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Empress Guo (Cao Rui's wife)

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In this Chinese name, the family name is Guo.
Empress Guo
郭皇后
Empress dowager of Cao Wei
Tenure22 January 239 – 8 February 264
PredecessorEmpress Wende
Empress consort of Cao Wei
Tenure16 January 239 – 22 January 239
PredecessorEmpress Mingdao
SuccessorEmpress Huai
BornUnknown
Died8 February 264
SpouseCao Rui
IssuePrincess Yi of Pingyuan
Posthumous name
Empress Mingyuan (明元皇后)
FatherGuo Man
MotherLady Du

Empress Guo (fl.220 – 8 February 264[1]), personal name unknown, formally known as Empress Mingyuan, was an empress of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was married to Cao Rui, the second ruler of Wei; she was his third wife and second empress.[2][3] The limited information available about her appears to portray her as an intelligent woman who fought hard to prevent her empire from falling into the hands of the Sima clan (Sima Yi and his sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao) during the reigns of her adopted son Cao Fang and his cousin Cao Mao, but was unable to stem the tide.

Family background and marriage to Cao Rui

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The future Empress Guo was from Xiping Commandery (西平郡; roughly present-day Xining, Qinghai). Her family was a powerful clan in the area. But during the reign of Cao Rui's father Cao Pi, at some point before 223,[4] her clan was implicated in a rebellion; she, among others in her family, was confiscated by the Wei government in the aftermath.[5] She became a concubine of Cao Rui after his ascension to the throne, and he greatly favoured her.[6] Due to her favour with the Emperor, her uncle Li was made Cavalry Commandant and her kinsman Zhi placed in charge of cadets. [7]

In September 237, Consort Guo's increasing favor led to a fatal incident with Cao Rui's former favourite, Empress Mao. Cao Rui ordered a feast with his favoured ladies, Consort Guo requested that Empress Mao be invited to join as well, but Cao Rui refused. Despite Cao Rui's orders of this banquet ever being talked about, Empress Mao the next day inquired as to if he had enjoyed himself. Cao Rui killed a number of his attendants whom he suspected of leaking the news, and ordered Empress Mao to commit suicide.[8]

Despite her favour, she was not created empress until 16th January 239 when it was clear Cao Rui was mortally ill and unable to get out of bed.[9][10] Cao Rui, after some chaos, settled his plans for his eight-year-old heir and adopted son Cao Fang to be Emperor under a joint regency of kinsman Cao Shuang and long-serving minister Sima Yi.[11] Guo was the first Wei Empress of respectable background but the fall of status from the revolt and limited ranks continued the Cao policy of no Empress with a power base.[12] She would be Dowager but the Wei dynasty since Cao Pi had restricted the role of Dowagers in government and her relatives would not hold high office, she had symbolic authority her practical power was a lot more limited than the Dowagers of the Han dynasty.[13] On 22nd January, Cao Rui died.[14]

As empress dowager

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On Cao Fang's ascension to the throne, Duo was made Empress Dowager and her family was honoured. Her dead father Man and her mother Du were given fiefdoms, Zhi and Li combined with Guo's brothers De and the able Jian were now appointed to the guards, the four males ensuring family control of the palace guard, as well as given marquis rank.[15] During her time as Empress Dowager, heads of government would claim to consult her on all major decisions while generals turning against the controllers of the court would claim her backing,[16] but though she was an important symbol of legitimacy, she would have limited practical power.

Joint regency

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Initially the two regents managed to work togther but over time, splits emerged. Cao Shuang has traditionally been considered a corrupt and incompetent regent, his centralizing reforms and his choice of controversial officials like the philosophers He Yan and Wang Bi alienating members of the court with their libertine excesses. A failed campaign west against the rival state Shu Han in 244 further damaged the regime's prestige. Though the Zhengshi period under Cao Shuang is known as a time of intellectual brilliance and his regime as reformist, the attitudes of He Yan and others clashed with the interests and views of Sima Yi's supporters. In 247, Cao Shuang's supporters began to use omens to warn of the dangers of Sima Yi and Cao Shuang became the dominant figure in the government as he brought in his supporters while Sima Yi feigned illness to seemingly retire.[17][18][19][20][21] How Empress Dowager Guo felt about either regent or the split is not clear but Cao Shuang is accused of moving Empress Dowager Guo to Yongning Palace in 247 to be separated from Cao Fang. However, some scholars such as Hu Sanxing and Wang Maohong raised doubts, and argued that such events never occurred as Empress Dowager Guo had already been at Yongning Palace upon the accession of Cao Fang, and these events might have been added, not for the only time,[22] by the officials of the Jin dynasty to defame Cao Shuang.[23]

