Company, DuPont, Monsanto) where they raise concerns to the French governments stance on agricultural biotechnology.[157][full citation needed] The concerns included the destruction of test fields by activists, whether French police will enforce vandalism laws, whether French farmers will have to be on a public list saying they are growing GMOs, and whether France will follow EU approval guidelines. Also the cable discussed an approval dispute about a genetically modified potato variety from BASF which the French government showed signs of approving, but later ruled against. No United States government representatives were involved.
  • A 2009 cable reports the May 13 meeting of US diplomats report with Monsanto's Director for Biotechnology for Spain and Portugal.[158] The representative voices concerns over increased "Anti-biotechnology activists in the EU" and their attempts to build support for a prohibition on cultivation of the MON810 corn variety. The cable concludes with an action request for continued support of "Spain's science-based agricultural biotechnology position" in response to the requests of Monsanto and Spanish Ministry of Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs State Secretary Josep Puxeu.

Pfizer

The drug company Pfizer hired private investigators to find evidence against the Nigerian attorney general Michael Aondoakaa to pressure him into dropping charges against the company. Pfizer was sued in Nigeria over the deaths of children in drug trials.[159]

Petro-Canada

Libya's state oil company called in a senior Petro-Canada official with a threat to nationalize the firm's operations in Libya if the Canadian government refused to apologize to the Libyan government. Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon had earlier promised a tongue-lashing for the hero's welcome that Libya extended to a man convicted in the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. While the Libyan government did not follow through on its threat, it did issue an order on September 30, 2009, for Petro-Canada to cut production by 50 percent.[160]

Royal Dutch Shell

Ann Pickard, Royal Dutch Shell's then-vice-president for Sub-Saharan Africa, wrote that Shell had "seconded people to all the relevant ministries" of the Nigerian government, and therefore was informed about all important political decisions. She said the Nigerian government had ""forgotten" about the extent of Shell's infiltration and was unaware of how much the company knew about its deliberations". The cables showed that Shell shared and swapped intelligence with the US. After the release of the cables, Celestine AkpoBari, of Social Action Nigeria, said "Shell and the government of Nigeria are two sides of the same coin. Shell is everywhere. They have an eye and an ear in every ministry of Nigeria. They have people on the payroll in every community, which is why they get away with everything. They are more powerful than the Nigerian government." Ben Amunwa of the London-based oil watchdog Platform said "Shell claims to have nothing to do with Nigerian politics. In reality, Shell works deep inside the system, and has long exploited political channels in Nigeria to its own advantage".[161]

Diplomatic analysis of individual leaders

Main article: Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (analysis of individual leaders)

The leaked diplomatic cables provided criticism of varying degrees by U.S. embassy staff of their host governments:[53][162] These details were quite embarrassing to both leaders as well as the U.S. officials who worked on these cables.[163][164]

