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Demographics of Cuba

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Demographics of {{{place}}}
Scatter plot of the population of Cuba (in thousands), 1774–2012
Population11,167,325 (2012)
11,210,064 (2013)
11,238,317 (2014)
11,239,004 (2015)
Density264 per squ. mile/ 102 per squ. km (2012 est.)
Growth rate-0.1% (2002–12)
Birth rate9.92 births/1,000 inhabitants (2013 est.)
Death rate7.58 deaths/1,000 inhabitants(2013 est.)
Life expectancy78.0 years (2013 est.)
 • male75.8 years (2013 est.)
 • female80.4 years (2013 est.)
Fertility rate1.75 children/women (2013 est.)
Infant mortality rate4.76 deaths/1000 live births (2013 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years16.6% (2013 est.)
15–64 years71.1% (2013 est.)
65 and over12.3% (2013 est.)
Sex ratio
Total0.99 (2013 est.)
At birth1.06 (2013 est.)
Under 151.06 (2013 est.)
15–64 years1.01 (2013 est.)
65 and over0.82 (2013 est.)
Nationality
NationalityCuban
Major ethnicWhite (64.1%) (2012)[1]
Minor ethnicMulatto or mestizo (26.6%), black (9.3%) (2012)
Language
OfficialSpanish

The demographic characteristics of Cuba are known through census which have been conducted and analyzed by different bureaus since 1774. The National Office of Statistics of Cuba (ONE) since 1953. The most-recent census was conducted in September 2012. The population of Cuba at the 2012 census was 11.1 million. The population density is 100.7 inhabitants per square kilometer, and the overall life expectancy in Cuba is 78.0 years. The population has always increased from one census to the next, with the exception of the 2011 census, when the count decreased by 10,000. Since 1950, Cuba's birth rate has surpassed its death rate; the natural growth rate of the country is positive. Cuba is in the fourth stage of demographic transition. In terms of age structure, the population is dominated (71.1%) by the 15- to 64-year-old segment. The median age of the population is 39.5, and the gender ratio of the total population is 0.99 males per female.

Cuba is inhabited by mostly by whites (64.1%), while minorities include mulatto or mestizo (26.6%) and black (9.3%).[1]

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1774171,620—    
1792272,300+2.60%
1817572,363+3.02%
1827704,487+2.10%
18411,007,624+2.59%
18611,396,530+1.65%
18771,509,291+0.49%
18991,572,797+0.19%
19072,048,980+3.36%
19192,889,004+2.90%
19313,962,344+2.67%
19434,778,583+1.57%
19535,829,029+2.01%
19708,569,121+2.29%
19819,723,605+1.16%
200211,177,743+0.67%
201211,167,325−0.01%
Source: [2]

According to the 2002 census, Cuba's population was 11,177,743, whereas the 2012 census numbered the population at 11,167,325.[3] The drop between the 2002 and 2012 censuses was the first drop in Cuba's population since Cuba's war of independence. This drop was due to low fertility and emigration, as during this time (fiscal years 2003-2012), 332,028 Cubans received legal permanent residence in the United States.[4]

Population by region in 2015 (Updated)

Population and Area by region
Province Area (km²) Area (%) Population Population (%) Density
Cuba Total 109,886.19 100 11 232 305 100 101.72
Pinar del Río 10,904.03 9.92 726,574 6.50 66.63
La Habana 5,791.59 5.22 711,066 6.36 124.06
Ciudad de la Habana 721.01 0.66 2,201,610 19.70 3053.49
Matanzas 11,802.72 10.74 670,427 6.00 56.80
Villa Clara 8,412.41 7.06 817,395 7.31 97.17
Cienfuegos 4,180.02 3.80 395,183 3.54 94.54
Sancti Spíritus 6,736.51 6.13 460,328 4.12 68.33
Ciego de Ávila 6,783.13 6.17 411,766 3.68 60.70
Camagüey 15,615.02 14.21 784,178 7.02 50.22
Las Tunas 6,587.75 6.00 525,485 4.70 79.77
Holguín 9,292.83 8.46 1,021,321 9.14 109.90
Granma 8,375.49 7.62 822,452 7.36 98,20
Santiago de Cuba 6,156.44 5.60 1,036,281 9.27 168.32
Guantánamo 6,167.97 5.61 507,118 4.54 82.22
Isla de la Juventud 2,419.27 2.20 86,559 0.77 35.78