On the 5th of February 249, Cao Shuang took Cao Fang to visit the family tombs outside the capital and Sima Yi seized his chance. Claiming to have an edict in Empress Dowager Guo's name, he carried out a coup d'état. Cao Shuang surrendered but despite promises of safety, on the 9th Cao Shuang's clan and many of his associates were slaughtered, on charges of treason. After the infamously bloody purge, Sima Yi and his family took complete control of the government.[24][25] In the aftermath, we see the first signs of resistance against the now very powerful controller. Someone in the palace offered Sima Yi two tainted promotions, first to be Chancellor with comparisons to the Former Han's Huo Guang, on paper a flattering comparison given his reputation for loyalty but the Huo family coup and the way the usurper Wang Mang used Huo Guang to justify his own control hang in the air. Sima Yi refused despite it being offered ten times. All nine distinctions were offered, an award only given to Wang Mang and Han controller Cao Cao which again Sima Yi refused though he did keep some of the rewards. The author of the two sets of honours, hinting at Sima Yi being viewed as a usurper within the palace, is unknown however historians Carl Leban and Albert Dien suggest it might even have come from Empress Dowager Guo herself.[26]

Deposing of Cao Fang

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Sima Yi died on 7th September 251, his son Sima Shi succeeded him and kept the government in as much control as his father did. In 254, possibly with the connivance of the Emperor, Cao Fang's inlaws the Zhen family, Li Feng and others plotted to replace Sima Shi with the famed kinsman Xiahou Xuan. The first plot failed as Li Feng's son was denied permission to come to court (thus unable to bring his trips from Yu province) then on 27th March, Sima Shi discovered a second plot, this time to assassinate him during a ceremony to promote a concubine of Cao Fang. Sima Shi purged those who had plotted, killed their families and Empress Zhen was dismissed, though unclear if Empress Dowager Guo had any knowledge of the plots.[27] There is another plot, in the autumn, that is claimed to have direct involvement of the Emperor. that some of Can Fang's associates had suggested that when Sima Shi's brother Sima Zhao was at the palace preparing to lead troops against an invasion from Shu Han general Jiang Wei, kill Sima Zhao and then seize his troops and attack Sima Shi. But when the moment came Cao Fang could not resolve to do it and news leaked out to Sima Shi.[28] However, Pei Songzhi questions the tale as one of the people involved was already dead over the Li Feng plot while Carl Leban and Albert Dien view the account with scepticism.[29][30] From that point on, any official who dared to be close to the emperor and the empress dowager was doing so at his peril.

Cao Fang's reign would not finish the year, either because of his role in the plots or simply because he was no longer credible as a willing Emperor to abdicate the throne to the Simas,[31] on the 17th of October he was deposed at the age of 23. Sima Shi sent Guo Zhi to the palace to inform the imperial family that Cao Fang would abdicate, the Emperor and the Dowager were seated together and Cao Fang departed. Empress Dowager Guo was furious but her kinsman accused Guo of failing to bring up "her son" Cao Fang properly and, less subtly, mentioned Sima Shi had the palace surrounded by troops in case of an incident. When she asked for an audience with Sima Shi, Guo Zhi told her no despite Sima Shi being a subject of the throne. Broken by the threat and realizing she couldn't stop the plan, the Empress Dowager summoned the seals of office needed for the abdication and Guo Zhi returned to a delighted Sima Shi.[32] A weeping Sima Shi told officials this was the orders of the Empress Dowager[33] and his loyalists (including Guo Zhi) produced a memorial accusing Cao Fang of laziness, violence, depravity, mistreatment of and even threatening the Dowager.[32] Of the Dowager's behaviour, the officials claimed she had to force Empress Zhang upon Cao Fang, was neglected by Fang as she filially mourned her late mother to the point she struggled to eat or drink, executed some of Cao Fang's favourite ladies and made concerted personal efforts to get her charge to study. The officials played on and cited the example of the deposed Han Emperor Liu He to justify the change of the Emperor via such charges.[31] An edict from Empress Dowager Guo confirmed the allegations[34] though the Dowager's procliminations and orders at this time were either forced or Sima Shi may even have had them forged.[35] When it came for Cao Fang to depart to his life of isolation and imprisonment as the Prince of Qi, she and the Emperor wept at his departure.[32] [36]