See also

References

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  123. ^ Booth, Robert (10 December 2010). "WikiLeaks Cable Blames Pope's Mobile Phobia for 'Muddled Messaging' — Pope's 'Moral Megaphone' at Low Volume Because of Inner Circle's Ignorance about Modern Media, US Diplomat Says". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  124. ^ "5 Fah-3 H-710 E.o. 13526 and Smart Email Classification".
  125. ^ a b c Booth, Robert; Borger, Julian (November 28, 2010). "US Diplomats Spied on UN Leadership — Diplomats Ordered To Gather Intelligence on Ban Ki-Moon — Secret Directives Sent to More than 30 US Embassies — Call for DNA Data, Computer Passwords and Terrorist Links". The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  126. ^ a b MacAskill, Ewen; Booth, Robert (December 2, 2010). "WikiLeaks Cables: CIA Drew Up UN Spying Wishlist for Diplomats — Agency Identified Priorities for Information on UN Leaders — Cables Reveal Further Evidence of Intelligence Gathering". The Guardian. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  127. ^ "Cables Show US Sought Personal Info of Foreign Diplomats at UN". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. November 29, 2010. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  128. ^ a b c Mazzetti, Mark (28 November 2010). "U.S. Expands Role of Diplomats in Spying". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  129. ^ "Diplomats Ignored Spying Requests, Former Officials Say". Los Angeles Times. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.[dead link‍]
  130. ^ Staff writer (5 December 2010). "EU Doubts Afghanistan Success: WikiLeaks Files". CBC News. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  131. ^ Vidal, John (3 January 2011). "WikiLeaks: US Targets EU over GM Crops — US Embassy Cable Recommends Drawing Up List of Countries for 'Retaliation' over Opposition to Genetic Modification". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  132. ^ Hirsch, Afua (17 December 2010). "US Criticises Court That May Decide on Julian Assange Extradition — Leaked Dispatches Reveal Diplomats' Disdain for Council of Europe's Stance Against Extraditions to US and Secret Renditions". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  133. ^ Traynor, Ian (6 December 2010). "WikiLeaks Cables Reveal Secret Nato Plans To Defend Baltics from Russia — Leaked Diplomatic Cables Reveal Russia Strategy — British troops identified for combat operations — Washington Offers To Beef Up Polish Security". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  134. ^ "Pope Benedict XVI Succeeds John Paul II". WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks cable: 05VATICAN467. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  135. ^ Carrington, Damian (3 December 2010). "WikiLeaks Cables Reveal How US Manipulated Climate Accord — Embassy Dispatches Show America Used Spying, Threats and Promises of Aid To Get Support for Copenhagen Accord — WikiLeaks Cables: Cancún Climate Talks Doomed To Fail, Says EU President — Cancún Climate Change Summit: Week One in Pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  136. ^ "Who's On Board with the Copenhagen Accord". US Climate Action Network. n.d. Archived from the original on 2010-12-16. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  137. ^ a b Kendall, Bridget (6 December 2010). "Wikileaks: Site List Reveals US Sensitivities". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  138. ^ a b c d Lister, Tim (7 December 2010). "WikiLeaks Lists Sites Key to U.S. Security". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  139. ^ a b c Haynes, Deborah; Mostrous, Alexi; Whittell, Giles (7 December 2010). "Wikileaks Lists 'Targets for Terror' Against US". The Times (via The Australian). Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  140. ^ David Leigh (19 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables: Tanzania official investigating BAE 'fears for his life'". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  141. ^ Lipton, Eric; Clark, Nicola; Lehren, Andrew W. (January 2, 2011). "Diplomats Help Push Sales of Jetliners on the Global Market". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  142. ^ "US Govt Worked For Boeing – WikiLeaks". The Young Turks (via YouTube). Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  143. ^ "Turkmenistan: Bouygues' Ship In The International". WikiLeaks. 26 November 2004. WikiLeaks cable: 10ASHGABAT5. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  144. ^ MacAskill, Ewan (15 December 2010). "Chevron Discussed Oil Project with Iran, Claims Iraqi PM — Embassy Cable Reveals Nouri al-Maliki Believed US Energy Firm Negotiated with Iran About Cross-Border Oilfield Despite Sanctions". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  145. ^ Boone, Jon (2 December 2010). "Foreign Contractors Hired Afghan "Dancing Boys," WikiLeaks Cable Reveals — Episode Fuelled Afghan Demands That Private Security Firms Be Brought Much More under Government Control". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  146. ^ "WikiLeaks: Texas Company Helped Pimp Little Boys To Stoned Afghan Cops" Archived September 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Houston Press, December 7, 2010.
  147. ^ "US embassy cables: Afghan government asks US to quash 'dancing boys' scandal". The Guardian, December 2, 2010. Contains the text of the cable dated June 24, 2009.
  148. ^ Copy of diplomatic cable dated October 23, 2008 (December 2, 2010). "US Embassy Cables: President of Turkmenistan Wanted 'Abramovich-Style' Yacht". The Guardian. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  149. ^ "Proposed Response to Swedish Request to Release AESA RADAR for Gripen Fighter Planes". WikiLeaks. Archived from the original on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  150. ^ "Norway Fighter Purchase: High-Level Advocacy Needed Now". WikiLeaks. Archived from the original on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  151. ^ "Lesson Learned from Norwegian Decision To Buy JSF". WikiLeaks. Archived from the original on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  152. ^ Sweetman, Bill. "WikiLeaks, Weaklings and Weasels". Ares — A Defense Technology Blog. Aviation Week & Space Technology. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  153. ^ Boseley, Sarah (21 December 2010). "WikiLeaks Cables: McDonald's Used US To Put Pressure on El Salvador — Burger Giant Tried To Delay US Legislation in Order To Aid Lawsuit Being Fought in Central American Country, Cables Reveal". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  154. ^ Harding, Luke; Parfitt, Tom (8 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables: US 'lobbied Russia on behalf of Visa and MasterCard'". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  155. ^ Goodman, Amy; Gonzalez, Juan; Smith, Jeffrey (December 23, 2010). "WikiLeaks Cables Reveal U.S. Sought To Retaliate Against Europe over Monsanto GM Crops". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
  156. ^ a b c Stapleton, Craig (2007-12-14). "France and the WTO ag biotech case". WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks cable: 07PARIS4723. Archived from the original on 2010-12-24. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
  157. ^ "AgBiotech Wikileaks Cable". February 9, 2007.
  158. ^ Duncan (May 19, 2009). "Spain's Biotech Crop Under Threat". WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks cable: 09MADRID482. Archived from the original on 2010-12-24. Retrieved December 26, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  159. ^ Boseley, Sarah (9 December 2010). "WikiLeaks Cables: Pfizer Used Dirty Tricks To Avoid Clinical Trial Payout — Cables Say Drug Giant Hired Investigators To Find Evidence of Corruption on Nigerian Attorney General To Persuade Him To Drop Legal Action". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  160. ^ Jim Bronskill (31 January 2011). "Libya threatened to nationalize Petro-Canada: WikiLeaks". The Toronto Star. Torstar. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  161. ^ Smith, David (8 December 2010). "WikiLeaks Cables: Shell's Grip on Nigerian State Revealed — US Embassy Cables Reveal Top Executive's Claims That Company 'Knows Everything' About Key Decisions in Government Ministries". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  162. ^ Strasser, Max (December 2, 2010). "Who's Who in WikiLeaks — The World Leaders Embarrassed by Cablegate". Archived 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  163. ^ Adams, Guy; Sengupta, Kim (6 December 2010). "US Forced To Shake Up Embassies Around the World after WikiLeaks Revelations". The Independent. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  164. ^ Landay, Jonathan S. (28 November 2010). "WikiLeaks Release Reveals Embarrassing Diplomatic Details". McClatchy. Archived from the original on 2011-01-14. Retrieved 11 January 2011.

References

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