First Kok cabinet

First Kok cabinet
*First Purple cabinet*
First Kok cabinet ; First Purple cabinet
; Cabinet of the Netherlands
	The installation of the first Kok cabinet on 22 August 1994
Date formed	22 August 1994
Date dissolved	3 August 1998 ; (Demissionary from 6 May 1998)
People and organisations
Head of state	Queen Beatrix
Head of government	Wim Kok
Deputy head of government	Hans Dijkstal ; Hans van Mierlo
No. of ministers	14
Member party	Labour Party ; (PvdA) ; People's Party for ; Freedom and Democracy ; (VVD) ; Democrats 66 ; (D66)
Status in legislature	Centrist ; Majority government ; (Grand coalition/Purple)
History
Election	1994 election
Outgoing election	1998 election
Legislature terms	1994–1998
Incoming formation	1994 formation
Outgoing formation	1998 formation
Predecessor	Third Lubbers cabinet
Successor	Second Kok cabinet

The first Kok cabinet, also called the first Purple cabinet was the executive branch of the Dutch government from 22 August 1994 until 3 August 1998. The cabinet was formed by the social-democratic Labour Party (PvdA), the conservative-liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), and the social-liberal Democrats 66 after the election of 1994. The cabinet was a centrist grand coalition and had a substantial majority in the House of Representatives with Labour Leader Wim Kok serving as Prime Minister. Prominent Liberal politician Hans Dijkstal served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior, while Progressive-Liberal Leader Hans van Mierlo served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

The cabinet served during the economic expansion of the 1990s. Domestically, it was able to implement several major social reforms such as legalizing euthanasia and had to deal with the fallout of the El Al Flight 1862 crash. Internationally, the signing of the Treaty of Amsterdam took place, but it also had to deal with several crises such as the Bosnian War. The cabinet suffered no major internal conflicts, completing its entire term, and was succeeded by a continuation of the coalition in the second Kok cabinet following the election of 1998.^[1]

Formation

After the election on 3 May 1994 the Labour Party (PvdA) of Wim Kok was the winner of the election despite losing 12 seats and now had a total of 37 seats. The Christian Democratic Appeal of incumbent Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers who had announced his retirement from national politics earlier was succeeded as Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal by the Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives Elco Brinkman, a former Minister of Welfare, Health and Culture on 29 January 1994, under the new leadership they lost 20 seats and now had 34 seats. The Democrats 66 of Hans van Mierlo was the biggest winner gaining 12 new seats and now had a total of 24 seats. The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy under Frits Bolkestein where the other big winner gaining 9 new seats had a total of 31 seats in the House of Representatives.

On 6 May 1994 Queen Beatrix appointed President of the Senate Herman Tjeenk Willink (PvdA) as Informateur to start the cabinet formation process. After a first round of talks the Labour Party, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and the Democrats 66 agreed to start negotiation talks. The first round of negotiations were troubled by objections from the Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy Frits Bolkenstein, in the end an agreement was reached to form a coalition. On 14 May 1994 Queen Beatrix appointed President of the Association of Netherlands Municipalities Klaas de Vries (PvdA), a former Member of the House of Representatives and Gijs van Aardenne (VVD), a former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs and Senator Jan Vis (D66), a professor of Constitutional law at the University of Groningen as Informateurs. On 3 June 1994 party leaders Wim Kok (PvdA), Frits Bolkenstein (VVD) and Hans van Mierlo (D66) reached an agreement to begin the cabinet formation. The final cabinet formation negotiations were also troubled by new objections from Frits Bolkenstein about a stronger integration policy and on 26 June 1994 negotiations between the parties failed to form a cabinet.

On 27 June 1994 Queen Beatrix reappointed Herman Tjeenk Willink as Informateur to look at the possibility of the Christian Democratic Appeal joining the Labour Party and the Democrats 66 in a coalition but objections from Democrats 66 halted that. On 6 July 1994 Queen Beatrix appointed Wim Kok as Informateur to write an open coalition proposal with the possibility of other parties to join the agreement. On 29 July 1994 the Labour Party, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and the Democrats 66 finally agreed to form a cabinet and Queen Beatrix appointed Wim Kok as Formateur that same day and tasked him with forming a new cabinet. On 22 August 1994 the cabinet formation was completed and the First Kok cabinet was installed with Wim Kok as Prime Minister and with Hans Dijkstal and Hans van Mierlo as Deputy Prime Ministers.

