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|settlement_type = City
|settlement_type = City
|motto =
|motto =
|image_skyline = Phnom Penh Montage.jpg
|image_skyline = PhnomPenhMontage.png
|image_size = 300px
|image_size = 300px
|image_caption = Clockwise from top left: Aerial view of downtown Phnom Penh, [[Wat Phnom]], [[Independence Monument, Phnom Penh|Independence Monument]], [[Silver Pagoda, Phnom Penh|Silver Pagoda]], [[Royal Palace, Phnom Penh|Royal Palace complex]], [[Royal Palace, Phnom Penh#Chan Chhaya Pavilion|Chan Chhaya Pavilion]], [[Canadia Bank|OCIC tower]], [[Sorya Shopping Center]] and the boulevard straight [[Phsar Thom Thmei]] known as Central Market.
|image_caption = Clockwise from top left: [[Royal Palace, Phnom Penh|Royal Palace]], [[Buddha|Buddha Statue]], [[Canadia Bank|OCIC tower]], [[Phsar Thom Thmei]], [[Silver Pagoda, Phnom Penh|Silver Pagoda]], [[Independence Monument, Phnom Penh|Independence Monument]],

|image_flag =
|image_flag =
|image_seal = Phnom_Penh_Seal.jpg
|image_seal = Phnom_Penh_Seal.jpg
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|unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
|unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
|area_footnotes =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 758 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
|area_total_km2 = 375 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_km2 =
|population_as_of = May 2009
|population_as_of = May 2009
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==Etymology==
==Etymology==

⚫
[[File:WatPhnom PhnomPenh 2005 2.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Wat Phnom]] gave the city its name]]
⚫
[[File:Wat phnom1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Phnom Penh from east drawn in 1887]]

Phnom Penh takes its name from the present [[Wat Phnom]] or ''Hill Temple''. Legend has it that in 1372, an old nun named Penh went to fetch water in the [[Mekong]] and found a dead Koki tree floating down the stream. Inside a hole of the Koki tree were four bronze and one stone [[Buddha]] statues.
Phnom Penh takes its name from the present [[Wat Phnom]] or ''Hill Temple''. Legend has it that in 1372, an old nun named Penh went to fetch water in the [[Mekong]] and found a dead Koki tree floating down the stream. Inside a hole of the Koki tree were four bronze and one stone [[Buddha]] statues.


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==History==
==History==
⚫
[[File:Wat phnom1.jpg|thumb|upright|Phnom Penh from east drawn in 1887]]
⚫
[[Image:Security Prison 21 (S-21), Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum]]]]


[[Image:Chan Chaya royal pavilion (Phnom Penh).jpg|thumb|200px|left|The Chan Chhaya Pavilion]]
⚫
Phnom Penh first became the capital of Cambodia after [[Ponhea Yat]], king of the [[Khmer Empire]], moved the capital from [[Angkor Thom]] after it was captured by [[Thailand|Siam]] a few years earlier. There is a [[stupa]] behind Wat Phnom that house the remains of Ponhea Yat and the royal family as well as the remaining [[Buddhist]] statues from the Angkorean era. There are also [[Phnom Penh Legend|legends]] that tell how Phnom Penh was created like in the 17th century, [[Japanese people|Japanese]] immigrants settled on the outskirts of Phnom Penh.<ref>Japan Times Online [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080216f2.html Researcher locates 17th-century Japanese village in Cambodia]. Retrieved January 20, 2009.</ref>
[[Image:Royal Palace - Phnom Penh - Cambodia.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Stupa in the Royal Palace]]
[[Image:Pavillon royal.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Pavilion in the Royal Palace]]
⚫
[[Image:Security Prison 21 (S-21), Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The exterior of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum]], Phnom Penh]]
[[Image:Phsar thmey big.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Phsah Thmei in the 1950s/1960s.]]

⚫
Phnom Penh first became the capital of Cambodia after [[Ponhea Yat]], king of the [[Khmer Empire]], moved the capital from [[Angkor Thom]] after it was captured by [[Thailand|Siam]] a few years earlier. There is a [[stupa]] behind Wat Phnom that house the remains of Ponhea Yat and the royal family as well as the remaining [[Buddhist]] statues from the Angkorean era. There are also [[Phnom Penh Legend|legends]] that tell how Phnom Penh was created like in the 1600s, [[Japanese people|Japanese]] immigrants settled on the outskirts of Phnom Penh.<ref>Japan Times Online [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080216f2.html Researcher locates 17th-century Japanese village in Cambodia]. Retrieved January 20, 2009.</ref>


