Leaders of the Russian Civil War
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The leaders of the Russian Civil War listed below include the important political and military figures of the Russian Civil War.[1] The conflict, fought largely from 7 November 1917 to 25 October 1922 (though with some conflicts in the Far East lasting until late 1923 and in Central Asia until 1934), was fought between numerous factions, the two largest being the Bolsheviks (The "Reds") and the White Movement (The "Whites"). While the Bolsheviks were centralized under the administration of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), led by Vladimir Lenin, along with their various satellite and buffer states, the White Movement was more decentralized, functioning as a loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik forces united only in opposition to their common enemy - though from September 1918 to April 1920, the White Armies were nominally united under the administration of the Russian State, when, for nearly two years, Admiral Alexander Kolchak served as the overall head of the White Movement and as the internationally recognized Head of State of Russia. In addition to the two primary factions, the war also involved a number of third parties, including the anarchists of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, and the non-ideological Green Armies.
Unlike the Bolsheviks and the White Movement, the various third-party factions which took part in the conflict did not form a united front and often fought against each other as much as they fought against the larger belligerents, occasionally forming alliances when convenient, and breaking them almost as often. For instance, the Black Army fought alongside the Bolsheviks against the forces of Anton Denikin in South Russia, while the members of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party frequently cooperated with the White Army. A number of foreign nations also intervened against the Bolsheviks for various reasons, including the principal Allied Powers of World War I (in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War), and their German (in Ober Ost) and Austro-Hungarian opponents. In addition, a number of independence movements took the opportunity to break free from Russian control in the aftermath of the collapse of the Russian Empire, primarily fighting against the Bolsheviks, as well as against the White armies on occasion.
Bolsheviks
[edit]Russian SFSR
[edit]Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
Lev Kamenev Yakov Sverdlov # Mikhail Vladimirsky Mikhail Kalinin
Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Lenin
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission Felix Dzerzhinsky Yakov Peters
Red Army Leon Trotsky
(People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs)
High Command: Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko Nikolai Podvoisky Pavel Dybenko Nikolai Krylenko Jukums Vācietis Sergey Kamenev Alexander Svechin Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich Nikolay Rattel
Navy: Vasili Altfater # Yevgeny Berens Aleksandr Nemits Eduard Pantserzhanskiy Fyodor Raskolnikov Alexey Schastny 
Air Service: Konstantin Akashev
1st Cavalry Army: Semyon Budyonny Alexander Yegorov Kliment Voroshilov Iosif Apanasenko Grigory Kulik Alexander Parkhomenko † Boris Dumenko Konstantin Trunov † Aleksa Dundić † Semyon Timoshenko Ivan Tyulenev Efim Shchadenko
