List of sports terms named after people

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This is a list of eponyms in sports, i.e. sports terms named after people.

American football

Further information: National Football League lore § Rules named after NFL figures

Artistic gymnastics

  • Amanar (vault) – Yurchenko on – 2½ twists off, after Simona Amânar (Romania)
  • Belyavskiy (parallel bars (dismount)) – double front salto dismount in piked position, after David Belyavskiy (Russia)
  • Blanik (vault) – handspring forward on – piked double salto forward off, after Polish artistic gymnast Leszek Blanik (Poland)
  • Borden (balance beam) – straddled piked jump from a sideways position or side split jump done on the balance beam with a ½ or ¾ turn, after Amanda Borden (USA)[1]
  • Bhardwaj (uneven bars) – a backward flip (Pak salto) on the high bar with full-twist and then catches the low bar, after Mohini Bhardwaj (USA)[2]
  • Bhavsar (still rings) – pull through momentary, front lever press to Maltese, after Raj Bhavsar (USA)
  • Bhavsar (parallel bars) – long hang swing forward, straddle cut backward, and regrasp with straight body at horizontal (Tippelt to long hang swing), after Raj Bhavsar (USA)
  • Bi turn (uneven bars) – after Bi Wenjing (China)
  • Biles (floor exercise) – double layout with ½ turn, after Simone Biles (USA)
  • Brause (uneven bars) – done from the low bar facing away from the high bar with a cast to front salto forward and catching the high bar, after Doris Fuchs-Brause (USA)
  • Bretschneider (horizontal bar) – release with double-twisting double back tucked somersault over bar before regrasp, after Andreas Bretschneider (Germany)
  • Bretschneider II (horizontal bar) – only skill with new/highest unofficial phonetic D-score designation of "I" in men's gymnastics, variant of Bretschneider where somersaults are done in laid out position, after Andreas Bretschneider (Germany)
  • Bryan (pommel horse) – scissors with ½ turn to handstand, ½ pirouette and straddle back down, after Casey Bryan (USA)
  • Bulimar (floor exercise) – a Johnson leap (switch leap with ¼ turn to side position) with additional full turn, after Diana Bulimar (Romania)
  • Cassina (horizontal bar) – full-twisting double layout somersault over bar, after Igor Cassina (Italy)
  • Cheng (vault) – Yurchenko ½ on – 1½ twists off, after Cheng Fei (China)
  • Chusovitina (floor exercise) – full-twisting double layout salto, after Oksana Chusovitina (USSR, Germany, Uzbekistan)
  • Chusovitina (vault) – handspring forward on – piked salto with full twist off, after Oksana Chusovitina (USSR, Germany, Uzbekistan)
  • Chow-Khorkina or Khorkina-Chow (unven bars) – Stalder 1½ pirouette, after Amy Chow (USA, also first performed by Svetlana Khorkina (Russia))
  • Chow II (uneven bars) – Stalder to Shaposhnikova, after Amy Chow (USA)
  • Comaneci salto (uneven bars) – front support on high bar, cast with salto forward straddle to hang on high bar, after Nadia Comăneci (Romania)
  • Daggett (pommel horse) – scissor backward with ½ counterturn, after Tim Daggett (USA)
  • Dalton (parallel bars) – roll backward with ½ turn tuck or Harada to hang, after Jacob Dalton (USA)
  • Dawes (uneven bars) – back giant with 1½ turn in handstand, after Dominique Dawes (USA)
  • Diomidov (parallel bars) – swing forward with a full turn on one arm to handstand, after Sergei Diomidov (USSR)[1]
  • Dos Santos (floor exercise) – Arabian double pike (½ turn to double front somersault in piked position), after Daiane dos Santos (Brazil)
  • Dos Santos II (floor exercise) – Arabian double layout (½ turn to double front somersault laid out position), after Daiane dos Santos (Brazil)
  • Drăgulescu (vault) – handspring double front tucked somersault with ½ turn, after Marian Drăgulescu (Romania)
  • Drăgulescu piked (vault) – one of 4 vaults with highest official numeric D-score designation of 6.4, variant of Drăgulescu where somersaults are done in piked position, after Marian Drăgulescu (România)
  • Erceg (balance beam (mount)) – round off Arabian front tuck onto the end of the beam, after Tina Erceg (Croatia)
  • Ferrari (floor exercise) – a ring tour jete with ½ turn and a landing on both feet, after Vanessa Ferrari (Italy)
  • Fontaine (uneven bars dismount) – double somersaulting dismount is a back tuck with ½ twist into a front tuck, after Larissa Fontaine (USA)
