Jump to content

Overseas Vietnamese

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vietnamese diaspora
Việt kiều
Người Việt hải ngoại
Total population
5,300,000 (official estimates)[1][2]
 United States2,183,000 (2019)[3]
 Cambodia400,000–1,000,000[4]
 Japan520,154 (2023)[5]
 France300,000[6]–350,000[7][8]
 Australia334,781 (2021)[9]
 Canada275,530 (2021)[10]
 Taiwan246,973 (2023)[a]–470,000[19][20]
 South Korea209,373 (2022)[b]
 Germany215,000 (2023)[22]
 Russia13,954[23]–150,000[24]
 Thailand100,000[25][26]–500,000[27]
 Laos100,000[28]
 United Kingdom100,000 [29][30]
 Malaysia80,000[31]
 Czech Republic60,000–80,000[32]
 Poland40,000–50,000[32]
 Angola40,000[33][34]
 Mainland China42,000[35][36]–303,000[37][c]/33,112 (2020)[38][d]
 Norway28,114 (2022)[39]
 Netherlands24,594 (2021)[40]
 Sweden21,528 (2021)[41]
 Macau20,000 (2018)[42]
 United Arab Emirates20,000[43]
 Saudi Arabia20,000[44][45][46]
 Slovakia7,235[47]–20,000[48]
 Denmark16,141 (2022)[49]
 Singapore15,000[50]
 Belgium12,000–15,000[51]
 Finland14,008 (2023)[52]
 Cyprus12,000[53][54]
 New Zealand10,086 (2018)[55]
  Switzerland8,000[56]
 Hungary7,304 (2016)[57]
 Ukraine7,000[58][59]
 Ireland5,000[60]
 Italy5,000[61]
 Austria5,000[62][63]
 Romania3,000[64]
 Bulgaria2,500[65]
 Brazil740 (Vietnamese Brazilians [pt])
Languages
Vietnamese
Overseas Vietnamese population by country. Vietnam is marked red. Darker blue represent a larger number of overseas Vietnamese people by percent.

Overseas Vietnamese (Vietnamese: người Việt hải ngoại, Việt kiều or kiều bào) are Vietnamese people who live outside Vietnam. There are approximately 5 million overseas Vietnamese, the largest community of whom live in the United States.

The term Việt Kiều is used by people in Vietnam to refer to Vietnamese living outside the country and is not a term of self-identification.[66] However, many overseas Vietnamese also use the terms Người Việt hải ngoại ('Overseas Vietnamese'), which is also a neutral term, or Người Việt tự do ('free Vietnamese'), which has a political note.[67]

History

[edit]

These are some of the several categories of Overseas Vietnamese:[citation needed]

According to a 2014 report by the Associated Press, "women make up at least two-thirds of workers who leave the country", and sometimes leave fathers behind to care for children. The report also said that "the total amount of remittances sent back from all Vietnamese workers overseas now exceeds $2 billion a year."[78]

In addition, as of 2020, 190,000 Vietnamese were studying abroad.[79] Most were studying in Australia (30,000), the United States (29,000), Canada (21,000), the UK (12,000) and Asian countries (70,000);[80] as well as an unknown number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants, as unveiled by the Essex lorry deaths throughout massive networks of illegal human trades spanned from Asia to Europe.[81]

Around the world

[edit]

United States

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese Americans
See also: List of U.S. cities with large Vietnamese American populations, List of Vietnamese Americans, and Little Saigon

Vietnamese immigrants in the United States are one of the largest immigrant communities in the world. The community grew from 231,000 in 1980 to perhaps as many as 1.3 million in 2012.[82] Mass migration from Vietnam began in response to the Vietnamese government in the 1970s. During the North Vietnamese military offensive of mid-March 1975, many South Vietnamese citizens were pushed farther and farther south into Saigon. On April 30, the final U.S. troops and diplomats left Saigon and the country came under the control of the Provisional Revolutionary Government. As a result, the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) took control of South Vietnam, leading many South Vietnamese to become refugees and immigrate to the United States.[83] Most immigrants fled to the United States as refugees following the end of the Vietnam War, arriving in three distinct waves from the 1960s to the 1990s. The first wave consisted mainly of South Vietnamese citizens and military personnel who had associations with both the South Vietnamese government and the United States.[82] The second wave brought more refugees from the former South Vietnam to the United States in what became known as the "boat people crisis". This wave was characterized by mainly rural people who lacked the education or wealth of the first wave, as well as a large number of ethnic Chinese who were fleeing persecution by the Vietnamese government. The final wave took place in the 1980s into the 1990s. This group included thousands who were the children of Vietnamese mothers and American soldiers.[82]

By 1979, the United Nations recognized that the Vietnamese refugee crisis was a "world problem", which led to the First Geneva Conference on Indochinese Refugees in July, 1979. The United States, United Kingdom, Australia, France, and Canada each agreed to accept refugees for resettlement, and Vietnamese refugee entries to the U.S. to peaked from 1979 to 1982.[84] That year, President Jimmy Carter doubled the number of Southeast Asian refugees accepted into the United States, from 7,000 to 14,000. However, 62% of Americans said they disapproved of the measure.[85]

The South Vietnamese coming to the U.S. in the second wave did not come willingly. They were forced out of their homes by the N.V.A. and sought refuge in the United States. Many of these people felt betrayed by the U.S.'s handling of the situation in Vietnam and felt conflicted about making the journey there.[86] Nearly all the Vietnamese migrants to the United States during this time were listed as refugees, not as immigrants, because of the forced manner in which they had been exiled to the United States; 99% of Vietnamese newcomers to the United States who received a Green Card in 1982 fell into this category.