2nd Cavalry Army: Oka Gorodovikov Filipp Mironov Aleksandr Borczaninow
Western Army: Andrei Snesarev Alexander Novikov Vasily Glagolev Nikolai Sollogub Alexander Kuk Yevgeny Shilovskiy
Latvian Riflemen: Pēteris Stučka Frīdrihs Kalniņš Jānis Lācis Reinholds Bērziņš Antons Martusēvičs Kirill Stutzka Gustavs Mangulis Eduard Berzin Jānis Judiņš †
Red Cossacks: Vitaly Primakov
Eastern Front: Mikhail Muravyov † Mikhail Tukhachevsky Alexander Samoylo Vladimir Olderogge Rudolf Sivers † Sergey Lazo Yakov Tryapitsyn Pavel Lebedev Hayk Bzhishkyan Vasily Chapayev † Ivan Kutyakov Yakov Korotayev Sergei Mezheninov Yan Gamarnik Ivar Smilga Ivan Smirnov Sergey Gusev Filipp Goloshchekin Mikhail Alafuso Ivan Strod Pavel Khokhryakov † Mullanur Waxitov
Southern Front: Joseph Stalin Mikhail Levandovsky Vladimir Yegoryev Vladimir Gittis Vladimir Azin Pavel Sytin Pēteris Slavens # Vladimir Selivachyov # Semyon Pugachov Fyodor Podtelkov Iona Yakir Ivan Fedko Dmitry Zhloba Nikolay Kuibyshev Mikhail Lashevich Béla Kun
Caucasus Front: Sergo Ordzhonikidze Stepan Shaumian Grigory Korganov Ivan Sorokin Alexei Avtonomov # Anatoliy Gekker Valentin Trifonov Mikhail Velikanov Filipp Makharadze Sergei Kirov Nariman Narimanov
Northern Front: Dmitry Nadyozhny August Kork Dmitri Parsky # Semyon Nakhimson † Yuri Guzarsky
Ukrainian Front: Nikolay Shchors † Ivan Dubovoy Stanislav Kosior Grigory Kotovsky Nikolai Krivoruchko Anton Słucki Boris Shaposhnikov
Central Asian Front: Mikhail Frunze Grigori Sokolnikov Vasily Shorin Pyotr Kobozev Ivan Belov Alibi Dzhangildin Amankeldı İmanov Fyodor Kolesov Shalva Eliava Fayzulla Khodzhayev
Far Eastern Republic
[edit]
Alexander Krasnoshchyokov Nikolay Matveyev Genrich Eiche Vasily Blyukher Konstantin Avksentevsky Ieronim Uborevich Stepan Vostretsov Yakiv Pokus
Ukrainian SSR
[edit]
Yukhym Medvedev Volodymyr Zatonsky Grigory Petrovsky Georgy Pyatakov Serafima Hopner Emanuel Kviring Yevgenia Bosch Mykola Skrypnyk Christian Rakovsky Vasyl Shakhrai Yuriy Kotsiubynsky Fyodor Sergeyev †
Byelorussian SSR
[edit]
Vilhelm Knorin Alexander Chervyakov
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
[edit]
Kullervo Manner Yrjö Sirola Ali Aaltonen Eero Haapalainen Evert Eloranta Adolf Taimi Eino Rahja August Wesley Mikhail Svechnikov Georgy Bulatsel
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
[edit]
Damdin Sükhbaatar Soliin Danzan Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj Dambyn Chagdarjav Dogsomyn Bodoo Khorloogiin Choibalsan Dansranbilegiin Dogsom Darizavyn Losol Rinchingiin Elbegdorj
White Movement
[edit]Russian Republic
[edit]
Alexander Kerensky Viktor Chernov Nikolai Avksentiev Aleksandr Verkhovsky
Russian State
[edit]
Alexander Kolchak
(Supreme Ruler of Russia) Pyotr Vologodsky Viktor Pepelyayev Mikhail Smirnov Vasily Boldyrev
Northwestern Army: Nikolai Yudenich
(Commander-in-Chief) Anton Dzerozhinsky Alexander Rodzyanko Peter von Glasenapp Alexei Vandam Fyodor Keller Anatol von Lieven Pavel Bermondt-Avalov Aleksandr Dolgorukov
Northern Army: Yevgeny Miller
(Commander-in-Chief) Vladimir Marushevsky Mikhail Kvetsinsky Nikolai Tchaikovsky
Arctic Ocean Flotilla:
Leonid Ivanov Boris Vilkitsky
Armed Forces of South Russia: Anton Denikin
