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Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union

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Eurasian Customs Union
An orthographic projection of the world highlighting Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia in green.
Policy of EAEU
TypeCustoms union
Member states
Establishment1 January 2010
Area
• Total
20,260,431 km2 (7,822,596 sq mi)
Population
• 2013 estimate
182,519,270[1][2][3][4][5]
• Density
9.01/km2 (23.3/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2013 estimate
• Total
US$4.064 trillions[6]
• Per capita
US$22,267
GDP (nominal)2013 estimate
• Total
$2.407 trillion (excluding Armenia and Kyrgyzstan)[7]
• Per capita
US$22,267 (excluding Armenia and Kyrgyzstan)

The Eurasian Customs Union (EACU) is a customs union which consists of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union. It came into existence on 1 January 2010. Its founding states were Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.[8] On 2 January 2015 it was enlarged to include Armenia. Kyrgyzstan acceded to the EEU on 6 August 2015.[9] The original treaty establishing the Customs Union was terminated by the agreement establishing the Eurasian Economic Union, signed in 2014, which incorporated the Customs Union into the EEU's legal framework.

The Customs Union was launched as a first step towards forming a broader European Union-type economic alliance of former Soviet states.[10] The member states continued with economic integration and removed all customs borders between each other after July 2011. On 19 November 2011, the member states put together a joint commission on fostering closer economic ties, planning to create a Eurasian Economic Union by 2015.[11][12] On 1 January 2012, the three states formed a single economic space to promote further economic integration.[12][13] The Eurasian Economic Commission is the regulatory agency for the Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Community.[12]

The creation of the Eurasian Customs Union was guaranteed by 3 different treaties signed in 1995, 1999 and 2007. The first treaty in 1995 guaranteeing its creation, the second in 1999 guaranteeing its formation, and the third in 2007 announced the establishment of a common customs territory and the formation of the customs union.

Overview

Sheremetyevo International Airport, Moscow, Russia. Passengers from Kazakhstan are no longer subject to customs inspections.

Export

  • When exporting goods a zero rated VAT is guaranteed and (or) the exemption (refunds) of excise taxes if sufficient documentary evidence has been provided (proof of export).

Imports

  • Imported goods into the territory of the Russia from the territory of Belarus or Kazakhstan are subject to VAT and excise duties and are levied by the Russian tax authorities.[14]

87.95% of customs import duties come from Russia's budget, 4.7% from Belarus and the remainder from Kazakhstan.[15]

Market access

See also: Eurasian Conformity mark
Nominal World GDP and GDP of Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia in 2011.
  European Union: $17.1 trillion (25%)
  United States: $14.8 trillion (22%)
  China: $7.2 trillion (10%)
  Japan: $5.8 trillion (8%)
  Other countries: $22.2 trillion (32%)
  Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan
 and Russia: $2.1 trillion (3%)

Access of products to the single territory of the Customs Union[16] is granted after products have proved to be compliant with the requirements of Customs Union Technical Regulations which are applicable to the product. As of December 2012, 31 Customs Union Technical Regulations have been developed[17] covering different types of products, some of which have already come into force, while others will come into force in the period 2012 – 2015. Some Technical Regulations are being still developed.

Before Technical Regulations come into force, the following approvals are the basis for access to the Customs Union Member Countries:

  • National approvals/certificates – they are good for access of product to the country where this approval/certificate has been issued.
  • Customs Union Certificates/Approvals issued in accordance with the “List of products subject to mandatory conformity approval in the Customs Union” – such Certificate/Approval is valid in all the three Member Countries of the Customs Union.
See also: GOST
The growth rate of the total turnover of foreign and mutual trade of the Customs Union (growth of the quarter compared to the corresponding period of the previous year). The Common Customs Code was established on July 1, 2010 (blue vertical line). Data source: Eurasian Economic Commission, Department of Statistics[18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

Opinion polling

Beginning in 2012, the Eurasian Development Bank (established by Russia and Kazakhstan) conducts regular opinion polling of selected states with regards to Eurasian integration projects. The following question was asked to the residents of the selected countries, translated from Russian to their native language:

  • "Беларусь, Казахстан и Россия объединились в Таможенный союз, который освободил торговлю между тремя странами от пошлин, и создали Единое экономическое пространство (по сути - единый рынок трех стран). Как Вы относитесь к этому решению?"
  • Unofficial English translation: "Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia have united in a Customs Union, which has removed tariffs from their mutual trade, and created a Common Economic Space (essentially - a common market of the three countries). How do you feel about this decision?"

