Germany–Ukraine relations
 |
 | |
 Germany |
 Ukraine |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of Germany, Kyiv | Embassy of Ukraine, Berlin |
| Envoy | |
| Ambassador Anka Feldguzen | Ambassador Andriy Melnyk |
Germany–Ukraine relations are foreign relations between Germany and Ukraine. Diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Germany originally were established in 1918 as between Ukrainian People's Republic and German Empire, but were discontinued soon thereafter due to occupation of Ukraine by the Red Army. Current relations were resumed in 1989 at a consulate level, and in 1992 as full-scale diplomatic mission.
History
- 1918 - In the aftermath of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, German troops provided military assistance to Ukraine against the Soviet Russia; German military administration was instrumental in Pavlo Skoropadskyi coup against the Ukrainian People's Republic (April 1918) and the establishment of the short-lived Ukrainian State; the first German Ambassador to Ukraine was Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein; the first Ukrainian Ambassador to Germany was Oleksandr Sevriuk (as Chargé d'affaires) who was replaced with Teodor Shteingel.
- 1941-1944 - German troops (with the help of Italians, Romanians, and Hungarians) occupy most of Soviet Ukraine and portioning between General Government and Reichskommissariat Ukraine; OUN's Ukrainian Insurgent Army alternates between fighting the Germans and accepting their help against the Soviets.
- 1944-1950s - surviving OUN leaders find refuge in the US occupation zone of Germany, which becomes home to many Ukrainian displaced persons
- 1953 - Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (then called "Radio Liberation") starts its operations in Munich, broadcasting to Ukraine in Ukrainian
- 1959 - Stepan Bandera killed in Munich by a Soviet agent
- 2011 - the Nord Stream makes Ukraine economically vulnerable
- 2014 - Germany belongs to the Normandy format.
- 2014 - EU sanctions against Russia. Ostpolitik policy was dramatically shaken after 2014 as Russia threatened Ukraine, seized Crimea, and sponsored fighting in eastern Ukraine. Berlin denounced Moscow's actions as a violation of international law, and took a leadership role in formulating EU sanctions. However, Germany depends heavily on Russian energy supplies via the Nord Stream pipeline, so it has proceeded cautiously and opposes American efforts to cancel Nord Stream.[1]
- 2018 - the planned Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany was opposed by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko.[2]
- 2022 - Germany blocks arms supplies to Ukraine[3][4] during the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis. British Royal Air Force C-17 planes take a long detour around German air space to deliver thousands of NLAW anti-tank weapons to Kyiv.[5] Ukraine's foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba states that Ukrainians will remember Germany's position "for decades".[6]
- 2022 - The German ambassador to Ukraine Anka Feldhusen is summoned to Ukraine's foreign ministry over comments by German navy chief Kay-Achim Schönbach; vice admiral Kay-Achim Schönbach resigns.[7]
- 2022 - Annalena Baerbock as a representative of Germany's foreign ministry requested German citizens to urgently leave Ukraine as Russia poised to invade Ukraine, Furthermore, after G7 meeting, she assured the united support by the group for Ukraine.[8]
- 2022 - On Saturday, February 26, Germany abandoned a long-standing policy of never sending weapons to conflict zones; it increased its support for Ukraine's fight against Russia, sanctioning arms transfers to Kyiv in a policy reversal and agreeing to block Moscow's access to the SWIFT interbank system.[9]
- 2022 - Ukraine rejects a request for an official visit by German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier[10][11] who is widely perceived in Ukraine as being pro-Russian owing to his support for Nord Stream 2 and past comments accusing NATO of "warmongering".[12]
- 2022 - In a change of policy, Germany commits to sending armored anti-aircraft systems and armored vehicles to Ukraine. [13]
Diplomatic missions location
Germany has an embassy in Kyiv and 1 Consulate-General in Donetsk (due to Russian aggression (War in Donbass) temporarily in Dnipro).[14][15]
Ukraine has an embassy in Berlin and 3 Consulates-General in Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich.
Head of missions (1917-1920s)
- Germany
- 1917-18 Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein
- 1918-19 Johannes (Hans) Graf von Berchem
- Ukraine
- 1918-18 Oleksandr Sevriuk (chargé d'affaires)
- 1918-18 Omelian Koziy (chargé d'affaires)
- 1918-18 Teodor Shteingel
- 1918-20 Mykola Porsh
- 1921-23 Roman Smal-Stocki
- 1923-23 Nikolaus von Wassilko (chargé d'affaires)
- Soviets (representative of the Soviet government in Ukraine)
- 1921-23 Voldemar Aussem
Resident diplomatic missions
- Germany has an embassy in Kyiv.
- Ukraine has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt, Düsseldorf, Hamburg and Munich.
-
Embassy of Germany in Kyiv -
Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin
See also
- Ukrainian diaspora
- Cold War II
- Ukrainians in Germany
- Germans in Ukraine
- Ukraine–EU relations
- Russo-Ukrainian War
References
- ^ Marco Siddi, "German foreign policy towards Russia in the aftermath of the Ukraine crisis: A new Ostpolitik?." Europe-Asia Studies 68.4 (2016): 665-677.
- ^ "Germany and Russia gas links: Trump is not only one to ask questions". The Guardian. 11 July 2018.
- ^ "Ukraine blames Germany for 'blocking' Nato weapons supply". Financial Times. 12 December 2021.
- ^ "Germany blocks Estonian arms exports to Ukraine: report". Deutsche Welle. 21 January 2022.
- ^ "UK planes took a long detour around Germany to deliver weapons to Ukraine in case Russia invades". Business Insider. 18 January 2022.
- ^ "Кулеба: українці десятиліттями пам'ятатимуть позицію Німеччини щодо зброї". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 23 January 2022.
- ^ "German navy chief resigns amid diplomatic row with Kyiv". Politico. 22 January 2022.
- ^ "Germany asks citizens to leave Ukraine 'urgently'". Business Recorder. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ M. Herszenhorn, David; Bayer, Lili; Burchard, Hans Von Der (26 February 2022). "Germany to send Ukraine weapons in historic shift on military aid". Politico. Politico. Politico. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine snubs German president over past Russia links". theguardian.com. 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
- ^ "Ukraine rejects official visit by German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier". DW.COM. 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
- ^ "German foreign minister accuses Nato of 'warmongering' with military exercises that could worsen tensions with Russia". The Independent. 18 June 2016.
- ^ "Pressure mounts on Berlin as Kyiv snubs German president".
- ^ Consulate-General in Donetsk. Embassy of Germany in Ukraine.
- ^ Consulate-General in Donetsk official website
Further reading
- Dembińska, Magdalena, and Frederic Mérand, eds. Cooperation and Conflict between Europe and Russia (Routledge, 2021).
- Fix, Liana. "The different ‘shades’ of German power: Germany and EU foreign policy during the Ukraine Conflict." German Politics 27.4 (2018): 498-515. online
- Siddi, Marfco. "German foreign policy towards Russia in the aftermath of the Ukraine crisis: A new Ostpolitik?." Europe-Asia Studies 68.4 (2016): 665-677.
External links
- German Foreign Ministry about relations with Ukraine
- German embassy in Kyiv (in German and Ukrainian only)
- Ukrainian embassy in Berlin (in German and Ukrainian only)
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