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Cyclone Xaver

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Cyclone Xaver
Surface pressure chart 12:00 UTC 5 December 2013
TypeEuropean windstorm, extratropical cyclone, winter storm
Formed4 December 2013
Dissipated10 December 2013
Highest winds
Highest gust142 mph (229 km/h), Aonach Mòr, ScotlandScotland[1]
Lowest pressure962 mb (28.41 inHg)
Fatalities15
Areas affectedUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom
NetherlandsNetherlands
GermanyGermany
DenmarkDenmark (including  Faroe Islands)
Sweden Sweden
NorwayNorway
PolandPoland
Isle of Man Isle of Man
Belgium Belgium

Cyclone Xaver (Danish Meteorological Institute: Bodil, SMHI: Sven)[2][3][4] was a winter storm that affected northern Europe. Force 12 winds and heavy snowfall were predicted along the storm's path, and there were warnings of a significant risk of storm surge leading to coastal flooding along the coasts of the North and Irish Seas.

Names

The Free University of Berlin gave the storm the name Xaver (a German form of the name Xavier), which had been previously given to the Berit storm of 2011. The Danish Meteorological Institute following a decision that the institute would name storms affecting Denmark following the St. Jude storm (which had retroactively been given the name Allan) named the storm Bodil.[5] In Poland, the storm is named Ksawery, which is the Polish equivalent of Xaver.[6] The Swedish Meteorological Institute gave the storm the name Sven, after the name day of 5 December.[5] In the Netherlands the storm was known as the "Sinterklaasstorm", as December the 5th is traditionally celebrated as St. Nicholas Eve in the country.[7] Twitter users in the UK were using the hashtags #scotstorm, #Xaver and #UKstorm. The European Windstorm Centre, a UK-based forecaster, gave the storm the name Cameron.[8]

meteorological development of storm

Meteorological history

Xaver formed to the south of Greenland on 4 December, and explosively deepened as it moved east to pass the north of Scotland on 5 December.[9] Over the next few days Xaver moved over Southern Norway and Sweden intensifying further, reaching its lowest pressure over the Baltic Sea.[9]

Forecast

Cyclone Xaver unleashing high waves near Warnemünde, Germany
Bremerhaven flooded by the waters of Weser River

The low pressure system formed on December 4 off the west coast of Iceland and is expected to deepen explosively overnight. The UK Met Office issued an amber warning over Scotland and northern parts of England, where wind gusts may reach 90 miles per hour (145 km/h).[10] On 4 December the Environment Agency released a warning to communities along the East Coast of England to prepare for the most serious tidal surge in 30 years, with a significant threat of coastal flooding between 5–7 December.[11]

In the Netherlands, the provinces of Friesland, Groningen and North Holland were placed on Red Alert. Winds of Force 9 – 11 were forecast. The IJsselmeer and Waddenzee areas were also covered by the Code Red alert.[12]

Force 12 gusts are expected in Denmark.[13] In Sweden, the local meteorological institute has given a level 2 warning for central parts of the country due to heavy snowfall and formation of snow drifts.[14]

An extreme weather warning has been given to coastal areas of northwestern Germany due to 85 miles per hour (137 km/h) wind gusts.[15] Meteorologists in Germany likened the storm's development to that seen during the North Sea flood of 1962 in which 340 people lost their lives in Hamburg, saying that improvements in sea defences since that time would withstand this storm surge.[16]

Preparation

The oil platform Buchan Alpha, northeast of Aberdeen has been evacuated due to the upcoming storm.[17] East Coast trains announced Thursday 4 December that they expected to run a revised timetable the next day due to the storm.[18] ScotRail planned to not run trains before 7:00 am on 5 December and expected around 20 routes to be closed, with Network Rail advising passengers to expect delays in Scotland and northern and eastern England.[19] In Leeds roads surrounding the Bridgewater Place tower were set to be closed following a coroners ruling that the surrounding roads should be closed when wind gusts reach 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), following the death of a man after a truck was blown over by freak winds in 2011.[20] People living in Great Yarmouth were told to prepare to evacuate in case the River Yare flooded as a result of the storm.[21] In London, the Thames Barrier was closed to protect the capital from surges along the River Thames,[22] closing for the 126 time in its 31-years of service.[23]

