Elections in Brazil

Brazil elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected to a four-year term by absolute majority vote through a two-round system. The National Congress (Congresso Nacional) has two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) has 513 members, elected to a four-year term by proportional representation. The Federal Senate (Senado Federal) has 81 members, elected to an eight-year term, with elections every four years for alternatively one-third and two-third of the seats. Brazil has a multi-party system, with such numerous parties that often no one party has a chance of gaining power alone, and so they must work with each other to form coalition governments.

Schedule

Election

Position	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Type	Presidential (October) National Congress (October)	None	Gubernatorial (October)	None	Presidential (October) National Congress (October)	None	Gubernatorial (October)	None
President and vice president	President and vice president	None			President and vice president	None
National Congress	All seats	None			All seats	None
Provinces, cities and municipalities	None		All positions	None			All positions	None

Inauguration

Position	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Type	Presidential (January) National Congress (January)	None	Gubernatorial (January)	None	Presidential (January) National Congress (January)	None	Gubernatorial (January)	None
President and vice president	1 January	None			1 January	None
National Congress	1 January	None			1 January	None
Provinces, cities and municipalities	None		1 January	None			1 January	None

Electoral systems

Deputies are elected to the Chamber of Deputies using a form of party-list proportional representation known as the "open list."

Senators are elected to the Federal Senate with a plurality of the vote in a first-past-the-post system, which is not proportional. Three senators are elected for each state and for the Federal District.

The Brazilian voting machines

Electronic voting was first introduced to Brazil in 1996; with the first tests carried out in the state of Santa Catarina. The primary design goal of the Brazilian voting machine is extreme simplicity, the model being a public phone booth.

File:Urna eletrônica.jpeg

Electronic voting machine used in the 2005 referendum.

The first Brazilian voting machines were developed in 1996 by a Brazilian partnership of three companies OMNITECH (previously known as TDA), Microbase and Unisys do Brasil attending the TSE RFP for the Brazilian Elections in 1996. This machine was a modified IBM PC 80386 compatible clone, known as UE96. In 1998, Diebold-Procomp, Microbase and Samurai (formerly known as OMNITECH) partnered to produce UE98. In 2000, Microbase and Diebold-Procomp developed the UE2000 together. In 2000, Brazil completed the first completely automated election.

The original operating system was VirtuOS, similar to DOS and includes multitasking support, was developed by Microbase. It was used in the 1996, 1998 and 2000 elections. In 2002, Unisys was unable to renew their partnership with Microbase, and were unable to reuse the VirtuOS based code. Microsoft stepped in, and provided licenses Windows CE operating system free of charge. In 2004, Diebold-Procomp migrated to a Linux OS to reduce costs.

The Brazilian voting machine accomplishes three steps (voter identification, secure voting and tallying) in a single process, eliminating fraud based on forged or falsified public documents. Political parties have access to the voting machine's programs before the election for auditing. There still remain some questions about the security of the electronic voting system, but no case of election fraud has been uncovered:

1. Critics argue that the voting machines do not produce receipt for the voter, nor maintain an internal paper based journal which would allow for vote auditing. This makes them highly dependent on trusting the software. The application program which verifies the internal integrity of the system is itself vulnerable to modification. [1] An inspection by the City of Sto. Estevão, Bahia described the system of seals and closure of the machine as simple, and allowed easy access to the internal memory slot. [2] [3]
2. There is the possibility to violate the voting, because the voter number is typed in one machine which is connected to the voting machine, but it is not possible to know that it means that it is the same name (person)^clarify.
3. Election workers could vote in place absent voters without their permission. However, as voting sections are composed of multiple workers drawn at random from the population as a means of preventing this type of fraud.

UE 2000 transparent prototype. Brazilian voting machine developed by Diebold-Procomp and used in the October 2000 general elections.