  • Galante (balance beam) – 1½ turns with leg held in split position, after Paola Galante (Italy)
  • Garrison (floor exercise) – cat leap forward with bent legs and 1½ turn, after Kelly Garrison (USA)
  • Garrison (balance beam) – free shoulder roll forward to stand or tuck stand without hand support, after Kelly Garrison (USA)
  • Garrison II (balance beam) – starts from an extended tuck sit, Valdez swing over backward through horizontal plane with support on one arm, after Kelly Garrison (USA)
  • Garrison III (balance beam) – round-off, tucked full mount, after Kelly Garrison (USA)
  • Gatson (parallel bars) – a swing backward with full turn hop to handstand, after Jason Gatson (USA)
  • Gaylord I (horizontal bar) – front giant into a 1½-twisting front salto over the bar to regrasp – a front somersault in tucked, piked or straddled position over the bar, after Mitch Gaylord (USA)
  • Gaylord II (horizontal bar) – back giant into a layout Gienger (back salto ½ turn) over the bar to regrasp – a back somersault over the bar, after Mitch Gaylord (USA)[3]
  • Gebeshian (uneven bars) – 360° turn from low to high bar (uneven bars), after Houry Gebeshian (Armenia)[4]
  • Gienger salto (horizontal bar, uneven bars) – after Eberhard Gienger (Germany)
  • Gómez (floor exercise) – quadruple spin, after Elena Gómez (Spain)
  • Grigoraş (balance beam) – after Cristina Elena Grigoraş (Romania)
  • Hayden (horizontal bar) – a double salto backwards in layout, with full twist over the bar, after Daniel Hayden (USA)
  • Henrich (balance beam) – a stag-split, split-leap or jump forward with ½ turn, landing on both feet or in a one-two step-out or a split jump in side position with bending of rear leg backward upward that starts from a cross stand, after Christy Henrich (USA)
  • Hindorff (uneven bars) – cleat hip circle to immediate Tkatchev release, after Sylvia Hindorff (East Germany)[1]
  • Huang (uneven bars) – a stalder forward in L-grip with full turn to handstand, initiated on one arm before handstand, after Huang QiuShuang (China)
  • Humphrey (floor exercise) – switch split leap forward with a ¼ turn to side split leap or straddle pike position, after Terin Humphrey (USA)
  • Humphrey (balance beam/floor exercise) – 2½ turn (900°) on one leg, in tuck stand, with free leg optional, after Terin Humphrey (USA)
  • Hypolito (floor exercise) – Arabian double pike with a full twist, after Diego Hypólito (Brazil)
  • Jäger salto (horizontal bar, uneven bars) – swing backwards and salto forwards to catch high bar again, after Bernd Jäger (East Germany)[1]
  • Janz salto (uneven bars) – after Karin Janz (East Germany)
  • Johnson (floor exercise) – a switch-split leap forward with leg change and ¼ turn to side split leap or straddle pike position, after Brandy Johnson (USA)
  • Kasamatsu (vault) – after Shigero Kasamatsu (Japan)[5]
  • Kim (floor exercise) – double tucked back salto, after Nellie Kim (USSR)
  • Kim-Shirai or Shirai-Kim (vault) – round-off, back-handspring, triple-twisting layout, after Kim Hee Hoon (Republic of Korea, also first performed by Kenzo Shirai (Japan))
  • Khorkina (uneven bars) – back uprise and straddle flight over high bar with ½ turn to hang, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
  • Khorkina II (uneven bars) – inner front support on low bar, clear hip circle through handstand with ½ turn in flight to hang on high bar, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
  • Khorkina (balance beam) – gainer back-handspring with full twist before hand support, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
  • Khorkina II (balance beam (dismount)) – gainer 2½-twisting back layout dismount to side or at the end of beam, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
  • Khorkina-Chow or Chow-Khorkina (uneven bars) – Stalder 1½ pirouette, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia, also first performed by Amy Chow (USA))
  • Khorkina (floor exercise) – hop with 1½ turns to front lying support, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
  • Khorkina (vault) – round-off, back-handspring with ½ turn on, ½ turn into back pike off, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
  • Khorkina II (vault) – round-off, back-handspring with ½ turn on, 1½-twisting front tuck off, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