Congregation of the Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage, Missouri

In 2016 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the Vietnamese American population to be 2,067,527. The majority live in metropolitan areas in the western half of the country, especially in California and Texas. There are particularly large communities in Orange County, California, San Jose, California, Houston, Texas and Seattle, Washington. Those who fled to escape the North Vietnamese takeover are generally antagonistic toward the communist government of Vietnam.[87]

In the United States, Vietnamese immigrants have achieved high levels of education. In 2015, 30% of Vietnamese Americans had attained a bachelor's degree or higher (compared to 19% for the general population). Specifically, 21% of Vietnamese Americans had attained a bachelor's degree (37% for U.S. born Vietnamese and 18% for foreign-born Vietnamese), and 8.9% had attained a postgraduate degree (14% for U.S. born Vietnamese and 7% for foreign-born Vietnamese), compared to 11% postgraduate degree attainment among the general American population.[88][89][90]

Cambodia

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese Cambodians

Vietnamese constitute about 5% of the population of Cambodia.[4] Vietnamese people are also the top tourist group in Cambodia, with 130,831, up 19% as of 2011.[91]

China

[edit]
Main article: Gin people

The Vietnamese in China are known as the Gin ethnic group, arriving in Southeastern China beginning in the 16th century. They largely reside in the province of Guangxi and speak Vietnamese and a local variety of Cantonese.[92]

As of 2020, 79,000 Vietnamese nationals were living in China. They formed the second largest group of expatriates in China, while Burmese nationals were the largest.[93]

France

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in France
See also: Vietnamese community in Paris, French Indochina, and France–Vietnam relations
The Temple du Souvenir Indochinois in the Bois de Vincennes, erected in 1907, is a monument built by the earliest waves of Vietnamese migrants to France.

The number of ethnic Vietnamese living in France is estimated to be about 350,000 as of 2014.[94] France was the first Western country where Vietnamese migrants settled due to the colonization of Vietnam by France that began in the late 1850s.[95] The colonial period saw a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France, as well as professional and blue-collar workers, with many settling permanently.[96] The country would continue to be home to by far the largest overseas Vietnamese population outside Asia until the 1980s, when a higher number of Vietnam War refugees resettled in the United States.[97]

A number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government and Vietnamese married to French colonists emigrated to France following Vietnam's independence through the Geneva Accords in 1954. During the Vietnam War, a significant number of students and those involved in commerce from South Vietnam continued to arrive in France. The largest influx of Vietnamese people, however, arrived in France as refugees after the Fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War in 1975. Vietnamese refugees who settled in France usually had higher levels of education and affluence than Vietnamese refugees who settled in North America, Australia, and the rest of Europe, likely due to cultural familiarity with French culture and that many affluent Vietnamese families had already settled in France.[96]

Most Vietnamese in France live in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France area, but a significant number also reside in major urban centers in the south-east of the country, primarily Marseille, Lyon, and Toulouse. Earlier Vietnamese migrants also settled in the cities of Lille and Bordeaux.[96]

The community is still strongly attached to its homeland while being well integrated in French society. The generation of Vietnamese refugees continues to hold on to traditional values. The later generations of French-born Vietnamese identify with French culture rather than Vietnamese, as most were raised and brought up in the French system rather than the Vietnamese one.[98] French media and politicians generally view the Vietnamese community as a "model minority", in part because they are represented as having a high degree of integration within the French society as well as having high economic and academic success.[99]

The Vietnamese community in France is divided between those who oppose the communist Hanoi government and those who are supportive of it.[100][101] The pro-communist camp is the more established of the two and was the larger group until the 1970s, consisting mainly of students, workers, and long-established immigrants who arrived before 1975 and their descendants. Meanwhile, the anti-communist camp consists of students, refugees and middle-class immigrants, who began to arrive after 1954, but most of whom fled Vietnam from the South Vietnam after 1975.

This division in the community has been present since the 1950s when some Vietnamese students and workers in France supported and praised the communist Viet Minh's policies back home, while Vietnamese loyal to the colonial or non-communist governments and immigrated to France were largely anti-communist.[99] This political rift remained minor until the Fall of Saigon in 1975 when staunchly anti-communist refugees from South Vietnam arrived and established community networks and institutions. The two camps have contradictory political goals and ideologies, and members of one group rarely interact with those of the other group. Such political divisions have prevented the Vietnamese in France from forming a strong, unified community in their host nation, as their counterparts have in North America and Australia (1980).[101]

Australia

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese Australians

Vietnamese people in Australia constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia, with 294,798 people claiming Vietnamese ancestry at the 2016 census.[102] First-generation Vietnamese Australians who came as refugees varied widely in income and social class. Of those from the Vietnam War era, many Vietnamese Australians are white-collar professionals, while others work primarily in blue-collar jobs. Australian-born Vietnamese tend to earn high levels of educational attainment and success. In 2001, the labour participation rate for Vietnamese refugees was 61%, about the same as that of Australian-born residents (63%).[103] Around three quarters of ethnic Vietnamese live in New South Wales (40.7%) and Victoria (36.8%).

In 2006 the surname, Nguyễn, became the seventh most common family name in Australia[104] (second to Smith in the Melbourne phone book).[105]

New Zealand

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese New Zealanders

According to the 2018 census, 10,086 New Zealanders identify themselves with the Vietnamese ethnic group.[106] Many of them came to New Zealand to escape religious persecution or war.[107]

Canada

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese Canadians

According to the 2016 census, Canada has 240,615 people who identify as ethnic Vietnamese.[108] The majority of Vietnamese people in Canada reside in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, with some having lived in Quebec before 1975. Vancouver is also another major destination for newly arrived Vietnamese immigrants since 1980, including Vietnamese of Chinese descent, with the city having a large Chinese population.

Germany

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Germany

Vietnamese are the largest Asian ethnic group in Germany.[109] As of 2023, there are about 215,000 people of Vietnamese descent in Germany.[110] In Western Germany, most Vietnamese arrived in the 1970s or 1980s as refugees from the Vietnam War. The comparatively larger Vietnamese community in Eastern Germany traces its origins to assistance agreements between the East German and the North Vietnamese government. Under these agreements, guest workers from Vietnam were brought to East Germany, where they soon made up the largest immigrant group[111] and were provided with technical training.