(Commander-in-Chief) Vladimir May-Mayevsky # Nikołaj Timanowski # Ivan Romanovsky † Alexander Lukomsky Dmitry Shcherbachev Mikhail Drozdovsky † Nikolai Tretyakov † Ignatiy Vasilchenko † Viktor Betling # Mikhail Rodzianko Nikołaj Bredow Abram Dragomirov Vladimir Dragomirov Vasily Flug Konstantin Prisovskiy Alexander Golubintzev Yakov Yuzefovich Pavel Chatilov Viktor Pokrovsky
Black Sea Flotilla: Vasily Kanin Mikhail Sablin # Dmitry Nenyukov Andrei Pokrovsky Nikolay Maksimov
Turkestan Army: Ippolit Savitsky Boris Kazanovich Konstantin Osipov † Konstantin Monstrov
Army of Wrangel: Pyotr Wrangel
(Commander-in-Chief) Alexander Krivoshein Vladimir Vitkovsky Alexander Kutepov Petr Makhrov Ivan Barbovich Alexander Borovsky Mikhail Fostikov Nikolai Shilling
Wrangel's Fleet: Mikhail Kedrov
People's Army of Komuch: Vladimir Kappel # Andrei Bakich Konstantin Nechaev Sergey Lyupov
Siberian Army: Aleksey Grishin-Almazov † Pavel Ivanov-Rinov Alexey Matkovsky Vladimir Gulidov Boris Annenkov Konstantin Sakharov Mikhail Pleshkov
Ural Army: Matvey Martynov † Vladimir Akutin Nikolay Saveliev Vladimir Tolstov
Orenburg Independent Army: Alexander Dutov † Ivan Akulinin
Amur Front: Ivan Kalmykov †
Women's Battalion: Maria Bochkareva
Siberian Flotilla: Sergey Timirev Mikhail Berens Georgy Stark
Volunteer Army
[edit] Lavr Kornilov †
(Commander-in-Chief) Mikhail Alekseyev # Sergey Markov † Dmitri Miontxinski † Mitrofan Nejentsev † Vasily Simanovsky †
Don Army District
[edit] Alexey Kaledin † Anatoly Nazarov Vasily Tchernetzov †
Don Republic
[edit]
Pyotr Krasnov Afrikan Bogaevsky
Great Don Army: Svyatoslav Denisov Vladimir Sidorin Pyotr Popov Ivan Popov † Konstantin Mamontov # Alexander Fitzchelaurov Fyodor Kryukov # Emmanuel Semiletov # Georgiy Kargalskov Aleksandr Moller Mikhail Bazavov Mikhail Khripunov Isaak Bykadorov Konstantin Sychev
Kuban People's Republic
[edit]
Alexander Filimonov Nikolay Bukretov
Kuban Army: Andrei Shkuro Yakov Slashchov Sergei Ulagay
Far Eastern Army
[edit] Grigory Semyonov
(Commander-in-Chief) Sergey Rozanov Boris Khreschatitsky Nikolai Lokhvitsky Grigory Verzhbitsky Konstantin Akintievsky Dmitry Semyonov Anatoly Pepelyayev Lev Vlasyevskiy Mikhail Pleshkov Georgy Matsievsky Mikhail Korobeinikov
Asiatic Cavalry Division: Roman von Ungern-Sternberg Boris Rezukhin †
Provisional Priamurye Government
[edit] Mikhail Diterikhs - (Commander-in-Chief) Nikolai Merkulov - Foreign Minister Spiridon Merkulov - Chairman Viktorin Molchanov - Army General Innokenty Smolin Faddey Glebov Pyotr Blokhin
Czechoslovak Legion
[edit]
Sergei Wojciechowski Radola Gajda Jan Syrový Stanislav Čeček Vladimir Shokorov
Alash Autonomy
[edit]
Turkestan Autonomy
[edit]
Third party factions
[edit]Insurgent Army
[edit]
Nestor Makhno Semen Karetnyk Fedir Shchus † Dmitry Popov Maria Nikiforova Viktor Bilash Lev Zadov Ivan Markov Iuda Grossman Oleksiy Chubenko
Green Army
[edit]
Nykyfor Hryhoriv † Danylo Terpylo † Pjotr Tokmakov † Alexander Antonov † Dmitry Antonov † Ivan Kolesov † Efim Mamontov † Mikhail Kozyr Konstantin Voskoboinik
Socialist-Revolutionary Party
[edit] Vladimir Volsky Nikolai Avksentiev Viktor Chernov Fyodor Funtikov Vladimir Zenzinov Andrei Argunov Piotr Derber Yevgeny Rogovskiy Boris Savinkov Boris Donskoy
Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party
[edit] Maria Spiridonova Yakov Blumkin Boris Kamkov Mark Natanson # Dmitry Ivanovich Popov Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov † Prosh Proshian #
Kronstadt Uprising
[edit]
Independence movements
[edit]Polish Republic
[edit]