  • Kolman (horizontal bar) – a full-twisting Kovacs with two back somersaults and one full twist over the bar, after Alojz Kolman (Slovenia)[3]
  • Komova (uneven bars) – clear pike circle backward through handstand with flight and ½ turn (180°) to hang on high bar (uneven bars), after Viktoria Komova (Russia)
  • Komova II (uneven bars) – clear pike circle backwards through handstand with flight to hang on high bar, after Viktoria Komova (Russia)
  • Kononenko (uneven bars) – counter straddle hecht with ½ turn to hang on high bar in mixed L-grip, after Natalia Kononenko (Ukraine)
  • Kotchetkova (balance beam) – full-twisting back handspring, after Dina Kotchetkova (Russia)
  • Korbut flip (balance beam) – standing back somersault to swing down on beam, after Olga Korbut (USSR)
  • Korbut flip (uneven bars) – standing on the high bar, does back flip, then catches the bar, after Olga Korbut (USSR)
  • Kovacs (horizontal bar) – double back somersault over bar, after Péter Kovács (Hungary)[1]
  • Liukin (floor exercise) – triple back tucked somersault, after Valeri Liukin (USSR)
  • Liukin (horizontal bar) – Tkatchev with full-twisting layout, after Valeri Liukin (USSR)
  • Liukin (balance beam) – salto front pike, take off from one leg to one foot landing to scale, hold for two seconds, after Nastia Liukin (USA)
  • Li Li German Giant (uneven bars) – after Li Li (China)
  • Li Li (balance beam) – 1¼ turns on back (balance beam), after Li Li (China)
  • Li Ya salto (uneven bars) – straddled Jaeger caught in a mixed grip, after Li Ya (China)
  • Li Ya (uneven bars (dismount)) – backward giant into an Arabian double front pike, after Li Ya (China)
  • Liu Xuan salto (uneven bars) – giant circle backward to handstand on one arm, after Liu Xuan (China)
  • Magyar traverse (pommel horse) – after Zoltán Magyar (Hungary)
  • Magyar spindle (pommel horse) – after Zoltán Magyar (Hungary)
  • Maloney (uneven bars) – a piked sole circle backward to handstand with a 360° turn after the handstand phase to mixed-L or L-grip, after Kristen Maloney (USA)
  • Maloney (uneven bars) – begins from inner front support on low bar and consists of piked sole circle backward through handstand with flight to hang on high bar, after Kristen Maloney (USA)
  • Ma dismount (uneven bars) – a hecht-front-salto-full, after Ma Yanhong (China)
  • McCool (balance beam) – the beam mount approaches toward the end of the beam and is a flyspring forward with flight before and after the hand support on the beam and lands on both feet – approach at end of beam, after Courtney McCool (USA)
  • McNamara (uneven bars (mount)) – a jump to hang on the high bar into a free hip circle to handstand with ½ turn in the handstand, after Julianne McNamara (USA)
  • Melissanidis (vault) – a round off entry onto the vault table followed by a 2½-twisting back tucked or piked somersault, after Ioannis Melissanidis (Greece)
  • Memmel (floor exercise) – double turn with leg held in split position (double Y-turn), after Chellsie Memmel (USA)
  • Memmel (balance beam) – front flip with ½ turn (Barani) in piked position, after Chellsie Memmel (USA)
  • Miller (uneven bars) – cast to handstand with 1½ turn after handstand to mixed-L grip, after Shannon Miller (USA)
  • Mitchell (floor exercise, balance beam) – triple turn (1080°) in tuck stand on one leg - free leg optional, after Lauren Mitchell (Australia)
  • Mo salto (uneven bars) – Gaylord II (front tuck over high bar, starting and ending in a mixed grip), after Mo Huilan (China)[2]
  • Moors (uneven bars) – from underswing, with feet on bar, salto forward stretched with ½ turn, after Victoria Moors (Canada)
  • Moors (floor exercise) – only skill with highest phonetic D-score designation of "I" in women's floor exercise, double-twisting double back layout, after Victoria Moors (Canada)
  • Mostepanova (floor exercise) – front handspring with full twist before hand support, after Olga Mostepanova (USSR)
  • Mukhina salto (floor exercise) – double salto backwards tucked or piked, with full 360 twist and Mukhina (uneven bars) - Korbut flip with full twist – after Elena Mukhina (USSR)
  • Mustafina (uneven bars (dismount)) – 1½-twisting double back tuck dismount, after Aliya Mustafina (Russia)
  • Mustafina II (uneven bars) – full-twisting Maloney (or Seitz) caught in a mixed grip, after Aliya Mustafina (Russia)
  • Mustafina (floor) – triple Y-turn, after Aliya Mustafina (Russia)