Czech Republic

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic

The number of Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic was estimated at 61,012 at the 2009 census,[112] although more recent figures have placed the number as high as 80,000.[113]

Most Vietnamese immigrants in the Czech Republic reside in Prague, where there is an enclave called Sapa. Unlike Vietnamese immigrants in Western Europe and North America, these immigrants were usually communist cadres studying or working abroad who decided to stay after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is even listed as the most common of foreign surnames in the Czech Republic and is the ninth most common surname in the country overall. (It is worth noting that female and male forms of the same Czech surnames were counted separately, while the total number of Nguyens refers to both male and female bearers of the surname.)[114]

United Kingdom

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in the United Kingdom

Vietnamese residing in the United Kingdom number around 55,000 people, in contrast to the trend of the U.K. tending to have the largest East and South East Asian diasporas in Europe. In the 1980s, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher agreed to take quotas of refugees and 12,000 boat people came to Britain.[115] An underreported number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants abroad reside in the United Kingdom.[116][117] There are Vietnamese, lacking official papers and denied official assistance, unfortunately, may become involved in human trafficking, such as unknowingly being hired in cannabis factories.[118][119] The Essex lorry deaths highlighted the issue of illegal Vietnamese immigrants being smuggled from poverty-stricken regions of Vietnam to other parts of the world.[120]

Poland

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Poland

Around 50,000 Vietnamese live in Poland, mostly in big cities.[121] They publish a number of newspapers, both pro- and anti-Communist. The first immigrants were Vietnamese students at Polish universities in the post-World War II era. These numbers increased slightly during the Vietnam War, when agreements between the communist Vietnamese and Polish governments allowed Vietnamese guest workers to obtain industrial training in Poland. A large number of Vietnamese immigrants also arrived after 1989.[122]

Belgium

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Belgium

An estimated 14,000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in Belgium as of 2012. Similar to the Vietnamese community in France, the Vietnamese Belgian community traces its roots to before the end of the Vietnam War. Beginning in the mid-1960s, Belgium became a popular alternative destination to France for South Vietnamese seeking higher education and career opportunities abroad. A much larger influx of Vietnamese arrived as refugees after the Fall of Saigon. After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, a small number of Vietnamese workers in former Soviet Bloc countries who were sponsored by the communist Vietnamese government also sought asylum in Belgium.[123]

The Vietnamese Belgian population largely resides in and around the capital of Brussels or in the southern French-speaking Wallonia region, especially around the city of Liège. As in France, South Vietnamese refugees to Belgium were largely of higher social standing and integrated much easier into their host country's society than their peers who settled in North America, Australia and the rest of Europe due to better linguistic and cultural knowledge. The Vietnamese Belgian community is strongly attached to its counterpart community in France, with both communities largely achieving higher socioeconomic success in their host countries than other overseas Vietnamese populations.[123]

Russia

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Russia

Vietnamese people in Russia form the 72nd-largest ethnic minority community in Russia according to the 2002 census. The census estimated their population at only 26,205 individuals, making them among the smaller groups of Việt Kiều.[124]

Norway

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Norway

An estimated 21,700 ethnic Vietnamese live in Norway as of 2014, and the country has hosted a Vietnamese community since refugee arrivals after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. The Vietnamese are considered among the best integrated non-Western immigrant groups in Norway, with high rates of Norwegian citizenship among immigrants and success rates in education on par with those of ethnic Norwegians.[125]

Netherlands

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in the Netherlands

About 19,000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in the Netherlands according to a 2010 estimate. The community largely consists of South Vietnamese refugees who first arrived in 1978. A much smaller number of North Vietnamese workers also arrived from eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall.[126]

Bulgaria

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Bulgaria

An estimated 2,600 ethnic Vietnamese live in Bulgaria according to a 2015 estimate.[127]

Under international agreements in 1980, Bulgaria and other Warsaw Pact members accepted Vietnamese guest workers who were sponsored by the communist government into the country as a relatively inexpensive manual labour workforce. At one point, over 35,000 Vietnamese people worked in Bulgaria between 1980 and 1991 and many Vietnamese students completed their higher education at various Bulgarian universities.[128]

South Korea

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in South Korea

As of 2011, there were over 110,000 ethnic Vietnamese people in South Korea, making them the second largest minority group in the country. Vietnamese in South Korea consist mainly of migrant workers and women introduced to South Korean husbands through marriage agencies.[129][130] In the 13th century, several thousand Vietnamese fled to Korea after the overthrow of the Vietnamese Lý dynasty, where they were received by King Gojong of Goryeo.[131]

Malaysia

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Malaysia

The Fall of Saigon in 1975 at the end of the Vietnam War saw many Vietnamese refugees escaping by boats to Malaysia. The first refugee boat arrived in Malaysia in May 1975, carrying 47 people.[132] A refugee camp was established later at Pulau Bidong in August 1978 with assistance of the United Nations and became a major refugee processing center for Vietnamese seeking residency in other countries. While a very small number of Vietnamese refugees settled in Malaysia, the majority of Vietnamese in Malaysia consist of skilled and semi-skilled workers who arrived during the 1990s as economic cooperation between Vietnam and Malaysia increased.[133]

Taiwan

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Taiwan

Vietnamese form one of the largest foreign ethnic groups in Taiwan, with a resident population of around 200,000, including students and migrant workers.[134] Vietnamese in Taiwan largely arrived as workers in the manufacturing industry or as domestic helpers. There are also a large number of Vietnamese women married to Taiwanese men through international matchmaking services in Vietnam, despite the illegality of such services in the country.[135]

Japan

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Japan

Over 135,000 Vietnamese people resided in Japan at the end of 2014.[136] In 2019, around 371,755 Vietnamese people lived in Japan, making it the third largest foreign community in the country. At least 190,000 are "skilled trainees" and this particular number is growing sharply.[137] Vietnamese people first came to Japan as students beginning in the 20th century.[138] Most of the community, however, is composed of refugees admitted in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as a smaller proportion of migrant laborers who began arriving in 1994.[139][140]

Laos

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Laos

As Vietnam and Laos are neighbors, there has been a long history of population migrations between the territories making up the two respective countries. When Laos was a French protectorate in the first half of the 20th century, the French colonial administration brought many Vietnamese people to Laos to work as civil servants. This policy was the object of strenuous opposition by Laotian nationals, who in the 1930s made an unsuccessful attempt to replace the local government with Laotian civil servants.[141]

Hong Kong

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese people in Hong Kong

Vietnamese migration to Hong Kong began after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, when boat people took to the sea and began fleeing Vietnam in all directions. Those who landed in Hong Kong were placed in refugee camps until they could be resettled in a third country. Under the Hong Kong government's Comprehensive Plan of Action, newly arriving Vietnamese were classified as either political refugees or economic migrants. Those deemed to be economic migrants would be denied the opportunity for resettlement overseas.