It was during the next phase of Sima Shi's plan that Empress Dowager Guo would display her wisdom and courage in a last-ditch attempt to preserve some possibility of preventing the Simas from taking complete control over Wei and at least buying the dynasty she was loyal to a bit of time. Sima Shi intended to make Cao Pi's brother Cao Ju (曹據), the Prince of Pengcheng, emperor and had even sent Minister Ren Yan to Cao Ju's fief to prepare for this change but he needed the Empress Dowager's seal of office and formal backing. She refused to hand over the seal, instead she argued that since Cao Ju was the uncle of her husband Cao Rui, such a succession would leave Cao Rui effectively with no heir and that this was entirely inappropriate. Sima Shi was forced to agree with her, and she successfully pushed for Cao Mao (the Duke of Gaogui District), the son of Cao Rui's younger brother Cao Lin, emperor instead. Cao Mao, although at age 13, was known for his intelligence and Empress Dowager Guo might have believed that he might have had a chance of counteracting the Simas while his youth brought time. When Sima Shi again asked her for the imperial seal, she refused politely, under the reasoning that she had met Cao Mao before and wanted to personally hand him the seal.[32][34][37]

In 255, declaring that they had received a secret edict from Empress Dowager Guo,[16] experienced generals Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin made a failed attempt to overthrow Sima Shi, by starting a rebellion from Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui). Sima Shi (probably) defeated them but the exertion when recovering from surgery was fatal. There was no real evidence that Empress Dowager Guo was actually in communication with them, however.[38]

Regicide

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After Cao Mao became emperor, he gradually established a circle around him—a number of officials who were unquestioned in their support of the Simas, but who might also have something to gain from allegiance to the emperor, including Sima Shi's cousin Sima Wang, Wang Shen (王沈), Pei Xiu and Zhong Hui. By doing this, he was hoping that he could minimise suspicion against him but at the same time gradually win their hearts. In 255, he made a failed attempt to capture power back—when Sima Shi died while at Xuchang, Sima Zhao was at Xuchang as well. Cao Mao issued an edict which, under the rationale that Sima Shi had just defeated Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin's rebellion and that the southeastern border was still not complete pacified, ordered Sima Zhao to remain at Xuchang and that Sima Shi's assistant Fu Gu (傅嘏) return to the capital Luoyang with the main troops. Under Fu Gu and Zhong Hui's advice, however, Sima Zhao returned to Luoyang anyway against edict, and was able to maintain control of the government. Indeed, from that point on, he would not let Cao Mao or Empress Dowager Guo to be out of his control, and when Zhuge Dan made a failed rebellion in 257, believing that Sima Zhao would soon usurp the throne, Sima Zhao would insist on the emperor and the empress dowager accompanying him on the campaign against Zhuge Dan.