  • Mustafina (vault) – round-off, half turn on, full twisting front off (laid out), after Aliya Mustafina (Russia)
  • Nabieva (uneven bars) – toe-on reverse Hecht (Tkatchev) in the laid out position, named after Tatiana Nabieva (Russia)
  • Nguyen (parallel bars) – a free hip circle mount from the side of the bars with ¾ turn to handstand position, after Marcel Nguyen (Germany)
  • Okino (uneven bars (dismount)) – a free hip underswing with ½ twist to layout back salto, after Elizabeth (Betty) Okino (USA)
  • Okino (balance beam) – triple pirouette (triple turn), after Elizabeth (Betty) Okino (USA)
  • Omelianchik (balance beam) – back handspring with ¾ turn dive to handstand, after Oksana Omelianchik (USSR)
  • Omelianchik (vault) – round-off half on, front pike off, after Oksana Omelianchik (USSR)
  • O'Neill (still rings) – a stretched double feige backward to a hang, after Paul O'Neill (USA)
  • Onodi (balance beam) – back handspring with ½ turn, after Henrietta Ónodi (Hungary)[1]
  • Pak salto (uneven bars) – does a backward flip on the high bar and then catches the low bar, after Gyong Sil Pak (North Korea)[2]
  • Patterson (balance beam (dismount)) – an Arabian double front dismount, after Carly Patterson (USA)
  • Pegan (horizontal bar) – double front salto with ½ turn – 180°, after Aljaž Pegan (Slovenia)
  • Phelps (vault) – ½ turn onto the vault (Tsukahara) to a laid out backflip with ½ turn, after Jaycie Phelps (USA)
  • Phillps (balance beam) – a handstand straddle split, with a 90° backbend, originally performed on the balance beam and press to side handstand, front walkover to side stand on both legs, after Kristie Phillps (USA)
  • Preziosa (balance beam) – full turn with free leg held backwards with both hands, after Elisabetta Preziosa (Italy)
  • Podkopayeva (vault) – round-off, half twist on, front piked somersault with ½ turn off, after Lilia Podkopayeva (Ukraine)
  • Podkopayeva (floor) – double front somersault with a ½ twist, after Lilia Podkopayeva (Ukraine)[1]
  • Popa (floor exercise) – straddle pike jump with full turn (360°), after Celestina Popa (Romania)[1]
  • Produnova (vault) – only skill with highest numeric D-score designation of 7.0 in women's vault, 1st of only 5 women to ever land this in competition, front handspring on – double front somersaults off, after Elena Produnova (Russia)
  • Radivilov (vault) – only skill with highest unofficial numeric D-score designation of 7.0 in men's vault, variant of Roche, front handspring on – triple front somersaults off, after Igor Radivilov (Ukraine, 1st attempt in competition – 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro – but unsuccessful)
  • Ray I (uneven bars) – a Stalder backwards with release and counter movement forward to catch the high bar, after Elise Ray (USA)
  • Ray II (uneven bars) – a handstand on the high bar to a pike sole circle backward into a backward counter straddle-reverse hecht over the high bar and a rematch, after Elise Ray (USA)
  • Ray III (uneven bars (dismount)) – a double-twisting double layout uneven bar dismount, after Elise Ray (USA)
  • The Retton Flip (uneven bars) – a transition (front flip) from low to highbar, resulting in the gymnast perched or "sitting" on top of the high bar, after Mary Lou Retton (USA)
  • Roth (pommel horse) – from cross support, rearways, reverse Stockli, wendeswing forward to reverse Stockli to cross support forward on other end, not touch pommel, after Bill Roth (USA)
  • Semenova (floor exercise) – a double spin with the leg in back attitude, after Ksenia Semenova (Russia)
  • Semenova (balance beam) – full spin with leg in back attitude, after Ksenia Semenova (Russia)
  • Seitz (uneven bars) – in the low bar, pike sole circle through handstand with flight to hang on the high bar with full twist during flight phase, after Elisabeth Seitz (Germany)
  • Shaham (horizontal bar) – 1½-twisting double back somersault over bar, after Noam Shaham (Israel)
  • Shaposhnikova (uneven bars) – on the low bar, free hip circle with flight to hang on high bar, after Natalia Shaposhnikova (USSR)[2]
  • Shewfelt (vault) – Yurchenko stretched with 2½ twists, after Kyle Shewfelt (Canada)
  • Shirai (floor exercise) – quadruple-twisting layout backwards, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan)
  • Shirai II (floor exercise) – triple-twisting layout forwards, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan)