Largest cities

Template:Largest cities of Cuba See Also List of cities in Cuba

Nº, City, Population, Province

  • 1 Havana, 2,135,498, Havana
  • 2 Santiago de Cuba, 425,851, Santiago de Cuba
  • 3 Camagüey, 305,845, Camagüey
  • 4 Holguín , 277,050, Holguín
  • 5 Guantánamo, 207 857, Guantánamo
  • 6 Santa Clara, 205,812, Villa Clara
  • 7 Las Tunas, 153,982, Las Tunas
  • 8 Bayamo, 147,563, Granma
  • 9 Cienfuegos , 144,207, Cienfuegos
  • 10 Pinar del Río, 137,523, Pinar del Río
  • 11 Matanzas, 132,664, Matanzas
  • 12 Ciego de Ávila, 110,422, Ciego de Ávila

Vital statistics[5][6]

Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate Infant mortality rate
1950 5 920 163 122 39 190 123 932 27.9 6.7 21.2
1951 6 051 142 693 40 939 101 754 23.9 6.9 17.0
1952 6 180 143 750 37 221 106 529 23.6 6.1 17.5
1953 6 305 150 000 37 161 112 839 24.2 6.0 18.2
1954 6 424 160 000 35 712 124 288 25.4 5.7 19.7
1955 6 539 170 000 37 264 132 736 26.5 5.8 20.7
1956 6 652 180 000 36 321 143 679 27.6 5.6 22.0
1957 6 765 188 100 40 572 147 528 28.4 6.1 22.3
1958 6 881 200 000 42 508 157 492 29.7 6.3 23.4
1959 7 005 204 300 44 043 160 257 29.8 6.4 23.4
1960 7 141 214 900 43 164 171 736 30.8 6.2 24.6
1961 7 290 234 600 45 945 188 655 32.9 6.4 26.5
1962 7 450 260 900 51 580 209 320 35.9 7.1 28.8
1963 7 618 256 900 49 624 207 276 34.6 6.7 27.9
1964 7 787 264 300 47 922 216 378 34.8 6.3 28.5
1965 7 952 263 975 50 027 213 948 34.0 6.5 27.6
1966 8 110 255 413 50 846 204 567 32.3 6.4 25.9
1967 8 264 255 311 51 030 204 281 31.7 6.3 25.3
1968 8 413 246 807 53 920 192 887 30.1 6.6 23.5
1969 8 563 238 095 55 654 182 441 28.5 6.7 21.8
1970 8 715 237 019 53 761 183 258 27.8 6.3 21.5
1971 8 870 256 014 54 109 201 905 29.5 6.2 23.2
1972 9 025 247 997 48 534 199 463 28.0 5.5 22.5
1973 9 176 226 005 51 238 174 767 25.1 5.7 19.4
1974 9 315 203 066 51 724 151 342 22.1 5.6 16.5
1975 9 438 192 941 50 961 142 958 20.7 5.5 15.4
1976 9 544 187 555 53 080 134 475 19.9 5.6 14.3
1977 9 634 168 960 56 084 112 876 17.8 5.9 11.9
1978 9 710 148 249 55 100 93 149 15.5 5.8 9.7
1979 9 776 143 551 54 838 88 713 14.9 5.7 9.2
1980 9 835 136 900 55 707 81 193 14.1 5.7 8.4
1981 9 886 136 211 57 941 78 397 13.9 5.9 8.0
1982 9 931 159 759 56 224 103 274 16.2 5.7 10.5
1983 9 975 165 284 58 348 106 938 16.6 5.9 10.8
1984 10 029 166 281 59 801 106 386 16.6 6.0 10.6
1985 10 097 182 067 64 415 117 637 18.0 6.4 11.6
1986 10 184 166 049 63 145 102 904 16.3 6.2 10.1
1987 10 286 179 477 65 079 114 398 17.4 6.3 11.1
1988 10 396 187 911 67 944 119 967 18.0 6.5 11.5
1989 10 504 184 891 67 356 117 535 17.6 6.4 11.2
1990 10 662.148 186 658 72 144 114 514 17.6 6.8 10.8
1991 10 756.829 173 896 71 709 102 187 16.3 6.7 9.6
1992 10 829.320 157 349 75 457 81 892 14.6 7.0 7.6
1993 10 895.987 152 226 78 531 73 695 14.1 7.3 6.8
1994 10 912.924 147 265 78 648 68 617 13.5 7.2 6.3
1995 10 947.119 147 170 77 937 69 233 13.5 7.1 6.3
1996 10 983.326 148 276 79 662 68 614 13.5 7.3 6.2
1997 11 033.993 152 681 77 316 75 365 13.8 7.0 6.8
1998 11 076.817 151 080 77 565 73 515 13.7 7.0 6.6
1999 11 113.128 150 871 79 499 71 372 13.6 7.2 6.4
2000 11 146.203 143 528 76 463 67 065 12.9 6.9 6.0
2001 11 168.526 138 718 79 395 59 323 12.4 7.1 5.3
2002 11 200.388 141 276 73 882 67 394 12.6 6.6 6.0
2003 11 215.388 136 795 78 434 58 361 12.2 7.0 5.2
2004 11 217.590 127 192 81 110 46 082 11.3 7.2 4.1
2005 11 218.623 120 716 84 824 35 892 10.7 7.5 3.2
2006 11 202.632 111 323 80 831 30 492 9.9 7.2 2.7
2007 11 188.028 112 472 81 927 30 545 10.0 7.2 2.7 1.43
2008 11 173.996 122 569 86 423 36 146 10.9 7.7 3.2 1.59 4.7
2009 11 174.952 130 036 86 943 43 093 11.6 7.7 3.8 1.704 4.8
2010 11 167.934 127 746 91 065 36 681 11.4 8.1 3.3 1.687 4.5
2011 11 175.423 133 067 87 044 46 023 11.8 7.7 4.1 1.771 4.9
2012 11 173.151 125 674 89 372 36 302 11.3 8.0 3.3 1.690
2013 11 210.064 125 880 92 273 33 607 11.2 8.2 3.0
2014 11 238.317 122 643 96 330 26 313 10.9 8.6 2.3
2015 11 239 004 125 064 99 693 25 371 11.1 8.9 2.2