Phnom Penh remained the royal capital for 73 years-from 1432 to 1505. It was abandoned for 360 years-from 1505 to 1865-by subsequent kings due to internal fighting between the royal pretenders. Later kings moved the capital several times and established their royal capitals at various locations in Tuol Basan (Srey Santhor), [[Pursat]], [[Lovek|Longvek]], Lavear Em and [[Oudong]].
Phnom Penh remained the royal capital for 73 years-from 1432 to 1505. It was abandoned for 360 years-from 1505 to 1865-by subsequent kings due to internal fighting between the royal pretenders. Later kings moved the capital several times and established their royal capitals at various locations in Tuol Basan (Srey Santhor), [[Pursat]], [[Lovek|Longvek]], Lavear Em and [[Oudong]].
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==Administration==
==Administration==

[[File:Independence Monument.JPG|left|thumb|200px|[[Independence Monument, Phnom Penh]]|200 px]]
[[File:Cambodia-Vietnam-friendship-monument83.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The [[Cambodia-Vietnam Friendship Monument]]]]
⚫
[[File:WatPhnom PhnomPenh 2005 2.JPG|left|thumb|180px|[[Wat Phnom]]|200 px]]


Administratively, Phnom Penh is a [[municipality]] standing at {{convert|375|km2}} and is governed with a status that is equal to provinces of [[Cambodia]]. As such, it has a similar political structure to its provinces. The municipality is subdivided into 7 administrative divisions called [[Administrative divisions of Cambodia|Khan]]s (districts) and of the 7 Khans, [[Dangkor]], [[Meanchey]] and [[Russei Kaev]] are considered the outskirts of the city. All Khans are under the governance of the Phnom Penh Municipality. The Khans are further subdivided into 76 [[Sangkat]]s (communes), and 637 [[Krom]]s.
Administratively, Phnom Penh is a [[municipality]] standing at {{convert|375|km2}} and is governed with a status that is equal to provinces of [[Cambodia]]. As such, it has a similar political structure to its provinces. The municipality is subdivided into 7 administrative divisions called [[Administrative divisions of Cambodia|Khan]]s (districts) and of the 7 Khans, [[Dangkor]], [[Meanchey]] and [[Russei Kaev]] are considered the outskirts of the city. All Khans are under the governance of the Phnom Penh Municipality. The Khans are further subdivided into 76 [[Sangkat]]s (communes), and 637 [[Krom]]s.


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==Demographics==
==Demographics==

⚫
[[File:BuddhistInstitute Phnom Penh 2005 1.JPG|left|thumb|200px|Buddhist Institute in Phnom Penh]]


As of 2008, Phnom Penh had a population of 2,009,264 people, with a total population density of 5,358 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,877/sq mi) in a 375 km2 (145 sq mi) city area. The population growth in the city is 3.92%.
As of 2008, Phnom Penh had a population of 2,009,264 people, with a total population density of 5,358 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,877/sq mi) in a 375 km2 (145 sq mi) city area. The population growth in the city is 3.92%.


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==Economy==
==Economy==
⚫
[[Image:Phnom Penh - Phsar Thom Thmei - 2009 - 03.JPG|200px|thumb|[[Phsar Thom Thmei]] currently under a massive restoration project]]
[[Image:OCIC Tower.JPG|thumb|upright|Completed in 2009, OCIC Tower is the headquarters for [[Canadia Bank]].]]
[[Image:OCIC Tower.JPG|thumb|upright|Completed in 2009, OCIC Tower is the headquarters for [[Canadia Bank]].]]

⚫
[[Image:Phnom Penh - Phsar Thom Thmei - 2009 - 03.JPG|upright|thumb|The art deco market [[Phsar Thom Thmei]]]]


Phnom Penh's is Cambodia's economic center as it accounts for a large portion of the Cambodian economy. Double-digit economic growth rates in recent years have triggered an economic boom in Phnom Penh, with new hotels, restaurants, bars, high rises, and residential buildings springing up around the city.
Phnom Penh's is Cambodia's economic center as it accounts for a large portion of the Cambodian economy. Double-digit economic growth rates in recent years have triggered an economic boom in Phnom Penh, with new hotels, restaurants, bars, high rises, and residential buildings springing up around the city.
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The Central market ''Phsar Thmei '' is a major tourist hot spot. The four wings of the yellow colored market are teeming with numerous stalls selling gold and silver jewellery, antique coins, clothing, clocks, flowers, food, fabrics and shoes. Phsar Thmei is also going under a major renovation project, with fresh paint on the exterior and interior, and the creation of newer stalls.
The Central market ''Phsar Thmei '' is a major tourist hot spot. The four wings of the yellow colored market are teeming with numerous stalls selling gold and silver jewellery, antique coins, clothing, clocks, flowers, food, fabrics and shoes. Phsar Thmei is also going under a major renovation project, with fresh paint on the exterior and interior, and the creation of newer stalls.