  • Shirai III (floor exercise) – only skill with highest official phonetic D-score designation of "H" in men's floor exercise, triple-twisting double layout backwards, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan)
  • Shirai or Shirai-Kim (vault) – round-off, back-handspring, triple-twisting layout, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan, also first performed by Kim Hee Hoon (Republic of Korea))
  • Shirai II (vault) – one of 4 vaults with highest official numeric D-score designation of 6.4, round-off, back-handspring, 3½-twisting layout, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan, 1st successful attempt in competition – 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro)
  • Shushunova (floor exercise) – straddle jump to lay on front support, after Yelena Shushunova (Russia)
  • Shushunova (uneven bars) – full-twisting Tkachev, after Yelena Shushunova (Russia)
  • Silivaş (balance beam (mount)) – after Daniela Silivaş (Romania)
  • Silivaş (floor) – double twisting double back tucked, after Daniela Silivaş (Romania)[1]
  • Stalder (horizontal bar) – free circle backwards in straddle or legs together through handstand Josef Stalder (Switzerland)
  • Stroescu (floor exercise) – stretched forward salto with 2½ twists, mistakenly named after Silvia Stroescu (Romania)
  • Strong (uneven bars) – shoot over to low bar with 1½ twists, after Lori Strong (Canada)
  • Strong (Lori) hop (balance beam) – after Lori Strong (Canada)
  • Strug (floor exercise) – a tour jete with additional ½ turn and landing on both feet, after Kerri Strug (USA)[1]
  • Talavera (balance beam) – pommel horse-like move with the circle done like a flair, after Tracee Talavera (USA)
  • Teza (balance beam) – Yurchenko loop is performed with a full-twisting handspring, after Elvire Teza (France)[1]
  • Thomas flair (pommel horse, floor exercise) – after Kurt Thomas (USA)
  • Thomas salto (floor exercise) – salto backwards in a tucked or piked position with 1½ twists, after Kurt Thomas (USA)
  • Thomas salto (floor exercise) – salto backwards in a laid out (straight) position with 1½ twists, after Kurt Thomas (USA)
  • Tkachev (uneven bars) – reverse hecht, can be performed in straddled, piked, tucked or laid out, after Aleksandr Tkachyov (USSR)[2]
  • Tsukahara (vault) – involving a ¼ or ½ turn onto the vault and back salto off, after Mitsuo Tsukahara (Japan)[3]
  • Tweddle (uneven bars) – sole circle backward with counter straddle hecht with ½ turn to hang on high bar in mixed L-grip, after Beth Tweddle (Great Britain)
  • Urzică (parallel bars) – salto forwards to full turn to upper arm hang rated, after Marius Urzică (Romania)
  • van Leeuwen (uneven bars) – in the low bar, piked sole circle through handstand with flight to hang on high bar with ½ twist during flight phase, after Laura van Leeuwen (Netherlands)
  • Wang Huiying (vault) – front handspring layout Barani, after Wang Huiying (China)
  • Wells (parallel bars) – a giant swing backwards with in-locate forwards, after Trent Wells (USA)
  • Wevers turn (balance beam) – a double turn on beam with leg held horizontally, after Sanne Wevers (Netherlands)
  • White (uneven bars) – a front stalder into an L-grip to handstand with ½ turn in handstand, after Morgan White (USA)
  • Wong (balance beam) – salto forward tucked with ½ turn mount, after Hiu Ying Angel Wong (China – Hong Kong)
  • Yang (vault) – one of 4 vaults with highest official numeric D-score designation of 6.4, handspring triple twist, after Yang Hak-Seon (South Korea)
  • Yang Bo (balance beam) – stag ring jump with head tilted back, losing sight of the beam, after Yang Bo (China)[1]
  • Yurchenko (vault) – round-off, back-handspring onto the vaulting table, after Natalia Yurchenko (USSR)
  • Yurchenko loop (balance beam) – on side position, back-handspring to backward hip circle, after Natalia Yurchenko (USSR)[3]
  • Zamolodchikova (vault) – Tsukahara stretched with double turn (720°) off, after Elena Zamolodchikova (Russia)
  • Zamolodchikova (balance beam) – flic-flac with full twist to hip circle backwards, after Elena Zamolodchikova (Russia)
  • Yarotska (uneven bars) – Stalder hecht from low bar to high bar, after Irina Yarotska (Ukraine)
  • Zonderland (parallel bars) – 1¼ Diamadov to one bar immediate ¾ Healy to both bars, after Epke Zonderland (Netherlands)