On the eve of an election, the election authorities in each State select a number of voting machines by lot (all available voting machines take part in that lot, identified by their serial number), and those machines so selected, instead of being used in actual pooling stations, are retained in the seat of the State's Regional Electoral Court for a "parallel voting", conducted for audit purposes in the presence of representatives designated by the political parties. The audit vote takes place on the same date as the election. This parallel voting is a mock election but the votes entered in the voting machine are not secret, instead they are witnessed by all party representatives present at the audit process. The whole audit is filmed, and the representatives of the political parties present for the audit direct publicly that a random quantity of votes are to be inserted in the machine for each candidate. A tally is kept of the instructions received from each party representative. Each party representative orders a number of votes to be inserted at the machine, but he only reveals that number, and the recipients, during the audit. So, the numbers are not previously known, because the only way they could be known by others is if there were a collusion between rival parties. At the end of the process, then, when all the parties have directed that certain number of votes then chosen are to be registered for each candidate in the audit vote, the votes ordered to be inserted by each party representative for each candidate are added up, and the total number of votes of the mock election is known, as well as the total number of votes of each candidate. Once the mock votes end and the profile of the vote is known, the electronic counting of the votes contained in the voting machines used during the audit takes place. The result indicated by the voting machines software has to correspond to the previously known result. As the machines were selected at random by lot, if the result given by the software corresponds to the previously known result resulting from the sum of the parties's public instructions (which has happened in all elections so far), the system is deemed by the election authorities as reliable for receiving, properly registering and accurately tallying the votes. Given that the machines are chosen at random, the reliability of the chosen ones is deemed to represent the reliability of the others. If the audit failed to produce a positive result (the matching of the votes counted to the sum of the instructions), then the whole election in the State in question would be void.

The voting system has been widely accepted, due in great part to the fact that it speeds up the vote count tremendously. In the 1989 presidential election between Fernando Collor de Mello and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the vote count required nine days. In the 2002 general election, the count required less than 12 hours. In some smaller towns the election results are known minutes after the closing of the ballots.

Supporters of the electronic vote claim that unless the fraud were intentionally designed into the machines, it would be impossible to carry an extensive fraud in such a small amount of time. However, security has always been an issue, and the Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) regularly funds research aimed at improving it. The source code to the voting software is proprietary and the public is not able to examine it. In order to be able to recount the votes, a printing system has been developed and a new electoral registration system is planned.

Brazil loans the machines to other countries. They have been used for elections in Paraguay and Ecuador, and there are plans to export the patented machines.

Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) is testing a new machine which has a digital screen, so the voters just have to put three fingerprints which will identify them. It will make it more difficult to carry out fraudulent voting for absent voters. However, the National Congress of Brazil has to approve a law to change the electoral registration process, because then they will register their fingerprints in the Electoral Court computers. The goal is to have this law totally approved by July 2008, so the election in 2012 will use this new system.

2010 general election

Main article: Brazilian general election, 2010

Parliamentary election

 Summary of the 3 October 2010 National Congress election results

Coalition	Parties		Chamber			Senate
			Seats	% of seats	+/–	Elected seats	Total seats	% of seats	+/–
Lulista		PT	88	17.1	+5	12	15	18.5	+7
		PMDB	79	15.3	−10	16	20	24.6	+3
		PR	41	7.9	+16	3	4	4.9	—
		PSB	34	6.6	+7	3	3	3.7	—
		PDT	28	5.4	+4	2	4	4.9	−2
		PSC	17	3.3	+8	1	1	1.2	—
		PCdoB	15	2.9	+2	1	2	2.4	+1
		PRB	8	1.5	+7	1	1	1.2	−1
		PTC	1	0.1	−2	0	0	0.0	—
		PTN	0	0.0	—	0	0	0.0	—
Total			311	60.6	+37	39	50	61.7	+8
Opposition Centre-right		PSDB	53	10.3	−13	5	11	13.5	−5
		DEM	43	8.3	−22	2	6	7.4	−7
		PTB	21	4.0	−2	1	6	7.4	−1
		PPS	12	2.3	−10	1	1	1.2	+1
		PMN	4	0.7	+1	1	1	1.2	+1
		PTdoB	3	0.5	+2	0	0	0.0	—
Total			136	26.5	–44	10	25	30.8	–11
Lulista Out of coalition		PP	41	7.9	—	3	4	4.9	+3
Opposition Out of coalition		PV	15	2.9	+2	0	0	0.0	−1
Opposition Out of coalition		PSOL	3	0.5	—	2	2	2.4	+1
Lulista Out of coalition		PHS	2	0.3	—	0	0	0.0	—
Lulista Out of coalition		PRP	2	0.3	+2	0	0	0.0	—
Lulista Out of coalition		PRTB	2	0.3	+2	0	0	0.0	—
Lulista Out of coalition		PSL	1	0.1	+1	0	0	0.0	—