Impact

Transport

Rail

In Scotland, at 8 a.m. on 5 December 2013 Glasgow Central station was evacuated after the glass roof was broken by flying debris. ScotRail later cancelled all services in Scotland due to debris including "trampolines, hay bales and trees" falling on the train lines.[1] Rail Net Denmark announced that all rail transport would come to a halt for the afternoon of 5 December.[24] This is the first time all trains in the country have been cancelled. All rail services were cancelled in the Swedish region of Skåne.[25] Rail services across Northern Germany were affected with cancellations across Schleswig-Holstein.[25] The East Suffolk Line (South East England/East Anglia) was closed due to flooding at six locations between Lowestoft and Haddiscoe. Services between Lowestoft and Beccles had not been restored as of 12 December 2013.[26]

Road

Friarton Bridge, Perth, Scotland was closed due to an overturned lorry as a result of the storm.[1] The Redheugh Bridge between Newcastle and Gateshead was also closed due to an overturned lorry, leaving the route closed and traffic diverted,[27] Forth Bridge was also closed due to luton van being driven onto the bridge and then abandons the van, [28][29] Tay and Skye bridges were fully closed. Elsewhere, the Ouse Bridge which carries the M62 motorway over the river Ouse was closed in both directions following a lorry overturning in the high winds.[30] In Stavanger, Norway, on the evening of the 5th of December 2013 road traffic and pedestrians were not allowed to the city centre due to the risk of house elements being blown down.

Sea

The Isle of Man Steam Packet Company cancelled ferries to and from Douglas due to winds forecast to reach Force 9.[31] in Stavanger, Norway several local ferry services were cancelled.

Air

Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen airports were affected by the storm. With an Easyjet flight to Edinburgh struck by lightning and unable to land diverted to Newcastle.[25][32] Another flight from London attempted to land at both Glasgow and Edinburgh before diverting to Manchester.[33] Further south in England video of planes attempting to land at Birmingham Airport in cross winds was posted on the internet, with several flights being forced to re-route to other airports, after failing to land.[34]

In Norway, Stavanger Airport was closed to inbound and outbound flights by the storm winds.[35] Stavanger's major helicopter hub was closed and all the crafts grounded, pausing in service for North Sea oil platforms.

In Sweden Gothenburg's Göteborg Landvetter Airport and Malmö Airport saw planes grounded.[25] Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Hamburg Airport and Berlin Tegel all reported some disruption.[25] Flights to and from Denmark were cancelled, with Billund Airport, Aalborg Airport and Copenhagen Airport all closed.

Repairing electricity cables in the wake of Xaver, Baltasound, Unst Shetland.

Energy disruption

20,000 houses lost power in Scotland.[36] In Northern Ireland, 6,500 houses lost power.[37] In the north of England 20,000 homes were without power across Cumbria and Teeside.[38] Northern Powergrid estimated a total of 135,000 properties across the North East, Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire were subject to power disruptions during the storm.[39] Sweden saw a peak of 50,000 homes without power.[40] In Poland, blackout hit 400,000 households.[41]

Storm surge

Xaver brought a significant storm surge to Northern Europe with the Environment Agency in England reporting 1,400 homes flooded in England and Wales.[42][43]

Irish Sea

In the Irish sea flooding was most severe along the north coast of Wales and west coast of England, as winds drove the sea towards the southwest corner of the sea, with onshore winds driving large waves towards the coast. On Thursday, hundreds of people were evacuated from Rhyl, Denbighshire when high tides caused flooding in several streets.[44] North Wales saw a total of 300 homes flooded,[42] mostly in Rhyl with homes also flooded in Kinmel Bay and Llanddulas in Conwy.[45]

Flooding in New Brighton, Merseyside, left cars and businesses flooded at Marine Point and Kings Parade, with police warning the public to keep away from the promenade and Vale Park.[46] In Whitehaven, Cumbria the 400-year-old stone built Old Quay dating from 1634 was damaged.[47] In Blackpool the town's North Pier was severely damaged by the high waves, which included structural damage to the supporting piles.[48]

Atlantic coasts

On the Scottish west coast the main street and esplanade of Oban were flooded.[49] In Northern Ireland the town of Portstewart on the north coast saw waves crashing over the promenade and a children's playground flooded.

