Khyber Pass

Khyber Pass
Khyber Pass
	Looking back towards the Vale of Peshawar, on the Pakistan side of the Khyber Pass.
Elevation	1,070 m (3,510 ft)
Location	Afghanistan/Pakistan
Range	Safed Koh/Spin Ghar
Coordinates	34°04′33″N 71°12′14″E / 34.07570°N 71.20394°E

The Khyber Pass (Pashto: د خیبر درہ^{[pronunciation?]}, Urdu: در خیبر^{[pronunciation?]}) (elevation: 1,070 m or 3,510 ft) is a mountain pass connecting Afghanistan and Pakistan, cutting through the northeastern part of the Spin Ghar mountains. An integral part of the ancient Silk Road, it is one of the oldest known passes in the world. Throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia and a strategic military location. The summit of the pass is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) inside Pakistan at Landi Kotal. The Khyber Pass is part of the Asian Highway 1 (AH1).

History

Well known invasions of the area have been predominantly through the Khyber Pass, such as the invasions by Darius I and Alexander the Great and also include Genghis Khan and later Mongols such as Duwa, Qutlugh Khwaja and Kebek. Among the Muslim invasions of South Asia, the famous invaders coming through the Khyber Pass are Mahmud Ghaznavi, and the Afghan Muhammad Ghori and the Turkic-Mongols. Finally, Sikhs under Ranjit Singh captured the Khyber Pass in 1798. Hari Singh Nalwa, who manned the Khyber Pass for years, became a household name in Afghanistan.^[1]^[2]

To the north of the Khyber Pass lies the country of the Mullagori tribe. To the south is Afridi Tirah, while the inhabitants of villages in the Pass itself are Afridi clansmen. Throughout the centuries the Pashtun clans, particularly the Afridis and the Afghan Shinwaris, have regarded the Pass as their own preserve and have levied a toll on travellers for safe conduct. Since this has long been their main source of income, resistance to challenges to the Shinwaris' authority has often been fierce.

For strategic reasons, after the First World War the British built a heavily engineered railway through the Pass. The Khyber Pass Railway from Jamrud, near Peshawar, to the Afghan border near Landi Kotal was opened in 1925.

During World War II concrete "dragon’s teeth" (tank obstacles) were erected on the valley floor due to British fears of a German tank invasion of India.^[3]

The Pass became widely known to thousands of Westerners and Japanese who traveled it in the days of the Hippie trail, taking a bus or car from Kabul to the Afghan border. At the Pakistani frontier post, travelers were advised not to wander away from the road, as the location was a barely controlled Federally Administered Tribal Area. Then, after customs formalities, a quick daylight drive through the Pass was made. Monuments left by British Army units, as well as hillside forts, could be viewed from the highway.

The area of the Khyber Pass has been connected with a counterfeit arms industry, making various types of weapons known to gun collectors as Khyber Pass Copies, using local steel and blacksmiths' forges.^{[citation needed]}

Current conflicts

During the current war in Afghanistan, the Khyber Pass has been a major route for resupplying military armament and food to the NATO forces in the Afghan theater of conflict since the US started the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. Almost 80 percent of the NATO and US supplies that are brought in by road were transported through this Khyber Pass. Furthermore, it has also been used to transport civilians from the Afghan side to the Pakistani one. Until the end of 2007, this route had been relatively safe since the tribes living there (mainly Afridi, a Pashtun tribe) were paid by the Pakistani government to keep the area safe. However, since that year, the Taliban began to control the region, and so there started to exist wider tensions in their political relationship.

Since the end of 2008, supply convoys and depots in this western part increasingly came under attack by elements from or supposedly sympathetic to the Pakistani Taliban.

In January 2009, Pakistan sealed off the bridge as part of a military offensive against Taliban guerrillas. This military operation was mainly focused on Jamrud, a district on the Khyber road. The target was to “dynamite or bulldoze homes belonging to men suspected of harboring or supporting Taliban militants or carrying out other illegal activities”.^[4] The result meant that more than 70 people were arrested and 45 homes were destroyed. In addition, two children and one woman were killed. As a response, in early February 2009, Taliban insurgents cut off the Khyber Pass temporarily by blowing up a key bridge.

This increasingly unstable situation in northwest Pakistan, made the US and NATO broaden supply routes, through Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). Even the option of supplying material through the Iranian far southeastern port of Chabahar was considered.^[5]

In 2010, the already complicated relationship with Pakistan (always accused by the US of hosting the Taliban in this border area without reporting it) became tougher after the NATO forces, under the pretext of mitigating the Taliban's power over this area, executed an attack with drones over the Durand line, passing the frontier of Afghanistan and killing three Pakistani soldiers. Pakistan answered by closing the pass on 30 September which caused a convoy of several NATO trucks to queue at the closed border.^[6] This convoy was attacked by extremists apparently linked to Al Qaida which caused the destruction of more than 29 oil tankers and trucks and the killing of several soldiers.^[7] NATO chief members had to issue a formal apology to the Pakistan government so the supply traffic at this pass could be restored.

In August 2011, the activity at the Khyber pass was again halted^[8] by the Khyber Agency administration due to the more possible attacks of the insurgency over the NATO forces, which had suffered a period of big number of assaults over the trucks heading to supply the NATO and ISAF coalitions all over the frontier line. This instability made the Pakistan Oil Tanker Owners Association demand more protection from the Pakistani and US government threatening not to supply fuel for the Afghan side.