Structure of the population (Census 2012)[7]

Structure of the population :

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 570 825 5 596 500 11 167 325 100
0-4 321 422 303 770 625 192 5,60
5-9 305 672 288 427 594 099 5,32
10-14 362 252 341 019 703 271 6,30
15-19 363 986 340 140 704 126 6,31
20-24 426 956 399 702 826 658 7,40
25-29 388 961 366 768 755 729 6,77
30-34 318 339 305 141 623 480 5,58
35-39 421 389 417 242 838 631 7,51
40-44 504 738 510 284 1 015 022 9,09
45-49 511 501 529 712 1 041 213 9,32
50-54 378 808 395 691 774 499 6,94
55-59 302 073 321 940 624 013 5,59
60-64 274 261 290 374 564 635 5,06
65-69 230 423 250 494 480 917 4,31
70-74 182 623 198 274 380 897 3,41
75-79 123 987 140 936 264 923 2,37
80-84 82 067 97 603 179 670 1,61
85+ 71 367 98 983 170 350 1,53
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 989 346 933 216 1 922 562 17,22
15-64 3 891 012 3 876 994 7 768 006 69,56
65+ 690 467 786 290 1 476 757 13,22

Structure of the population (01.07.2013) (Estimates):[8]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 580 810 5 610 798 11 191 608 100
0-4 321 478 303 526 625 004 5,58
5-9 301 959 284 488 586 447 5,24
10-14 359 531 338 675 698 206 6,24
15-19 363 489 340 163 703 652 6,29
20-24 422 593 395 300 817 893 7,31
25-29 395 116 372 190 767 305 6,86
30-34 323 405 309 400 632 805 5,65
35-39 404 654 400 360 805 014 7,19
40-44 504 560 508 992 1 013 551 9,06
45-49 510 718 528 487 1 039 204 9,29
50-54 397 073 414 802 811 875 7,25
55-59 300 439 320 991 621 430 5,55
60-64 278 891 296 070 574 961 5,14
65-69 233 904 255 751 489 654 4,38
70-74 185 892 202 686 388 578 3,47
75-79 125 408 143 251 268 659 2,40
80-84 81 997 98 823 180 819 1,62
85+ 69 707 96 849 166 556 1,49
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 982 968 926 689 1 909 657 17,06
15-64 3 900 934 3 886 749 7 787 683 69,59
65+ 696 908 797 360 1 494 268 13,35