[[Cambodia Angkor Air]] has its head office in Phnom Penh.<ref name="caa">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodiaangkorair.com/default.aspx?tabid=98|title=Welcome|year=2009|publisher=Cambodia Angkor Air |accessdate=28 December 2009}}</ref>
[[Cambodia Angkor Air]] has its head office in Phnom Penh.<ref name="caa">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodiaangkorair.com/default.aspx?tabid=98|title=Welcome|date=2009|publisher=Cambodia Angkor Air |accessdate=28 December 2009}}</ref>

⚫
==Education==
⚫
[[File:BuddhistInstitute Phnom Penh 2005 1.JPG|thumb|upright|Buddhist Institute]]
⚫
The [[Royal University of Phnom Penh]] (RUPP) is the oldest and largest institution of [[Education in Cambodia|higher education]] in [[Cambodia]]. As of 2008, the university has over 10,000 students across three campuses, and offers a wide range of high-quality courses within the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, and the Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL). There are about fifty higher institutions in Cambodia, most of which have no small campuses. Several international charities, like [[A New Day Cambodia]], operate independent educational facilities in addition to public schools for students.

The Buddhist Institute was founded on May 12, 1930 and is the principal state Buddhist institution in Cambodia.


==Culture==
==Culture==
⚫
[[Image:National museum inside.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[National Museum of Cambodia|National Museum]] was built in the early 1900's]]
⚫
Phnom Penh is notable for [[Ka tieu]] Phnom Penh, its variation on rice-noodle soup. Phnom Penh also has its own dialect of [[Khmer language|Khmer]]. Speakers of the Phnom Penh dialect often [[elide]] syllables, which has earned it the reputation for being lazy speech. Phnom Penh is also known for its influence on [[New Khmer Architecture]]. The city is the most modern of Cambodian cities. It is both the economic and cultural center of Cambodia.


⚫
Phnom Penh is notable for [[Ka_tieu|Ka tieu]] Phnom Penh, its variation on rice-noodle soup. Phnom Penh also has its own dialect of [[Khmer language|Khmer]]. Speakers of the Phnom Penh dialect often [[elide]] syllables, which has earned it the reputation for being lazy speech. Phnom Penh is also known for its influence on [[New Khmer Architecture]]. The city is the most modern of Cambodian cities. It is both the economic and cultural center of Cambodia.
The two most visited museums in the city are the [[National Museum of Cambodia|National Museum]], which is the country's leading historical and archaeological museum, and [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum]], a former Khmer Rouge prison.


===Festivals===
===Festivals===
[[Image:Royal Palace, Cambodia.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Silver Pagoda, Phnom Penh|Silver Pagoda]] houses the Emerald Buddha]]
[[Image:Royal Palace, Cambodia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Silver Pagoda|Wat Preah Keo]] in Phnom Penh]]


'''Chaul Chnam Thmey''' 13–15 April
'''Chaul Chnam Thmey''' 13–15 April
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==Cityscape and Architecture==
==Cityscape and Architecture==
[[Image:Royal Palace, Cambodia 2 by gul791.jpg|thumb|upright|Throne hall of the royal palace]]
[[Image:Royal Palace, Phnom Penh Cambodia 1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Preah Thineang Dheva Vinnichay Palace, also known as Throne Hall]]
[[Image:Colonial Villa on Street 108 Phnom Penh.jpg|thumb|upright|Example of French colonial architecture]]
[[Image:Colonial Villa on Street 108 Phnom Penh.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Example of French colonial architecture in Phnom Penh]]
[[Image:LeRoyal PP.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The [[Hotel Le Royal]] located in Phnom Penh]]
⚫
[[Image:National museum inside.jpg|thumb|right|180px|The [[National Museum of Cambodia|National Museum]] was built in the early 1900's]]


The oldest structure is the [[Wat Phnom]] from the founding days of the city, constructed in 1373. The main tourist attractions are the [[Royal Palace, Phnom Penh|Royal Palace]] with the [[Silver Pagoda, Phnom Penh|Silver Pagoda]], which dates to the mid-19th century; the [[National Museum, Phnom Penh|National Museum]], constructed during the French colonial era in the late 19th century in the classical Khmer style hosts a vast collection of Khmer antiquities; the [[Independence Monument, Phnom Penh|Independence Monument]] (Khmer: ''Vimean Akareach''), although modern from the 1950s, is also constructed in the ancient Khmer style.
The oldest structure is the [[Wat Phnom]] from the founding days of the city, constructed in 1373. The main tourist attractions are the [[Royal Palace, Phnom Penh|Royal Palace]] with the [[Silver Pagoda, Phnom Penh|Silver Pagoda]], which dates to the mid 1800s; the [[National Museum, Phnom Penh|National Museum]], constructed during the French colonial era in the late 1800s in the classical Khmer style hosts a vast collection of Khmer antiquities; the [[Independence Monument, Phnom Penh|Independence Monument]] (Khmer: ''Vimean Akareach''), although modern from the 1950s, is also constructed in the ancient Khmer style.