Cultural references

A number of locations, around the world, have been named after the Khyber Pass:

A suburb of Civil Lines, Delhi, India is named after this pass.^[9]^[10]^[11]
Khyber Pass road is a major road in the suburb of Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand.
An artificial rockwork feature at East Park, Kingston upon Hull, UK.^[12]^[13]
A steep and twisting road up the West Cliff at Whitby, UK.
Khyber Pass Pub in Philadelphia, PA.
The podcast "Twilight histories" has an episode called "Napoleon in Afghanistan" which partly takes place in the Khyber Pass.
The Vampire Weekend song "M79" references the Khyber Pass.

References

^ The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion - Paddy Docherty - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837) - Vanit Nalwa - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ "Introducing The Khyber Pass". Lonelyplanet.com. 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
^ OPPEL Jr, RICHARD A. (2 January 2009). "Pakistan Briefly Reopens Key NATO Supply Route". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Pakistan and Afghanistan". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Pakistan Reopens Khyber Pass To US/NATO". Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Karin Brulliard (October 9, 2010). "Pakistan reopens border to NATO supply trucks". Washington Post Foreign Service. Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Ahmad Nabi (August 17, 2011). "Nato supplies via Khyber Pass halted due to security". Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Khyber Pass Map. Mapsofindia.com (2013-03-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ Khyber Pass Delhi - Google Maps. Maps.google.co.uk (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ http://indiapropertyexpert.com/mgf-city-khyber-pass-north-delhi.htm
^ "East's Eden". Kingston upon Hull City Council. September 2002.
^ "Register of Historic Parks and Gardens". English Heritage.

External links

[1] The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion - Paddy Docherty - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.

[2] Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837) - Vanit Nalwa - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.

[3] "Introducing The Khyber Pass". Lonelyplanet.com. 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2010-11-12.

[4] OPPEL Jr, RICHARD A. (2 January 2009). "Pakistan Briefly Reopens Key NATO Supply Route". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[5] "Pakistan and Afghanistan". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[6] "Pakistan Reopens Khyber Pass To US/NATO". Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[7] Karin Brulliard (October 9, 2010). "Pakistan reopens border to NATO supply trucks". Washington Post Foreign Service. Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[8] Ahmad Nabi (August 17, 2011). "Nato supplies via Khyber Pass halted due to security". Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[9] Khyber Pass Map. Mapsofindia.com (2013-03-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.

[10] Khyber Pass Delhi - Google Maps. Maps.google.co.uk (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.

[11] ttp://indiapropertyexpert.com/mgf-city-khyber-pass-north-delhi.htm

[12] "East's Eden". Kingston upon Hull City Council. September 2002.

[13] "Register of Historic Parks and Gardens". English Heritage.

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Khyber Pass

History

Current conflicts

Cultural references

See also

References

Further reading

External links

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Ancient Palaeolithic Soanian culture, c. 500,000 – 250,000 BCE Neolithic Mehrgarh, c. 7000 – c. 3000 BCE Indus Valley Civilisation, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE Achaemenid Empire, c. 550 – c. 330 BCE Gedrosia, c. 542 – c. 330 BCE Gandhara, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE Arachosia, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE Hindush, c. 517 – c. 330 BCE Sattagydia, c. 516 – c. 330 BCE Ror dynasty, c. 489 – c. 450 BCE Macedonian Empire, c. 329 – c. 323 BCE Arachosia, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Gedrosia, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Paropamisadae, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Porus, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Taxiles, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Mauryan Empire, c. 322 – c. 200 BCE Seleucid Empire, c. 312 – c. 63 BCE Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, c. 190 – c. 140 BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom, c. 170 – c. 50 BCE Indo-Scythian Kingdom, c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE Apracharajas, c. 25 BCE – c. 50 CE Paratarajas, c. 120 – c. 300 CE
Classical Parthian Empire, c. 90 BCE – c. 25 CE Indo-Parthian Kingdom, c. 25 – c. 80 CE Kushan Empire, c. 60 – 345 CE Sasanian Empire, c. 250 – 655 CE Indo-Sasanians, c. 240 – 410 CE Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, c. 240 – 410 CE Gupta Empire, c. 345 – c. 455 CE Rai dynasty, c. 415 – 644 CE Hephthalite Empire, c. 450 – 560 CE Brahman dynasty, c. 641 – 725 CE
Medieval Caliphate, c. 643 – 860 CE Rashidun Caliphate, c. 643 – 661 CE Umayyad Caliphate, c. 670 – 860 CE Pala Empire, c. 770 – 850 CE Habbari dynasty, c. 841 – 1024 CE Hindu Shahi, c. 870 – 1010 CE Samanid Empire, c. 905 – 999 CE Ghaznavids, c. 999 – 1186 CE Soomra dynasty, c. 1024 – 1351 CE Ghurid dynasty, c. 1170 – 1215 CE Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE Mamluk dynasty, c. 1206 – c. 1290 CE Khalji dynasty, c. 1290 – c. 1320 CE Tugluq dynasty, c. 1320 – c. 1413 CE Sayyid dynasty, c. 1414 – c. 1451 CE Lodhi dynasty, c. 1451 – c. 1526 CE Mongol Empire, c. 1221 – c. 1327 CE Chagatai Khanate, c. 1225 – c. 1485 CE Ilkhanate, c. 1256 – c. 1353 CE Raees dynasty, c. 1320 – 1620 CE Katoor dynasty, c. 1570 – c. 1947 CE Samma dynasty, c. 1351 – c. 1524 CE Arghun dynasty, c. 1520 – c. 1554 CE Mughal Empire, c. 1526 – c. 1707 CE Bombay Presidency, c. 1618 – c. 1947 CE Suri dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE Tarkhan dynasty, c. 1554 – 1591 CE
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