In 260, Cao Mao, not being able to make much headway in his attempt to reduce Sima Zhao's hold on power, tried to start a coup d'état himself with the imperial guards loyal to him, and after initial successes near the palace, was nevertheless killed in battle. Empress Dowager Guo was forced to issue an edict posthumously deposing him. Further this time, Sima Zhao would completely ignore Empress Dowager Guo's wishes in determining Cao Mao's successor, and he made Cao Huan, the Duke of Changdao District, a grandson of Cao Cao, emperor, even though Cao Rui's brothers still had issue. She died in February 264 without being able to make any further impact against the power of the Simas, and Sima Zhao's son Sima Yan eventually usurped the throne in early 266 and established the Jin dynasty. She was buried on 13 April 264.[39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ According to Cao Huan's biography in Sanguozhi, Empress Dowager Guo died on the yimao day of the 12th month of the 4th year of the Jingyuan era of Cao Huan's reign. This corresponds to 8 Feb 264 in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. ((景元四年十二月)乙卯...皇太后崩。) Sanguozhi vol. 04
  2. ^ Sanguozhi vol.5.
  3. ^ Cutter, Robert Joe; Crowell, William Gordon (1999-01-01). Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 113, 114. ISBN 978-0-8248-1945-3.
  4. ^ According to Empress Guo's biography in Sanguozhi, she was confiscated by the Wei government after a rebellion in the middle part of the Huangchu era (220-226) of Cao Pi's reign.
  5. ^ (黄初中，本郡反叛，遂没入宫) Sanguozhi vol. 05
  6. ^ (明帝即位，甚见爱幸，拜为夫人。) Sanguozhi vol. 05
  7. ^ 叔父立為騎都尉，從父芝為虎賁中郎將 Sanguozhi vol.5.
  8. ^ Cutter, Robert Joe; Crowell, William Gordon (1999-01-01). Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary. University of Hawaii Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-8248-1945-3.
  9. ^ Sanguozhi vol.3.
  10. ^ Cutter, Robert Joe; Crowell, William Gordon (1999-01-01). Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary. University of Hawaii Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-8248-1945-3.
  11. ^ Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 4–6.
  12. ^ Cutter, Robert Joe; Crowell, William Gordon (1999-01-01). Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary. University of Hawaii Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8248-1945-3.
  13. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. pp. 459, 460. ISBN 9789004188303.
  14. ^ Sanguozhi vol.3.
  15. ^ 齊王即位，尊后為皇太后，稱永寧宮，追封諡太后父滿為西都定侯，以立子建紹其爵。封太后母杜為郃陽君。芝遷散騎常侍、長水校尉，立，宣德將軍，皆封列侯。建兄德，出養甄氏。德及建俱為鎮護將軍，皆封列侯，並掌宿衛 Sanguozhi vol.5.
  16. ^ a b 值三主幼弱，宰輔統政，與奪大事，皆先咨啟於太后而後施行。毌丘儉、鍾會等作亂，咸假其命而以為辭焉。Sanguozhi vol.5.
  17. ^ Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 6–8.
  18. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. pp. 460, 461. ISBN 9789004188303.
  19. ^ Davis, Timothy (2014). "Ranking Men and Assessing Talent Xiahou Xuan's Response to an Inquiry by Sima Yi". In Swartz, Wendy; Campany, Robert; Lu, Yang; Choo, Jessey (eds.). Early Medieval China a sourcebook. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0-231-53100-9.
  20. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2019). "Wei". In Dien, Albert; Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, the Six Dynasties, 220-589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9781107020771.
  21. ^ Chaussende, Damien (2019). "Western Jin". In Dien, Albert; Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, the Six Dynasties, 220-589. Translated by Neulander, Joelle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–82. ISBN 9781107020771.
  22. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2013). "The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD".
  23. ^ Chaussende, Damien (2019). "Western Jin". In Dien, Albert; Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, the Six Dynasties, 220-589. Translated by Neulander, Joelle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9781107020771.
  24. ^ Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 8–9.
  25. ^ Chaussende, Damien (2019). "Western Jin". In Dien, Albert; Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, the Six Dynasties, 220-589. Translated by Neulander, Joelle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 82, 83. ISBN 9781107020771.
  26. ^ Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 9–11.
  27. ^ Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 15, 16.
  28. ^ Shiyu and Weishi Chunqiu in Sanguozhi vol.4.
  29. ^ Pei Songzhi commentary in Sanguozhi vol.4.
  30. ^ Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 16.
  31. ^ a b Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 17.
  32. ^ a b c d Weilue in Sanguozhi vol.4.
  33. ^ Weishu in Sanguozhi vol.4.
  34. ^ a b Sanguozhi vol.4.
  35. ^ Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 17, 19.
  36. ^ Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 19.
  37. ^ Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 19, 20.
  38. ^ Leban, Carl; Dien, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China Journal (16): 22.
  39. ^ ([咸熈元年二月]庚申，葬明元郭后。) Sanguozhi vol. 4.
Chinese royalty
Preceded by Empress of Cao Wei
238–239 		Succeeded by
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