Racial groups

Year White Mulatto Black Asian
2002 65,05% 23,84% 10,08% 1,02%
2012[7] 64,12% 26,62% 9,26% 0,0%
Age group Cuba 100% (percent of the population) White 64,12% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Black 9,26% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Mulatto/Mestizo 26,62% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
Population 11 167 325 7 160 399 1 034 044 2 972 882
0 131 419 (1,18%) 91 432 (1,28%/69,57%) 5 368 (0,52%/4,08%) 34 619 (1,16%/26,34%)
0-4 625 192 (5,60%) 412 604 (5,76%/66,00%) 31 828 (3,08%/5,09%) 180 760 (6,08%/28,91%)
5-9 594 099 (5,32%) 372 304 (5,20%/62,67%) 38 481 (3,72%/6,48%) 183 314 (6,17%/30,86%)
10-14 703 271 (6,30%) 439 406 (6,14%/62,48%) 52 121 (5,04%/7,41%) 211 744 (7,12%/30,11%)
15-19 704 126 (6,31%) 434 944 (6,07%/61,77%) 57 638 (5,57%/8,19%) 211 544 (7,12%/30,04%)
20-24 826 658 (7,40%) 511 488 (7,14%/61,87%) 71 570 (6,92%/8,66%) 243 600 (8,19%/29,47%)
25-29 755 729 (6,77%) 463 004 (6,47%/61,27%) 69 282 (6,70%/9,17%) 223 443 (7,52%/29,57%)
30-34 623 480 (5,58%) 380 742 (5,32%/61,07%) 61 368 (5,93%/9,84%) 181 370 (6,10%/29,09%)
35-39 838 631 (7,51%) 520 668 (7,27%/62,09%)) 82 640 (7,99%/9,85%) 235 323 (7,92%/28,06%)
40-44 1 015 022 (9,09%) 635 473 (8,87%/62,61%) 103 827 (10,04%/10,23%) 275 722 (9,27%/27,16%)
45-49 1 041 213 (9,32%) 662 297 (9,25%/63,61%) 111 934 (10,82%/10,75%) 266 982 (8,98%/25,64%)
50-54 774 499 (6,94%) 492 046 (6,87%/63,53%) 85 145 (8,23%/10,99%) 197 308 (6,64%/25,48%)
55-59 624 013 (5,59%) 401 361 (5,61%/64,32%) 68 511 (6,63%/10,98%) 154 141 (5,18%/24,70%)
60-64 564 635 (5,06%) 383 286 (5,35%/67,88%) 58 247 (5,63%/10,32%) 123 102 (4,14%/21,80%)
65-69 480 917 (4,31%) 335 144 (4,68%/69,69%) 46 826 (4,53%/9,74%) 98 947 (3,33%/20,57%)
70-74 380 897 (3,41%) 269 331 (3,76%/70,71%) 36 701 (3,55%/9,64%) 74 865 (2,52%/19,65%)
75-79 264 923 (2,37%) 188 653 (2,63%/71,21%) 25 867 (2,50%/9,76%) 50 403 (1,70%/19,03%)
80-84 179 670 (1,61%) 131 158 (1,83%/73,00%) 17 011 (1,65%/9,47%) 31 501 (1,06%/17,53%)
85+ 170 350 (1,53%) 126 490 (1,77%/74,25%) 15 047 (1,46%/8,83%) 28 813 (0,97%/16,91%)
Age group Cuba (percent of the population) White (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Black (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Mulatto/Mestizo (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
0-14 1 922 562 (17,22%) 1 224 314 (17,10%/63,68%)) 122 430 (11,84%/6,37%) 575 818 (19,37%/29,95%)
15-64 7 768 006 (69,56%) 4 885 309 (68,23%/62,89%) 770 162 (74,48%/9,91%) 2 112 535 (71,06%/27,20%)
65+ 1 476 757 (13,22%) 1 050 776 (14,67%/71,15%) 141 452 (13,68%/9,58%) 284 529 (9,57%/19,27%)

Cuban ancestry

Main article: Spanish immigration to Cuba

The 2002 census figures supplied by the government claim that 65% of Cubans were white.

Official 1775-1899 Cuba Census[9]
White Non-white
Census Number Percentage Number Percentage
1775 96,440 56.2 75,180 43.8
1792 153,559 56.4 118,741 43.6
1817 257,380 45.0 314,983 55.0
1827 311,051 44.2 393,435 55.8
1841 418,291 41.5 589,333 58.5
1861 793,484 56.8 603,046 43.2
1877 1,023,394 67.8 485,897 32.2
1887 1,102,889 67.6 528,798 32.4
1899 1,067,354 67.9 505,443 32.1
According to the Census, the Chinese were counted as white.