Past elections and referendums

Election results 1982–2010

Brazilian legislative elections (Chamber of Deputies), 1982–2010

Parties	1982	1986	1990	1994	1998	2002	2006	2010
Workers' Party	3.5	6.9	10.2	12.8	13.2	18.4	15.0	16.9
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party	43.0	48.1	19.3	20.3	15.2	13.4	14.6	13.0
Brazilian Social Democracy Party	-	-	8.7	13.9	17.5	14.3	13.6	11.9
Liberal Front Party/Democrats	-	17.7	12.4	12.9	17.3	13.4	10.9	7.6
Liberal Party / Republic Party	-	2.8	4.3	3.5	2.5	4.3	4.4	7.6
Brazilian Socialist Party	-	0.9	1.9	2.2	3.4	5.3	6.2	7.1
Progressive Party	-	-	-	6.9	11.3	7.8	7.1	6.6
Democratic Labour Party	5.8	6.5	10.0	7.2	5.7	5.1	5.2	5.0
Brazilian Labour Party	4.5	4.5	5.6	5.2	5.7	4.6	4.7	4.2
Green Party	-	-	-	0.2	0.4	1.3	3.6	3.8
Christian Social Party	-	-	-	-	0.7	0.6	1.9	3.2
Communist Party of Brazil	-	0.8	-	-	1.3	2.2	2.1	2.8
Socialist People's Party	-	0.9	1.0	0.6	1.3	3.1	3.9	2.6
Brazilian Republican Party	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.3	1.7
Socialism and Freedom Party	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.2	1.2
Party of National Mobilization	-	-	-	-	0.5	0.3	0.9	1.1
Democratic Social / Reform Progressive Party	43.2	7.8	8.9	9.2	-	-	-	-
National Reconstruction Party	-	-	8.3	-	-	-	-	-
Christian Democratic Party	-	1.2	3.0	-	-	-	-	-
Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order	-	-	-	-	0.9	2.1	1.0	-
Others	0.0	2.8	9.3	5.1	3.1	3.5	3.4	3.7

Source: [4] Source: [5]

Referendums

Brazil has held three national referendums in its history. In the first, held on January 6, 1963, the people voted for the re-establishment of the presidential system of government (82% of valid ballots), which had been modified by a constitutional amendment in 1961. A second referendum, as ordered by the Federal Constitution of 1988, was held on April 21, 1993, when the voters voted for a republican form of government and reaffirmed the presidential system.

A third national referendum, on the prohibition of the commerce of personal firearms and ammunition, was held on October 23, 2005. The ban proposal was rejected by 64% of the voterate.

See also

• Electoral calendar
• Electoral system
• List of political parties in Brazil

External links

• Adam Carr's Election Archive
• Simulated voting machine (Portuguese) Courtesy of the Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court website. (Java required)
• Brief history of electronic voting in Brazil
• Brazil: The Perfect Electoral Crime (II) (Security analysis of the Brazilian voting machines by James Burk, Oct. 21, 2006)
• Electoral Law of Brazil
• Inelegibility Law of Brazil