North Sea

On entering the North Sea, the storm surge propagated with the tide along the east coast of Scotland and England from north to south, then continued anticlockwise around the southern North Sea coast to the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.[50] [51]

Water levels during the storm surge of 2013 (metres O.D.)[52]
Location Height in metres above datum Time (UTC) and date
Lerwick 1.19 12:15 5/12/13
Wick 2.07 12:45 5/12/13
Aberdeen 2.65 15:00 5/12/13
Leith 3.42 15:15 5/12/13
North Shields 3.58 16:15 5/12/13
Whitby 3.77 17:15 5/12/13
Immingham 5.80 19:00 5/12/13
Cromer 3.43 19:45 5/12/13
Lowestoft 2.97 22:30 5/12/13
Harwich 3.28 01:45 6/12/13
Sheerness 3.93 02:00 6/12/13
Herne Bay 4.20 01:36 6/12/13
Dover 4.72 00:45 6/12/13
Ostend 3.75 02:00 6/12/13
Borkum 3.53 00:20 6/12/13
Heligoland Binnenhafen 3.32 01:08 6/12/13
Cuxhaven 4.28 01:27 6/12/13
Hirtshals 1.32 12:00 6/12/13
Gothenburg Torshamnen 1.10 15:43 6/12/13

England

The surge caused the river Tyne in Newcastle to breach its banks, with reports of the Tees also flooding.

Floods in Whitby saw an electrical substation in the town reportedly exploding.[53] and 200 homes left underwater.[42] Along the Yorkshire coast Scarborough and Bridlington also saw flooding along the sea front.

Defences overtopped at Victoria Dock, Hull

Around the Humber estuary, Spurn Point nature reserve was closed in anticipation of the surge arrival. In Cleethorpes high water brought limited flooding along the promenade, though to the south of the resort the low-lying Humberston Fitties reported some flooding. In Grimsby water overwhelmed the dock gates,[54] the water was able to be contained within the docks which had been run down in anticipation, and did not flood into the town.[55] As the water was funnelled up the Humber estuary the surge level increased. Humberside Police declared a state of emergency as the river Humber reached a record height of 5.8m in the city of Hull.[56] To the east of the city the village of Paull flooded. Within Hull city the Hull Tidal Barrier was lowered, protecting large areas of the city, however some flooding occurred in the city centre, Victoria Docks, and Hessle foreshore to homes and business properties. The A63 road through the city was closed until midday 6 December due to water covering the carriageway. Humberside Police released aerial footage from further up the Humber showing the large extent of flooding across North Lincolnshire and East Yorkshire, along the river Trent and Ouse.[57] East Riding Council reported that upwards of 180 households had been flooded along the North Sea coast and Humber in the authority.[58] 500 properties were flooded in North Lincolnshire across 11 villages.[59]

South along the Lincolnshire coast flooding and damage were less severe, likely due to the lessening winds which were blowing offshore. The Grey Seal colony at Donna Nook in Lincolnshire was inundated, wardens prepared by opening gates in the fences to allow the seals to escape the flood into the dunes and farmland.[60] Mablethorpe reported debris, and in Skegness some damage to coastal kiosks occurred,[61] south of the town to the visitor's centre at Gibraltar Point nature reserve was damaged by the surge.[62]

In Boston, Lincolnshire flood defence walls were overtopped as the surge rose to levels above those seen in 1953. The Haven in the town flooded St Botolph's Church, damaging building maintenance equipment in the cellar. 300 homes were flooded in the town.[43] Boston Borough Council released their CCTV footage of the defences being overtopped and resulting flooding in the town.[63]