The ancestry of Cubans comes from many sources:

During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Spanish immigrants from Canary Islands, Catalonia, Andalusia, Galicia, and Asturias emigrated to Cuba. Between 1882 and 1898, a total of 508,455 people left Spain, and more than 750,000 Spanish immigrants left for Cuba between 1899 and 1923, with many returning to Spain.[10]

The Slave trade brought Africans to Cuba during its early history: Between 1842 and 1873, 221,000 African slaves entered Cuba.[10]

People of the Americas:

Other European people that have contributed include:

People from Asia:

Between 1842 and 1873, 124,800 Chinese arrived.[10]

There is also a small number of Jews living in Cuba.

Genetics

An autosomal study from 2014 has found out the genetic average ancestry in Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African and 8% Native American with different proportions depending on the self-reported ancestry (White, Mulatto or Mestizo, and Black):[11]

Self-reported ancestry European African Native American
White 86% 6.7% 7.8%
Mulatto/Mestizo 63.8% 25.5% 10.7%
Black 29% 65.5% 5.5%

A 1995 study done on the population of Pinar del Rio, found that 50% of the Mt-DNA lineages (female lineages) could be traced back to Europeans, 46% to Africans and 4% to Native Americans. This figure is consistent with both the historical background of the region, and the current demographics of it.[12]

According to another study in 2008, the Native American contribution to present-day Cubans accounted for 33% of the maternal lineages, whereas Africa and Eurasia contributed 45% and 22% of the lineages, respectively. Haplogroup A2 is the main Native American haplogroup in Cuba (21.9% of the total sample), accounting for 67% of the Native American mtDNA gene pool. Regarding Y-chromosome haplogroups (male lineages), 78.8% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin, 19.7% of African origin and 1.5% of East Asian origin. Among the West Eurasian fraction, the vast majority of individuals belong to West European haplogroup R1b. The African lineages found in Cubans have a Western (haplogroups E1, E2, E1b1a ) and Northern (E1b1b-M81 ) African origin. The "Berber" haplogroup E1b1b1b (E-M81), is found at a frequency of 6.1%.[13]

According to Fregel et al. (2009), the fact that autochthonous male North African E-M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica, demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous ancestors actively participated in the American colonization.[14]

Y-DNA

N[15] E-M33 E-M75 E-M2 E1b1b-M35 E1b1b-M78 E1b1b-M81 E1b1b-M123 G I J2 T R1a R1b N/O O-P31
132 0.8% 1.5% 9.8% 1.5% 4.5% 6.1% 1.5% 6.1% 8.3% 6.1% 1.5% 1.5% 50.8% 0.8% 0.8%

mtDNA

N[15] L U6 A B C D H I1 J* J2a J1b J2 K T* T1a T2 T U* U4 U4a2 U5a V W
245 43.3% 2% 22.4% 2% 5.3% 3.3% 9% 0.4% 2.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.8% 0.4% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 1.2% 0.8% 0.8% 0.4%

Language

See also: Cuban Spanish

Spanish is the official language of Cuba. Of all the regional variations of Spanish, Cuban Spanish is most similar to, and originates largely from, the dialect spoken in the Canary Islands. This is a consequence of Canarian migration, which in the 19th and early 20th century was heavy and continuous. There were also migrations of Galicians and Asturians as well, but they did not impact Cuban Spanish to the same degree.

Much of the typical Cuban replacements for standard Spanish vocabulary stems from Canarian lexicon. For example, guagua (bus) differs from standard Spanish autobús the former originated in the Canaries and is an onomatopoeia stemming from the sound of a Klaxon horn (wah-wah!). An example of Canarian usage for a Spanish word is the verb fajarse[16] ("to fight"). In standard Spanish the verb would be pelearse, while fajar exists as a non-reflexive verb related to the hemming of a skirt.

The second most spoken language of Cuba is Haitian Creole, used mainly by Haitian immigrants and its descendants going back since the late 18th century, of whom fled the Haitian Revolution.

Other languages of Cuba are Cuban Sign Language, and English is commonly studied as a foreign language.