On 16 August 1994 shortly before the cabinet formation was completed Elco Brinkman who had only been the Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal since 29 January 1994 stepped down following the disappointing election results and his inability to join the new cabinet, he was succeeded by Member of the House of Representatives Enneüs Heerma, the former State Secretary for Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment.

Term

The main aim of the cabinet under the lead of Wim Kok was to create employment. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth had been erratic in recent years. The aim of the cabinet was to increase the influence of markets in the economy, with policies of tax reduction, economizing and trying to keep people out of the social care by supporting employment. Large infrastructural projects were started. Another aim was to make an end to the enormous debt of the Dutch government.

The Treaty of Amsterdam was signed during this cabinet. The Srebrenica massacre occurred under the responsibility of this government, which led later to the fall of the Second Kok cabinet.

The cabinet started processes of liberalization which were completed by the same coalition in the following cabinet: the legalization of prostitution in 2000, same-sex marriage in 2001 and Euthanasia in 2002.

This cabinet was the last to serve a full term until the Second Rutte cabinet from 2012 to 2017. Five of the following cabinets resigned and one was a temporary caretaker cabinet.^[2]

Changes

On 28 June 1996, State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment Robin Linschoten (VVD) resigned after a majority of the House of Representatives indicated that they had lost confidence in his ability to remain in office after a critical parliamentary inquiry into his handling of several social security issues was released. On 2 July 1996, Amsterdam alderman Frank de Grave (VVD), a former Member of the House of Representatives was appointed as his successor.

Cabinet members

Ministers		Title/Ministry/Portfolio(s)			Term of office	Party
	Wim Kok (1938–2018)	Prime Minister	General Affairs		22 August 1994 – 22 July 2002 ^[Continued]	Labour Party
	Hans Dijkstal (1943–2010)	Deputy Prime Minister	Interior		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Hans Dijkstal (1943–2010)	Minister	Interior		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Hans van Mierlo (1931–2010)	Deputy Prime Minister	Foreign Affairs		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Democrats 66
	Hans van Mierlo (1931–2010)	Minister	Foreign Affairs		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Democrats 66
	Gerrit Zalm (born 1952)	Minister	Finance		22 August 1994 – 4 June 1996 ^[Note]	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Dr. Hans Wijers (born 1951)				4 June 1996 – 26 June 1996 ^[Acting]	Democrats 66
	Gerrit Zalm (born 1952)				26 June 1996 – 22 July 2002 ^[Continued]	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Winnie Sorgdrager (born 1948)	Minister	Justice		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Democrats 66
	Dr. Hans Wijers (born 1951)	Minister	Economic Affairs		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Democrats 66
	Dr. Joris Voorhoeve (born 1945)	Minister	Defence		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Dr. Joris Voorhoeve (born 1945)	Minister	Interior	• Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Dr. Els Borst (1932–2014)	Minister	Health, Welfare and Sport		3 August 1998 – 22 July 2002 ^[Continued]	Democrats 66
	Ad Melkert (born 1956)	Minister	Social Affairs and Employment		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Labour Party
	Dr. Jo Ritzen (born 1945)	Minister	Education, Culture and Science		7 November 1989 – 3 August 1998 ^[Retained]	Labour Party
	Annemarie Jorritsma (born 1950)	Minister	Transport and Water Management		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Jozias van Aartsen (born 1947)	Minister	Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Margreeth de Boer (born 1939)	Minister	Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment		22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Labour Party
Minister without portfolio		Title/Ministry/Portfolio			Term of office	Party
	Jan Pronk (born 1940)	Minister	Foreign Affairs	• Development Cooperation	7 November 1989 – 3 August 1998 ^[Retained]	Labour Party
State Secretaries		Title/Ministry/Portfolio			Term of office	Party
	Tonny van de Vondervoort (born 1950)	State Secretary	Interior	• Municipalities	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Labour Party
	Jacob Kohnstamm (born 1949)	State Secretary	Interior	• Public Security • Emergency Services • Emergency Management • Urban Planning	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Democrats 66
	Michiel Patijn (born 1942)	State Secretary	Foreign Affairs	• European Union • Benelux	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Dr. Willem Vermeend (born 1948)	State Secretary	Finance	• Fiscal Policy • Tax and Customs • Governmental Budget	22 August 1994 – 24 March 2000 ^[Continued]	Labour Party
	Elizabeth Schmitz (born 1938)	State Secretary	Justice	• Immigration and Asylum • Civil Law • Youth Justice	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Labour Party
	Anneke van Dok -van Weele (born 1947)	State Secretary ^[Title]	Economic Affairs	• Trade and Export • Consumer Protection • Tourism	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Labour Party
	Lieutenant commander Jan Gmelich Meijling (1936–2012)	State Secretary	Defence	• Human Resources • Equipment	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Erica Terpstra (born 1943)	State Secretary	Health, Welfare and Sport	• Social Services • Elderly Care • Youth Care • Disability Policy • Minorities • Food Policy • Recreation • Sport	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Robin Linschoten (born 1956)	State Secretary	Social Affairs and Employment	• Social Security • Unemployment • Occupational Safety	22 August 1994 – 28 June 1996 ^[Res]	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Frank de Grave (born 1955)	State Secretary	Social Affairs and Employment	• Social Security • Unemployment • Occupational Safety	2 July 1996 – 3 August 1998	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
	Tineke Netelenbos (born 1944)	State Secretary	Education, Culture and Science	• Primary Education • Secondary Education • Special Education	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Labour Party
	Aad Nuis (1933–2007)	State Secretary	Education, Culture and Science	• Science Policy • Media • Culture • Art	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Democrats 66
	Dr. Dick Tommel (1942–2023)	State Secretary	Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment	• Public Housing • Spatial Planning	22 August 1994 – 3 August 1998	Democrats 66