Homes undermined by the surge Hemsby Norfolk

On the Norfolk coast the lifeboat station at Wells-next-the-sea was flooded.[64] Cromer pier suffered significant damage as waves rebounded off the seawall damaging the deck, along the seafront beach huts were destroyed littering the coast to Overstrand with debris.[64] In Happisburgh sections of cliff were eroded leaving a home hanging over the edge and uninhabitable, further along the coast at Hemsby several homes in the dunes were undermined and fell into the sea.[64]

In Lowestoft, Suffolk, the main harbour area, the train station and the southern section of the main town centre was flooded, affecting local businesses. Both bridges that connect north and south Lowestoft together were both underwater, meaning that the town was split in half for a few hours. Bevan Street East and London Road South had been particularly affected.[65][66]

Belgium and Netherlands

In Belgium, Bredene municipality evacuated 2083 residents in the district between Sas Slijkens and Spuikom along the Bruges-Ostend canal.[67]

The storm passed without any major damages along the Belgian coast, in Ostend high water measured at 6.33 meters TAW (height above mean low tide), the largest surge to reach the Belgian coast since 1953.[68]

In the port of Antwerp, the C Ladybug came adrift, and was blown across the dock before being re-birthed with the help of two tugs.[69]

In the Western Scheldt shipping was slowed between Vlissingen and Deurgancdok, Antwerp after 5 containers fell off a ship, 4 were empty and one loaded with tapioca, they were eventually washed up near Terneuzen.[69]

In the Netherlands, the water reached the highest level since the North Sea flood of 1953 at 3.99m above normal sea level. In 1953, the water rose to 4.55m on the night of 1 February, and dikes broke on at least 90 places resulting in the worst natural disaster in the Netherlands in the 1900s. The Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier closed all its 62 locks on Thursday night and several areas around Rotterdam experienced some flooding.[70]

Germany

Flooding in Hamburg's HafenCity

Denmark and Sweden

In Sweden water levels were higher than expected on the western Scania coast, at 150cm over normal, registering up to 157cm above mean at Viken, Höganäs Municipality.[71]

Casualties

Five people were killed in Poland,[72] including three people in a car when a tree struck it in Poraj, northern Poland. The storm also caused two deaths in the UK[73] and one in Denmark.[74] In Sweden a total of seven people died.[41]

Aftermath

The BBC addressed criticism after it suspended the regular evening news to cover the death of Nelson Mandela, while communities along the coast were still preparing for flooding.[75] Under the Flood and Water Management Act 2010, local authorities normally investigate flooding in their boundaries, however Alun Davies the Welsh Assembly Minister for Natural Resources and Food, instructed Natural Resources Wales to co-ordinate the inquiry in Wales as one comprehensive report.[45]

Member of Parliament for Waveney, Peter Aldous initiated a debate in the (UK) House of Commons to discuss what went well and what can be improved on a national level in regards to future flood defenses/preparations etc. Within his constituency is the town of Lowestoft, which was affected by the storm. “There is a strong sense in these communities that Parliament has not yet considered properly this narrowly averted national crisis. We need to establish what went right and also what can be improved upon.”[76] He also later stated “It is wrong to dismiss these floods as a once in a 500-year occurrence. There were floods six years ago [In this context, note the floods in 2007 didn't affect Mr Aldous' home constituency, but Mr. Aldous is making the point that the risk of flooding is a national problem that needs addressing and not just a regional issue. The flood of 2007 caused £6billion worth of damage]. I think with rising sea levels these are going to be a thing of the future and we do need to be looking at protecting the most vulnerable areas.”[77]

Credit Suisse made initial estimates on the cost of damage ranging between €1.4 billion and €1.9 billion.[78] The catastrophe modelling company AIR Worldwide estimated wind losses from the storm would be between €700 million and €1.4 billion.[79]

See also

References

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