Singapore

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese in Singapore

There are about 15,000 Vietnamese people in Singapore, primarily composed of restaurant/hawker centre service workers and overseas students. Early waves of Vietnamese refugees and immigrants to Singapore in the 1970s mainly include boat people who escaped Vietnam during the aftermath of the Vietnam War, who were initially housed in an ex-military barracks turned refugee camp. 32,457 Vietnamese refugees were hosted in Singapore from 1976 to the early 1990s, with around 5,000 settling throughout the 1970s.[50]

Philippines

[edit]
See also: Philippine Refugee Processing Center
Vietnamese refugee in 1990 in Boy Scouts, Palawan, Philippines

During the Indochina refugee crisis, around 400,000 Vietnamese refugees landed on the shores of Palawan in the western Philippines after the fall of South Vietnam in 1975. They were housed in a temporary refugee camp known as the Philippine First Asylum Center (PFAC) in the city of Puerto Princesa. The center was built in 1979 by the Philippine government in partnership with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees through the initiative of the Philippine Catholic Church. Most of the refugees were moved to the Philippine Refugee Processing Center in Bataan before being resettled to other countries. However, by the time the refugee campes were closed in 1996, around 2,710 Vietnamese refugees remained in the country. Unlike other neighboring countries which implemented forced repatriation, the Philippines was the only country that allowed the refugees to stay indefinitely. The refugees established a community called Viet-Ville (French for 'Viet-Town'), also in Puerto Princesa. At the time, it became the centre of Vietnamese commerce and culture, complete with Vietnamese restaurants, shops, Catholic churches and Buddhist temples. In the decades that followed however, the Vietnamese population dwindled greatly as they finally got approval for resettlement in the United States, Canada, Australia or Western Europe. By 2005, only two of the former refugees remained, both of whom are married to locals. Viet-Ville today remains a popular destination for local tourists and Vietnamese cuisine still remains popular in the city of Puerto Princesa.[142][143][144][145][146]

Israel

[edit]
Main articles: Vietnamese refugees in Israel and Vietnamese boat people
Vietnamese refugees arriving at Ben-Gurion International Airport, In Israel

The number of Vietnamese people in Israel is estimated at 150 to 200. Most of them came between 1976 and 1979 when about 360 Vietnamese refugees were granted political asylum by Prime Minister Menachem Begin. Most later left Israel, mainly for Europe or North America, to reunite with their extended families. A number of second generation descendants have assimilated into Israeli culture, married Israelis, and speak Hebrew.[147][148]

Relations with Vietnam

[edit]

Relations between overseas Vietnamese populations and the current Vietnamese government range between polarities of geniality and overt contempt. Many overseas Vietnamese (who fled from South Vietnam following its fall) residing in North America, Western Europe, and Australia are opposed to the existing government of Vietnam.[149][150] The smaller population of overseas Vietnamese residing in Europe, however, (mainly in Central and Eastern Europe), the Middle East, Africa and Asia, most of whom have been sent for training in formerly communist countries, generally maintain positive or more neutral, if not very friendly relations with the government.[150] Many of these Eastern European Vietnamese are from Northern Vietnam and usually have personal or familial affiliations with the communist government.[151] Those who left before the South Vietnamese exodus starting in 1975, largely residing in France, generally identify their sentiments as somewhere in between the two polarities.[149] A large portion of the Vietnamese diaspora who fled from South Vietnam after its fall and now living in Western Europe, North America, and Oceania have been religious (Christian, Buddhist, Caodaist) and anti-communist, while the Vietnamese living in Eastern Europe and Asia are more aligned to irreligion, and, to a lesser extent, folk religions and Buddhism.[152][153][154]

The former South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ returned to Vietnam in 2004 and was generally positive about his experience. However, Kỳ's reconciliation was met with anger by a large portion of overseas Vietnamese, who called him a traitor and a communist collaborator for reconciling and working with the current communist regime.[155] Notably, the composer Pham Duy had returned to Ho Chi Minh City (referred to as Saigon by overseas Vietnamese as well as by those living in Vietnam) to live the remainder of his life there after living in Midway City, California, since 1975. According to the Vietnamese government, while in 1987 only 8,000 overseas Vietnamese returned to Vietnam for the purpose of visiting, that number jumped to 430,000 in 2004.

The government enacted laws to make it easier for overseas Vietnamese to do business in Vietnam, including laws allowing them to own land. The first company in Vietnam to be registered to an overseas Vietnamese was Highlands Coffee, a successful chain of specialty coffee shops, in 1998.[156]