The results for the sum of answers "Favorably" and "Very favorably" are below:[25][26][27]

Country 2012 2013 2014
 Russia 72% 67% 79%
 Belarus 60% 65% 68%
 Kazakhstan 80% 73% 84%
 Armenia 61% 67% 64%
 Kyrgyzstan 67% 72% 50%
 Azerbaijan 38% 37% 22%
 Moldova 65% 54% 49%
 Tajikistan 76% 75% 72%
 Uzbekistan 67% 77% 68%
 Ukraine 57% 50% 31%
 Turkmenistan No data 50% No data
 Georgia 30% 59% 53%

Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia are current members of the Customs Union, noted in blue. Georgia is a non-CIS member state which participated in polling, noted in red. Turkmenistan opted out of polling in 2012 and 2014, but participated in 2013.

According to opinion polls by Razumkov Centre and Sociological group "RATING" Eurasian Customs Union membership in Ukraine was favoured by 22% (Razumkov Centre in June 2014) and 17% ("RATING" in November 2014).[28][29] A February 2015 opinion poll by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology stated that 12% of the polled (Ukrainians) supported joining the Eurasian Customs Union.[30]

Criticism

The United States opposes the Customs Union, claiming it as an attempt to "reestablish a Russian-dominated USSR-type union among the Post-Soviet states".[31]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurasian Economic Community.

References

  1. ^ http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B14_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg//%3Cextid%3E/%3Cstoragepath%3E::%7Cdk11/8-0.doc
  2. ^ "The World Factbook".
  3. ^ http://belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/operativnaya-informatsiya_1/o-demograficheskoi-situatsii-v-yanvare-sentyabre-2014-g/
  4. ^ http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf
  5. ^ http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/Excel/5010003.XLS
  6. ^ "Country Comparision:GDP at Purchasing Power Parity". Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  7. ^ "Country Comparison: GDP at Official Exchange Rate". Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  8. ^ Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan Agree on Customs Union Saturday, 5 December 2009
  9. ^ Kyrgyzstan and Armenia will officially enter the Eurasian Customs Union that was created by Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, on the January 1, 2015., Kyrgyzstan, Armenia officially enter Eurasian Economic Union, 24.kg. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  10. ^ Soviet Union to be restored in the form of new customs union, Kyiv Post (18 December 2009)
  11. ^ "Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan sign pact". UPI. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  12. ^ a b c Ukraine cannot get observer status at Eurasian Econ Union due to Association Agreement with EU, Russia, Interfax-Ukraine (14 June 2013)
  13. ^ Barron, Lisa (1 October 2013). "Belarus eases current account deficit with Customs Union, Common Economic Space". Cistran Finance. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  14. ^ "Доклад «Итоги деятельности Минэкономразвития России в 2009 году и задачи на 2010 год»" (PDF). 23 April 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Белоруссия может выйти из ТС, если Россия не отменит пошлины на нефтепродукты". Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
  16. ^ "What approval is needed to enter the market of the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia".
  17. ^ "Customs Union Technical Regulations".
  18. ^ "Статистика внешней торговли и статистика взаимной торговли". Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики. Archived from the original on 2013-08-29.
  19. ^ Объемы, темпы и пропорции развития взаимной торговли государств — членов ТС и ЕЭП (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  20. ^ Объемы, темпы и пропорции развития взаимной торговли государств — членов ТС и ЕЭП (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  21. ^ Объем внешней торговли Таможенного союза (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  22. ^ Итоги внешней торговли Таможенного союза со всеми странами (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  23. ^ Итоги внешней торговли Таможенного союза со всеми странами (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  24. ^ Итоги внешней торговли Таможенного союза со всеми странами (pdf) (in Russian). Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Департамент статистики.
  25. ^ "Интеграционный барометр ЕАБР 2012". Центр интеграционных исследований Евразийского банка развития. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  26. ^ "Интеграционный барометр ЕАБР 2013" (PDF). Центр интеграционных исследований Евразийского банка развития. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  27. ^ "Интеграционный барометр ЕАБР 2014" (PDF). Центр интеграционных исследований Евразийского банка развития. September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  28. ^ http://censor.net.ua/news/291636/bolee_60_ukraintsev_gotovy_podderjat_vstuplenie_v_evrosoyuz_i_svyshe_40_v_nato_opros
  29. ^ Assessment of the situation in the East. Foreign policy orientations of the population, Rating (2014/11/20)
  30. ^ Support for joining EU rises one year after Revolution of Dignity – poll, Interfax-Ukraine (19 March 2015)
  31. ^ Failed reset?: United States decries “sovietization” of former USSR states
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