Józef Piłsudski Ignacy Jan Paderewski
Polish Army: Edward Rydz-Śmigły Lucjan Żeligowski Leonard Skierski Władysław Sikorski Jordan-Rozwadowski Franciszek Latinik Bolesław Roja
Blue Army: Józef Haller
Kingdom of Finland
[edit]
C.G.E. Mannerheim Pehr Evind Svinhufvud Karl Fredrik Wilkama Hannes Ignatius Ernst Linder Ernst Löfström Martin Wetzer Hjalmar Frisell Hans Kalm
Latvia
[edit]
Jānis Čakste Kārlis Ulmanis Oskars Kalpaks † Jānis Balodis
Estonia
[edit]
Konstantin Päts Andres Larka Johan Laidoner Ernst Põdder
Lithuania
[edit]
Antanas Smetona Aleksandras Stulginskis Silvestras Žukauskas
Belarusian People's Republic
[edit]
Jan Sierada Pyotra Krecheuski Jazep Losik Vaclau Lastouski Kyprian Kandratovich Kastuś Jezavitaŭ Anton Luckievich Alés Harun # Francišak Kušal Paval Zhauryd Bułak-Bałachowicz
Crimean People's Republic
[edit]
Noman Çelebicihan Cafer Qırımer
Democratic Republic of Georgia
[edit]
Noe Ramishvili Noe Zhordania Giorgi Kvinitadze Nikolay Chkheidze Giorgi Mazniashvili
Democratic Republic of Armenia
[edit]
Aram Manukian # Hovhannes Kajaznuni Alexander Khatisian Hamo Ohanjanyan Simon Vratsian Tovmas Nazarbekian Andranik Ozanian Garegin Nzhdeh Drastamat Kanayan Movses Silikyan
Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan
[edit]
Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh Fatali Khan Khoyski † Nasib Yusifbeyli † Mammad Hasan Hajinski Khosrow Sultanov Samad Mehmandarov
Ukrainian People's Republic
[edit]Central Council of Ukraine:
Mykhailo Hrushevsky
Directorate of Ukraine: Volodymyr Vynnychenko Symon Petliura
Ukrainian Army: Mykola Porsh Ivan Nemolovsky Oleksandr Zhukovsky Petro Bolbochan Zurab Natiev Oleksander Hrekov Vsevolod Petriv Yevhen Konovalets Mykola Yunakiv Volodymyr Salsky Oleksandr Udovychenko Mykola Kapustiansky Sergei Delwig Iwan Omelianowicz-Pawlenko Yuriy Tyutyunnyk Vasyl Tyutyunnyk #
Galician Army: Myron Tarnavsky Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko Osip Mikitka Dmytro Vitovsky † Antin Kraws Archduke Wilhelm
Ukrainian Navy:
Sviatoslav Shramchenko Wołodymyr Sawczenko-Bilski Mikhail Belinsky †
Far Eastern Ukrainian Army:
Yuri Hlushko-Mova
Ukrainian State
[edit] Pavlo Skoropadskyi Alexander Ragoza
Emirate of Bukhara
[edit]
Khanate of Khiva
[edit]
Isfandiyar Khan Sayid Abdullah Junaid Khan
Basmachi Movement
[edit]
Enver Pasha † Selim Pasha Ibrahim Bek Muhiddinbek Mandamin Bek Irgash Bey Faizal Maksum
Mongolia
[edit]
Allied Expeditionary Forces
[edit]United States
[edit]
William S. Graves George E. Stewart Robert L. Eichelberger
British Empire
[edit]
Edmund Ironside Alfred Knox Frederick Poole Wilfrid Malleson Frederick Bailey Lionel Dunsterville
James H. Elmsley
France
[edit]
Maurice Janin Louis d'Espèrey Henri Berthelot Philippe d'Anselme
Empire of Japan
[edit]
Greece
[edit]
Romania
[edit]
Central Powers intervention
[edit]German Empire
[edit]
Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff Max Hoffmann Rüdiger von der Goltz Hermann von Eichhorn † Robert Kosch Friedrich von Kressenstein Alfred Fletcher Josef Bischoff Walter von Eberhardt
Austria-Hungary
[edit]
Conrad von Hötzendorf A. A. von Straußenburg
Ottoman Empire
[edit]
Nuri Pasha Mürsel Bey Kâzım Karabekir Cevat Çobanlı Muzaffer Kılıç
References
[edit]- ^ Pipes, Richard. A Concise History of the Russian Revolution. United Kingdom, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011.
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