In June 2007, Vietnamese President Nguyen Minh Triet visited the United States, and one of his scheduled stops was in the vicinity Orange County, home of Little Saigon, the largest Vietnamese community outside of Vietnam. Details of his plans were not announced beforehand due to concerns about massive protests. Despite these efforts, a large crowd of anti-communist protest still occurred.[157] Several thousand people protested in Washington, D.C. and Orange County during his visit.[158][159]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The number of Vietnamese nationals currently in Taiwan with a valid residence permit was 246,973 as of 30 September 2023 (148,677 males, 98,296 females). The number of Vietnamese nationals with a valid residence permit in Taiwan (including those currently not in Taiwan) was 285,173 as of 30 September 2023 (169,278 males, 115,895 females).[11] The number of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin in Taiwan was 111,529 as of April 2022 (2,383 males, 109,146 females).[12] According to the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior, between 1993 and 2021, 94,015 Vietnamese nationals became naturalized citizens in the Republic of China.[13] It was also estimated that 70% of Vietnamese brides in Taiwan had obtained Taiwanese nationality as of 2014,[14] with many renouncing Vietnamese citizenship in the process of naturalization, in accordance with Taiwanese law.[15]
    An estimated 200,000 children were born to Vietnamese mothers and Taiwanese fathers, according to a report by Voice of Vietnam in 2014.[16] According to Taiwanese Ministry of Education, in 2021, 105,237 children born to foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin were enrolled in educational institutions across Taiwan (4,601 in kindergartens, 23,719 in primary schools, 17,904 in secondary schools, 31,497 in high schools, and 27,516 in universities/colleges),[17] a decrease of nearly 3,000 students compared to the previous year, which recorded a total of 108,037 students (5,168 in kindergartens, 25,752 in primary schools, 22,462 in secondary schools, 33,430 in high schools, and 21,225 in universities/colleges).[18]
  2. ^ According to a report released by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, as of 2022, there were 209,373 Vietnamese nationals in South Korea (those without Korean nationality), including 41,555 foreign workers; 36,362 marriage immigrants; 68,181 international students and 63,274 people classified as "Others". Additionally, the report revealed that 50,660 Vietnamese individuals had acquired Korean nationality, and there were also 103,295 children born to parents of Vietnamese origin in South Korea.[21]
  3. ^ This data only included Vietnamese Nationals in Mainland China, Excluding Gin people and data in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
  4. ^ this data only included Gin people in Mainland China.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Minh Thu (2022-06-29). "Đẩy mạnh công tác người Việt Nam ở nước ngoài trong tình hình mới". VietnamPlus. Archived from the original on 2022-08-23. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  2. ^ Lương, Thanh Nghị (2022-02-04). "Nguồn lực người Việt Nam ở nước ngoài". Trang thông tin điện tử Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam. Archived from the original on 2022-08-23. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  3. ^ "Vietnamese in the U.S. Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  4. ^ a b Mauk, Ben (2018-03-28). "A People in Limbo, Many Living Entirely on the Water". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  5. ^ "令和５年６月末現在における在留外国人数について" [Number of Foreign Residents as of June 2023]. Immigration Services Agency. 2023-10-13. Archived from the original on 2023-11-09. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
  6. ^ Phạm, Hạnh (2018-03-31). "Người Việt trẻ ở Pháp níu giữ thế hệ thứ hai với nguồn cội". VnExpress. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  7. ^ Thanh Binh Minh, Tran (2002). Étude de la Transmission Familiale et de la Practique du Parler Franco-Vietnamien dans les communautés Niçoise et Lyonnaise (PDF). International Symposium on Bilingualism (in French). University of Vigo. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  8. ^ "Spécial Têt 2017 – Les célébrations du Têt en France par la communauté vietnamienne". Le Petit Journal (in French). 2017-01-30. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  9. ^ "2021 Census Community Profiles". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  10. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  11. ^ 外僑居留人數統計表11209 [Statistical Table for the Number of Foreign Residents as of September 2023]. National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2023-09-30. Archived from the original on 2023-11-16. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  12. ^ 統計資料 [Statistics]. National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  13. ^ "國籍之歸化取得人數". Ministry of the Interior (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
  14. ^ "Cô dâu Việt ở Đài Loan và muôn nẻo kiếm tìm hạnh phúc". Voice of Vietnam. 2014-01-24. Archived from the original on 2022-05-29. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  15. ^ McKinsey, Kitty (2007-02-14). "Divorce leaves some Vietnamese women broken-hearted and stateless". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  16. ^ "Những cô dâu dạy tiếng Việt ở xứ Đài". Voice of Vietnam. 2014-03-26. Archived from the original on 2022-05-29. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  17. ^ 110 學年度 各級學校新住民子女就學概況 (PDF) (Report). Department of Statistics - Ministry of Education, Taiwan. November 2022. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  18. ^ 109 學年度 各級學校新住民子女就學概況 (PDF) (Report). Department of Statistics - Ministry of Education, Taiwan. November 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  19. ^ Nguyen, Rosie (2022-08-19). "Vietnamese Culture Promoted in Taiwan". VietnamTimes. Vietnam Union of Friendship Organizations. Archived from the original on 2023-07-11. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  20. ^ Nguyễn, Lucy (2017-02-20). "Lao động Việt ở Đài Loan: Nhọc nhằn đổi giọt mồ hôi". Thanh Niên. Archived from the original on 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
  21. ^ "(통계표) 2022 지방자치단체 외국인주민 현황 통계표" [2022 Local Government Foreign Residents Statistics]. Ministry of the Interior and Safety (South Korea). 2023-11-08. Archived from the original on 2023-11-09. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
  22. ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten". Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Statistisches Bundesamt). 2024-04-02. Archived from the original on 2023-06-26. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  23. ^ "Национальный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  24. ^ L. Anh Hoang; Cheryll Alipio (2019). Money and Moralities in Contemporary Asia. Amsterdam University Press. p. 64. ISBN 9789048543151. It is estimated that there are up to 150,000 Vietnamese migrants in Russia, but the vast majority of them are undocumented.