^Resigned

^{Retained from the previous cabinet}

^{Continued in the next cabinet}

^Acting

^{Designated with the diplomatic rank of Minister}

^{Medical leave of absence from 4 June 1996 until 26 June 1996}

Trivia

Four cabinet members would later be granted the honorary title of Minister of State: Wim Kok (2002), Hans van Mierlo (1998), Winnie Sorgdrager (2018) and Els Borst (2012).
Four cabinet members had previous experience as scholars and professors: Gerrit Zalm (Political Economics), Joris Voorhoeve (International Relations), Els Borst (Medical Ethics) and Jo Ritzen (Public Economics).
Eight cabinet members (later) served as Party Leaders: Wim Kok (1986–2001) and Ad Melkert (2001–2002) of the Labour Party, Hans Dijkstal (1998–2002), Gerrit Zalm (2002–2004), Joris Voorhoeve (1986–1990) and Jozias van Aartsen (2004–2006) of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Hans van Mierlo (1966–1973, 1986–1998) and Els Borst (1998) of the Democrats 66.

References

^ "De formatie van Paars 1: een heidens karwei" (in Dutch). Andere Tijden. 3 September 2002. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "Paarse kabinetten (1994–2002)" (in Dutch). IsGeschiedenis. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

External links

Official

(in Dutch) Kabinet-Kok I Rijksoverheid
(in Dutch) Kabinet-Kok I Parlement & Politiek

[1] "De formatie van Paars 1: een heidens karwei" (in Dutch). Andere Tijden. 3 September 2002. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[2] "Paarse kabinetten (1994–2002)" (in Dutch). IsGeschiedenis. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[1]

[2]

v t e First Kok cabinet (1994–1998)
Preceded by: Third Lubbers cabinet Succeeded by: Second Kok cabinet
Prime Minister	Wim Kok (General Affairs)
Deputy Prime Ministers	Hans Dijkstal (Interior) Hans van Mierlo (Foreign Affairs)
Ministers	Gerrit Zalm (Finance) (1994–1996) Hans Wijers (Finance) (Ad interim) Gerrit Zalm (Finance) (1996–1998) Winnie Sorgdrager (Justice) Hans Wijers (Economic Affairs) Joris Voorhoeve (Defence) Els Borst (Health, Welfare and Sport) Ad Melkert (Social Affairs and Employment) Jo Ritzen (Education, Culture and Science) Annemarie Jorritsma (Transport and Water Management) Jozias van Aartsen (Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries) Margreeth de Boer (Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)
Minister without portfolios	Joris Voorhoeve (Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs) Jan Pronk (Development Cooperation)
State Secretaries	Tonny van de Vondervoort (Interior) Jacob Kohnstamm (Interior) Michiel Patijn (Foreign Affairs) Willem Vermeend (Finance) Elizabeth Schmitz (Justice) Anneke van Dok-van Weele (Economic Affairs) Jan Gmelich Meijling (Defence) Erica Terpstra (Health, Welfare and Sport) Robin Linschoten (Social Affairs and Employment) (1994–1996) Frank de Grave (Social Affairs and Employment) (from 1996) Tineke Netelenbos (Education, Culture and Science) Aad Nuis (Education, Culture and Science) Monique de Vries (Transport and Water Management) Dick Tommel (Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)