There are also reports of Lucumi, "Lengua Conga" (Kongo-based liturgical language of the Palo religion) and Bozal Spanish (an "African" socio-dialect of Spanish; now used only in folk religion).[17] Historically, the Ciboney and Classic dialects of Taino and the unattested Guanahatabey were spoken.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Cuba

Cuba has a multitude of faiths reflecting the island's diverse cultural elements. Catholicism, which was brought to the island by Spanish colonialists at the beginning of the 16th century, is the most prevalent professed faith. After the revolution, Cuba became an officially atheistic state and restricted religious practice. Since the Fourth Cuban Communist Party Congress in 1991, restrictions have been eased and, according to the National Catholic Observer, direct challenges by state institutions to the right to religion have all but disappeared,[18] though the church still faces restrictions of written and electronic communication, and can only accept donations from state-approved funding sources.[18] The Roman Catholic Church is made up of the Cuban Catholic Bishops' Conference (COCC), led by Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Cardinal Archbishop of Havana.[citation needed] It has eleven dioceses, 56 orders of nuns and 24 orders of priests. In January 1998, Pope John Paul II paid a historic visit to the island, invited by the Cuban government and Catholic Church.

Afro-Cuban religions, a blend of native African religions and Roman Catholicism, are widely practiced in Cuba. This diversity derives from West and Central Africans who were transported to Cuba, and in effect reinvented their African religions. They did so by combining them with elements of the Catholic belief system, with a result very similar to Brazil. One of these Afro-Cuban religions is Santeria.

Protestantism, introduced from the United States in the 18th century, has seen a steady increase in popularity. 300,000 Cubans belong to the island's 54 Protestant denominations. Pentecostalism has grown rapidly in recent years, and the Assemblies of God alone claims a membership of over 100,000 people. The Episcopal Church of Cuba claims 10,000 adherents. Cuba has small communities of Jews, Muslims, Buddhists and members of the Bahá'í Faith.

Demographic statistics from the CIA World Factbook[19]

Age structure
0-14 years: 15.96% (male 904,800/female 855,309)
15-24 years: 13.29% (male 752,160/female 714,384)
25-54 years: 47.16% (male 2,620,536/female 2,581,344)
55-64 years: 10.65% (male 562,207/female 612,438)
65 years and over: 12.95% (male 639,515/female 788,740) (2015 est.)
Median age:
Total: 40.4 years
Male: 39.5 years
Female: 41.3 years (2015 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 78.39 years
Male: 76.08 years
Female: 80.84 years (2015 est.)
Ethnic groups
Whites: 64.1%
Mestizo: 26.6%
Blacks: 9.3%
Religions nominally Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jewish, Santeria
Languages
Spanish (official)
Literacy Total population:99.8% (2002 census)
Male: 99.9%
Female: 99.8%

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Illicit migration is a continuing problem. Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US including direct flights to Miami and overland via the southwest US/Mexican border, and islands adjacent to Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b official 2012 Census
  2. ^ "Censos en Cuba" (PDF) (in Spanish). National Office of Statistics of Cuba. Retrieved 24 February 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2012/LPR/table3d.xls
  5. ^ [2] United nations. Demographic Yearbooks
  6. ^ Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información
  7. ^ a b http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf
  8. ^ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm
  9. ^ The 1899 Cuba Census. See Page 97.
  10. ^ a b c La inmigración entre 1902 y 1920
  11. ^ Marcheco-Teruel et al. 2014, Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers
  12. ^ Torroni, Antonio; Brown, Michael D.; Lott, Marie T.; Newman, Nancy J.; Wallace, Douglas C. (1995). "African, Native American, and European mitochondrial DNAs in Cubans from Pinar del Rio Province and implications for the recent epidemic neuropathy in Cuba". Human Mutation. 5 (4): 310–7. doi:10.1002/humu.1380050407. PMID 7627185.
  13. ^ Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies found in Cuba (132 individuals) grouped according to their phylogeographic origin, Mendizabal et al. (2008)
  14. ^ Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, Verónica; Gusmão, Leonor; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Amorim, António; Larruga, Jose M; et al. (2009). "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 181. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMC 2728732. PMID 19650893.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ a b Mendizabal et al (2008).Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba
  16. ^ fajar at Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
  17. ^ Wirtz, Kristina. 2014. Performing Afro-Cuba: Image, Voice, Spectacle in the Making of Race and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-11905-2
  18. ^ a b Catholic church in Cuba strives to reestablish the faith National Catholic Observer
  19. ^ "Central America and Caribbean :: CUBA". CIA The World Factbook.
Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2006 edition.)
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