  25. ^ Đình Nam (2022-05-22). "Phó Thủ tướng Vũ Đức Đam gặp gỡ cộng đồng người Việt tại Thái Lan". Báo điện tử Chính phủ. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  26. ^ Hoàng Hoa; Ngọc Quang (2019-08-25). "Chủ tịch Quốc hội gặp gỡ cộng đồng người Việt Nam tại Thái Lan". Communist Party of Vietnam Online Newspaper. Vietnam News Agency. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  27. ^ Xuân Nguyên (2015-11-25). "Người Việt bán hàng rong ở Thái Lan". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25.
  28. ^ "Chủ tịch nước thăm cộng đồng người Việt tại Lào". Voice of Vietnam. 2021-08-10. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  29. ^ Barber, Tamsin (2020). "Differentiated embedding among the Vietnamese refugees in London and the UK: fragmentation, complexity, and 'in/visibility'". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 47 (21). Taylor & Francis: 4835–4852. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1724414. S2CID 224863821."PM meets Vietnamese community in UK". VietnamPlus. Vietnam News Agency. 2021-11-01. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  30. ^ "Vietnam who after 30 years in the UK". Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  31. ^ "Viet Nam, Malaysia's trade unions ink agreement to strengthen protection of migrant workers". International Labour Organization. 2015-03-16. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  32. ^ a b "Vietnamese migrants are thriving in Poland and the Czech Republic". The Economist. 2019-04-27. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  33. ^ Lý Hà (2019-06-11). "Lời cảnh tỉnh cho người xuất khẩu lao động". Báo Công an Nhân dân. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  34. ^ Quốc Anh; Trọng Hoàng (2016-03-12). "Phần lớn lao động Việt Nam tại Angola hiện nay là trái phép". Vietnam Television. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  35. ^ Hà Văn (2023-06-25). "Thủ tướng thăm Đại sứ quán và gặp gỡ cộng đồng người Việt Nam tại Trung Quốc". Báo điện tử Chính phủ. Archived from the original on 2023-06-26. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  36. ^ Thu Hẳng (2023-06-26). "Thủ tướng: 42.000 người Việt Nam ở Trung Quốc là cầu nối hữu nghị giữa hai nước". Vietnamnet. Archived from the original on 2023-06-26. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  37. ^ Quỳnh Trang; Tạ Lư (2022-02-07). "Kiều hối về Việt Nam nhiều cỡ nào?". VnExpress.
  38. ^ "2-22. Population by ethnic groups and gender". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  39. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". Statistisk sentralbyrå (Statistics Norway). 2022-03-07. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  40. ^ "Population; sex, age, migration background and generation, 1 January". Statistics Netherlands. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  41. ^ "Population by country of birth and year". Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  42. ^ "Việt Nam opens consulate office in China's Macau". VietNamNews. 2018-01-06. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  43. ^ "Embassy of the UAE in Hanoi » Vietnam - UAE Relations-Bilateral relations between UAE - Vietnam". Archived from the original on 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
  44. ^ "Cộng Đồng Người Việt Nam ở Ả-Rập Xê-Út Mừng Xuân Ất Mùi - 2015". Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  45. ^ "Người trong cuộc kể lại cuộc sống "như nô lệ" của lao động Việt ở Ả Rập Saudi". 3 January 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  46. ^ "Tình cảnh 'Ô-sin' Việt ở Saudi: bị bóc lột, bỏ đói". 25 September 2018. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  47. ^ Dlhopolec, Peter (2022-03-03). "The Vietnamese campaign for their rights: "We belong here"". The Slovak Spectator. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27. The 2021 data published by the Foreigners' Police reveals that 7,235 people from Vietnam have permanent or temporary residence in the country.
  48. ^ Rédli, Erik (2015-07-28). "Slovakia's 'invisible minority' counters migration fears". The Slovak Spectator. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  49. ^ "FOLK1C: Population at the first day of the quarter by region, sex, age (5 years age groups), ancestry and country of origin". Statistics Denmark.
  50. ^ a b Lim, Vanessa; Min, Ang Hwee (2021-07-21). "Vice activities by some Vietnamese in Singapore not representative of residents here: Embassy official". CNA (TV network). Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  51. ^ Hoàng Hải (2019-05-22). "Người Việt ở Bỉ và Đảng cộng sản kiểu mới, trẻ và hiện đại". BBC. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  52. ^ "StatFin". Tilastokeskus (Statistics Finland).
  53. ^ "Vietnamese in Cyprus, Laos celebrate traditional New Year". VietnamPlus. Vietnam News Agency. 2015-03-04. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  54. ^ "Deputy FM meets Vietnamese nationals in Cyprus". Nhân Dân. 2015-09-18. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  55. ^ "2018 Census ethnic groups dataset | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz.
  56. ^ "Vietnamese community in Switzerland support fight against coronavirus". VietNamNews. 2020-05-04. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  57. ^ Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. Retrieved 9 January 2019. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  58. ^ "Hành trình trở về của người Việt tại Ukraine". Nhân Dân. 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  59. ^ H. Chi (2022-03-03). "Nỗ lực tối đa bảo hộ công dân Việt Nam ở Ukraine". Báo Công an Nhân dân. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  60. ^ Khánh Lan (2022-05-25). "Thúc đẩy quan hệ hợp tác trên nhiều mặt giữa Việt Nam và Ailen". Báo điện tử Đảng Cộng sản. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  61. ^ Thu Trang; Cẩm Lai (2020-03-27). "Người Việt tại tâm dịch của Italia" (in Vietnamese). Voice of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  62. ^ "Truyền "ngọn lửa" văn hóa cho thế hệ trẻ người Việt tại Áo" (in Vietnamese). 2020-02-23.
  63. ^ Phương Linh; Hoàng Vũ (2018-08-13). "Cộng đồng người Việt tại Áo luôn hướng về Tổ quốc". Báo Quân đội Nhân dân. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  64. ^ "Condiții inumane pentru muncitorii vietnamezi din România". Digi24 (in Romanian). 2019-03-21. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  65. ^ "Lấy quốc tịch Châu Âu thông qua con đường Bulgaria". Tuổi Trẻ. 2019-03-13. Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  66. ^ Ines M. Miyares, Christopher A. Airriess (2007). Contemporary ethnic geographies in America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7425-3772-9.
  67. ^ Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau, eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABC-CLIO. p. 1219. ISBN 9780313350672.