Association football

Athletics

Baseball

Brazilian Jiu Jitsu

Boxing

Cricket

Croquet

  • Duffer tice – a tice positioned, usually a yard or so North, and a touch East, of Hoop 6, laid on the second turn of the game, named after the Irish croquet player Duff Mathews (Ireland)[6]
  • Peel – to send a ball other than the striker's ball through its target hoop, named after Walter Peel (England)[7][8]
  • Solomon grip – the grip used by and named after John Solomon (England)[6]

Figure skating

Ice hockey

Motorsport

Rhythmic gymnastics

  • The Shugurova – tipping / spinning a rolling hoop with the feet during a leap, after Galina Shugurova (USSR)
  • The Timochenko – after Alexandra Timoshenko (USSR)
  • Backscale Pivots – after Alina Kabaeva (Russia)
  • The Cid Tostado – starting on one knee, leg forward, ball held with the foot. large roll of the ball on both legs, after Almudena Cid Tostado (Spain)
  • The Kabaeva – on floor Back split pivot with hand help, after Alina Kabaeva (Russia)
  • The Tchachina – Switch leap with changing legs, after Irina Tchachina (Russia)
  • Reverse illusion turns – after Irina Tchachina (Russia)
  • The Utyasheva – backsplit to backscale to backsplit pivot with help, after Laysan Utiasheva (Russia)
  • Ring Pivots (ring pivot spiral also known as "Kanaeva Pivot", quadruple/triple ring turn, quadruple queen pivot) – after Evgenia Kanaeva (Russia)
  • Switch Turn – after Evgenia Kanaeva (Russia)
  • Pivot Turn – revolutions (pivot turn with forward free leg to half free leg position), after Daria Kondakova (Russia)
  • Pivot connecting turns (attitude turns + ring pivot turn with help) – after Daria Dmitrieva (Russia)
  • The Staniouta – cossack turn starting on floor + connecting penchee turn, after Melitina Staniouta (Belarus)
  • The Kudry – back bend to roll over apparatus catch, after Yana Kudryavtseva (Russia)

Rugby league

Skiing

Tennis

Henman Hill AKA Aorangi Terrace – after Tim Henman (Great Britain)

Ultimate (Frisbee)

Weightlifting

Wrestling

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Joel Alswang (2003). The South African Dictionary of Sport. Spearhead. pp. 140–143. ISBN 9780864865359.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Uneven Bars Skills Terminology". USGym.net.
  3. ^ a b c d "Gymnastics Glossary". iSport.
  4. ^ "Gymnast Will Have The Best Souvenir From Rio Olympics". USAToday.
  5. ^ "Shigeru Kasamatsu". International Gymnastics Hall of Fame.
  6. ^ a b "Croquet Jargon". The Croquet Association. 28 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  7. ^ Laws of Association Croquet, 6th Edition, amended 2008, Croquet Association
  8. ^ Hawkins, James (2010). Complete Croquet: A Guide to Skills, Tactics, and Strategy. Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-84797-168-5.
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