  68. ^ Koh, Priscilla (2015). "You Can Come Home Again: Narratives of Home and Belonging among Second-Generation Việt Kiều in Vietnam". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 30 (1): 173–214. doi:10.1355/sj30-1f. JSTOR 24779833. S2CID 145589360.
  69. ^ "Review of Vietnamese Migration Abroad" (PDF). EEAS. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  70. ^ Szymańska-Matusiewicz, Grażyna (September 8, 2015). "The Vietnamese Communities in Central and Eastern Europe as Part of the Global Vietnamese Diaspora". Central and Eastern European Migration Review. 4 (1): 5–10 – via www.ceemr.uw.edu.pl.
  71. ^ "VietNamNet Bridge". 2007-12-31. Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  72. ^ Lamb, Kate (2019-10-11). "South Korea bans men with history of abuse from marrying foreign women". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  73. ^ "Cô dâu Việt ở Đài Loan". Báo Thanh Niên.
  74. ^ "Vietnamese Women in Morocco - What are they doing there?". May 21, 2018.
  75. ^ "Vietnamese in UAE eager to cheer on national football team at Asian Cup".
  76. ^ "Vietnamese expatriates feel safe in Qatar". www.thepeninsulaqatar.com. 4 February 2019.
  77. ^ "Cộng đồng người Việt Nam tại Ai Cập một lòng hướng về Tổ quốc".
  78. ^ Ives, Mike (2014-07-17). "As Vietnam's women go abroad, dads tend the home". Associated Press. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
  79. ^ Huynh, Helen (2020-07-24). "Many overseas Vietnamese students want to change their study abroad plans". Vietnam Insider. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  80. ^ "190.000 lưu học sinh Việt Nam đang ở nước ngoài: Bộ GD&ĐT khuyến cáo khẩn". Báo điện tử Tiền Phong (in Vietnamese). 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  81. ^ "Essex lorry deaths: Why do thousands of Vietnamese migrants risk their lives to come to the UK?". Sky News.
  82. ^ a b c Badalona, Jeanne (2014-08-22). "Vietnamese Immigrants in the United States in 2012". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  83. ^ Do, Hien Duc. "The New Migrants from Asia: Vietnamese in the United States." OAH Magazine of History 10, no. 4 (1996): 61-66. Accessed November 11, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25163102.
  84. ^ Campi, Alicia (2005-06-01). "From Refugees to Americans: Thirty Years of Vietnamese Immigration to the United States". American Immigration Council. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  85. ^ Ha, Thu-Huong (30 April 2016). "Forty-one years ago, the US took a big gamble on Vietnamese refugees". Quartz. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  86. ^ Chu, Lan T. "From Reaction to Action: Re-conceptualizing the Vietnamese American Diasporic Experience." Journal of Vietnamese Studies 11, no. 2 (2016): 37-42. Accessed October 7, 2020. doi:10.2307/26377908.
  87. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  88. ^ "Vietnamese in the U.S. Fact Sheet". Pewsocialtrends.org. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
  89. ^ Collet, Christian (May 26, 2000). "The Determinants of Vietnamese American Political Participation: Findings from the January 2000 Orange County Register Poll" (PDF). 2000 Annual Meeting of the Association of Asian American. Scottsdale, Arizona. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2008.
  90. ^ Ong, Nhu-Ngoc T.; Meyer, David S. (April 1, 2004). "Protest and Political Incorporation: Vietnamese American Protests, 1975–2001". Center for the Study of Democracy. 04 (8).
  91. ^ Cambodia receives 778,467 int'l tourists in Q1, up 14% Archived 2011-05-09 at the Wayback Machine. News.xinhuanet.com (2011-05-03). Retrieved on 2011-05-30.
  92. ^ "Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. April 29, 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
  93. ^ 网易 (2022-06-26). "谁是"外籍居民"第一省？你绝对想不到". www.163.com. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  94. ^ Thanh Binh Minh Trân. "Étude de la Transmission Familiale et de la Practique du Parler Franco-Vietnamien" (PDF). Actas/Proceedings II Simposio Internacional Billingüismo (in French). Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  95. ^ Nguyen Quy Dao, La diaspora vietnamienne et sa coopération avec le Vietnam, 2013 Archived 2016-01-09 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  96. ^ a b c La Diaspora Vietnamienne en France un cas particulier Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  97. ^ Blanc, Marie-Eve. Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World, Springer, pp. 1158–1166, 2004. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9
  98. ^ Blanc, Marie-Eve (2004). "Vietnamese in France". In Ember, Carol (ed.). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer. p. 1162. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
  99. ^ a b La diaspora vietnamienne Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  100. ^ Bousquet p. 5
  101. ^ a b Helping the World's homeless; Vietnamese in France proud, divided The Christian Science Monitor, 1980
  102. ^ "2016 Census Community Profiles: Australia". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au.
  103. ^ 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2005. Abs.gov.au. Retrieved on 2011-05-30.
  104. ^ The Age (2006-09-04). "Nguyens keeping up with the Joneses". Melbourne. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
  105. ^ Melbourne City Council. "City of Melbourne – Multicultural Communities – Vietnamese". Archived from the original on 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  106. ^ "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights | Stats NZ". Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  107. ^ "Story: Vietnamese: Page 1-Migration". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  108. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]". Statistics Canada. November 29, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  109. ^ Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland – Startseite. Destatis.de (2008-10-20). Retrieved on 2011-05-30.
  110. ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten 2023 nach Migrationshintergrund". Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Statistisches Bundesamt). 2 April 2023.
  111. ^ "Die DDR war unser Vorbild: Erfahrungen von Vietnamesen in der DDR". archiv.tag-des-herrn.de. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
  112. ^ "Foreigners by type of residence, sex and citizenship" (PDF). Czech Statistics Office. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  113. ^ Miroslav Nozina, The Dragon & the Lion: Vietnamese Organized Crime in the Czech Republic, Think Magazine
  114. ^ "Nguyen je devátým nejčastějším příjmením v Česku, poráží i Procházky" (in Czech). idnes.cz. June 8, 2011.
  115. ^ Malcolm Dick. "Vietnamese people in Birmingham". Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
  116. ^ "Number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants to Taiwan increases | Taiwan News | 2020-07-08 16:47:00". Taiwan News. 8 July 2020.
  117. ^ "The 6,000-mile journey: How scores of Vietnamese migrants are smuggled or trafficked into the UK each year". ABC News.
  118. ^ Silverstone, Daniel; Savage, Stephen (2010). "Farmers, factories and funds: Organised crime and illicit drugs cultivation within the British Vietnamese community". Global Crime. 11: 16–33. doi:10.1080/17440570903475683. S2CID 144827119.
  119. ^ "En route to the United Kingdom. A field survey of vietnamese migrants" (PDF). france-terre-asile.org. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  120. ^ Silverstone, Daniel (30 October 2019). "How to prevent the deaths of more Vietnamese migrants trying to reach Britain". The Conversation.
  121. ^ "Wietnamczyk w postkomunistycznej Europie" [Vietnamese in post-communist Europe]. rp.pl (in Polish). 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
  122. ^ Nowicka, Ewa (26 January 2015). "Young Vietnamese generation in Poland: caught between a rock and a hard place" (PDF). Przegląd Zachodni. 2004 (II): 215–239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-28. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  123. ^ a b "Regard sur la communauté vietnamienne en Belgique" (PDF). Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  124. ^ Население по национальности и владению русским языком по субъектам Российской Федерации (Microsoft Excel) (in Russian). Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
  125. ^ Anbjørg Bakken (June 20, 2006). "Flittigere enn gutta". Aftenposten. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
  126. ^ CBS 2010
  127. ^ Кръстева, Анна; Евгения Мицева; et al. (2005). "Виетнамци". Имиграцията в България (PDF). София: IMIR. ISBN 954-8872-56-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-19.
  128. ^ Терзиев, Светослав (2008-04-21). "Виетнамците идат— помним ли ги?" (in Bulgarian). Сега. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  129. ^ Nguyen, Nhu (1999). The Reality: Vietnamese Migrant Workers in South Korea. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Mobility Research and Support Center.
  130. ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (2007-02-21). "Marriage brokers in Vietnam cater to S. Korean bachelors". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  131. ^ Yi Hun-beom (2007-08-20), "당신의 몸에도 다른 피가 흐른다", JoongAng Ilbo, archived from the original on 2011-07-13, retrieved 2010-01-14{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  132. ^ Last Vietnamese boat refugee leaves Malaysia, 30 August 2005, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, retrieved 17 September 2013
  133. ^ K. P. Waran (20 October 1996). "Malaysia offers help in some areas". New Straits Times. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  134. ^ "Vietnamese in Taiwan fear an anti-Vietnam backlash may soon ensue". FTV News. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  135. ^ Quang, Hanh (2005-08-23). "VN-Taiwan discuss brides' rights in illegally-made matches". Vietnamnet Bridge. Vietnam News Agency. Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  136. ^ "法務省". www.moj.go.jp.
  137. ^ "Vietnamese community becomes 3rd largest foreign group in Japan | Society | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)". 2019-10-27. Archived from the original on 2019-10-27. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  138. ^ Tran, My-Van (2005). A Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan: Prince Cuong De (1882–1951). Routledge. pp. 3–5, 41–47. ISBN 0-415-29716-8.
  139. ^ Shingaki, Masami; Shinichi Asano (2003). "The lifestyles and ethnic identity of Vietnamese youth residing in Japan". In Roger Goodman (ed.). Global Japan: The Experience of Japan's New Immigrant and Overseas Communities. Routledge. pp. 165–176. ISBN 0415297419.
  140. ^ Anh, Dang Nguyen (2003). "Labour Emigration and Emigration Pressures in Transitional Vietnam". In Robyn R. Iredale (ed.). Migration in the Asia Pacific: Population, Settlement and Citizenship Issues. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 169–180. ISBN 1840648600.
  141. ^ "Cộng đồng người Việt tại Lào mừng lễ Vu Lan [Vietnamese community in Laos celebrates Ghost Festival]". Voice of Vietnam. 2012-08-31. Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  142. ^ Bhandari, Shirin (9 May 2018). "The Last Remains of Viet Ville". Roads & Kingdoms. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  143. ^ "Palawan Refugee Camp, Philippine". Refugee Camps.info. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  144. ^ Calunsod, Ronron (6 June 2014). "Vietnamese village in Philippines lives on". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  145. ^ Nguyen, Phung (18 September 2018). Vietnamese Village in Puerto Princesa (PDF).
  146. ^ "Philippines' Little Vietnam dwindles as refugees move out". The Vietnam News. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  147. ^ Weinglass, Simona. "35 years on, where are Israel's Vietnamese refugees?". www.timesofisrael.com.
  148. ^ "Vietnamese Boat People in the Promised Land". aishcom. 9 November 2011.
  149. ^ a b Andrew Hardy (2004). "Internal transnationalism and the formation of the Vietnamese diaspora". In Brenda S. A. Yeoh and Katie Willis (ed.). State/nation/transnation: perspectives on transnationalism in the Asia-Pacific. Routeledge. pp. 231–234. ISBN 0-415-30279-X.
  150. ^ a b Ashley Carruthers (2007). "Vietnamese Language and Media Policy in the Service of Deterritorialized Nation-Building". In Hock Guan Lee and Leo Suryadinata (ed.). Language, nation and development in Southeast Asia. ISEAS Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 978-981-230-482-7.
  151. ^ "Berlin's Vietnamese Wall | DW | 27.11.2004". DW.COM.
  152. ^ Phan, Peter C. (2000). "Vietnamese Catholics in the United States: Christian Identity between the Old and the New". U.S. Catholic Historian. 18 (1): 19–35. JSTOR 25154702.
  153. ^ "The Vietnamese diaspora". The Christian Century.
  154. ^ Ninh, Thien-Huong T. (2017). Race, Gender, and Religion in the Vietnamese Diaspora. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57168-3. ISBN 978-3-319-57167-6.
  155. ^ Knoll, Corina (2011-07-24). "Vietnamese Americans have mixed feelings about ex-leader's death". Los Angeles Times.
  156. ^ "History". Highlands Coffee. Archived from the original on 2010-07-27. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
  157. ^ Mike Anton (June 19, 2007). "Rumored visit has Little Saigon abuzz". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
  158. ^ Deepa Bharath, Mary Ann Milbourn and Norberto Santana Jr. (June 22, 2007). "Making their voices heard". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on June 24, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
  159. ^ Jeanette Steele (June 24, 2007). "Vietnam president's visit sparks protest". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-24.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Vietnamese descent.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overseas_Vietnamese&oldid=1256315727"