The French, who were the colonial masters from the 19th century to the 1940s, also left their mark, with various colonial villas, French churches, [[boulevard]]s, and the Art deco market [[Phsar Thom Thmei]]. A notable landmark of the colonial era is the [[Hotel Le Royal]].
The French, who were the colonial masters from the 1800s to the 1940s, also left their mark, with various colonial villas, French churches, [[boulevard]]s, and the Art deco market [[Phsar Thom Thmei]]. A notable landmark of the colonial era is the [[Hotel Le Royal]].


Starting with independence from the French in the 1950s and lasting until the era of the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s, Phnom Penh underwent tremendous growth as the capital city of a newly independent country. King Sihanouk was eager to present a new style of architecture and thus invigorate the process of nation building. A new golden era of architecture took off, with various projects and young Khmer architects, often educated in France, given opportunities to design and construct. This new movement was called "New Khmer Architecture" and was often characterised by a fusion of [[Bauhaus]], European post-modern architecture, and traditional elements from [[Angkor]]. The most prominent architect was [[Vann Molyvann]], who was nominated chief national architect by the king himself in 1956. Molyvann created landmark buildings such as the [[Preah Suramarit National Theatre]] and the Council of Ministers building, other architects helped construct the newly founded [[Royal Khmer University]], the Institute of Foreign Languages and the National Sports Centre. With the growth of the upper and entrepreneurial middle class, new suburbs were built in the 1950s and 60's.
Starting with independence from the French in the 1950s and lasting until the era of the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s, Phnom Penh underwent tremendous growth as the capital city of a newly independent country. King Sihanouk was eager to present a new style of architecture and thus invigorate the process of nation building. A new golden era of architecture took off, with various projects and young Khmer architects, often educated in France, given opportunities to design and construct. This new movement was called "New Khmer Architecture" and was often characterised by a fusion of [[Bauhaus]], European post-modern architecture, and traditional elements from [[Angkor]]. The most prominent architect was [[Vann Molyvann]], who was nominated chief national architect by the king himself in 1956. Molyvann created landmark buildings such as the [[Preah Suramarit National Theatre]] and the Council of Ministers building, other architects helped construct the newly founded [[Royal Khmer University]], the Institute of Foreign Languages and the National Sports Centre. With the growth of the upper and entrepreneurial middle class, new suburbs were built in the 1950s and 60's.
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==Newspapers and magazines==
==Newspapers and magazines==
[[Image:PostOffice PhnomPenh 2005 1.JPG|200px|thumb|right|National Post Office of Phnom Penh]]
[[Image:Building in Phnom Penh, View from Mekong River 2.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Riverbank view from the [[Mekong River]]]]

===Dailies===
===Dailies===
====Khmer====
====Khmer====
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===French newspapers===
===French newspapers===
* ''[[Cambodge Soir]]'' a weekly [[French language|French-language]] newspaper published in Phnom Penh.
* ''[[Cambodge Soir]]'' a weekly [[French language|French-language]] newspaper published in Phnom Penh.

==Sport==
⚫
{{Main|Sport in Cambodia}}
⚫
[[Image:OlympicStadiumPhnomPenhDerFussi.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Olympic Stadium]]]]
⚫
The martial arts of [[Bokator]], [[Pradal Serey]] (Khmer kick boxing) and [[Khmer traditional wrestling]] have venues in Phnom Penh watched by dedicated spectators. Cambodia has increasingly become involved in modern sports over the last 30 years. As with the rest of the country, [[Football (soccer)|football]] and the [[martial arts]] are particularly popular.

⚫
The most prominent of venues in the city is the [[Phnom Penh National Olympic Stadium]] with a capacity of 50,000. Built in 1964, it is home to the [[Cambodian national football team]], although the country never hosted the [[Olympic Games]]. Noted clubs include [[Phnom Penh Empire]], [[Khemara]] and [[Military Police (Cambodian football club)|Military Police]].

⚫
Olympic Stadium is the largest sports center in the Phnom Penh District. Volleyball, basketball, and tai-kwon-do games are often hosted at the stadium. The National Sports Centre of Cambodia is famous for hosting swimming, boxing, and volleyball competitions.


==Transport==
==Transport==
[[Image:Phnom penh airport.JPG|upright|thumb|[[Phnom Penh International Airport]]]]
[[Image:Phnom penh airport.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Phnom Penh International Airport]]]]
[[Image:Phnom Penh sta.,phnom penh city,cambodia.JPG|thumb|upright|National Train Station]]
[[Image:Phnom Penh sta.,phnom penh city,cambodia.JPG|thumb|200px|left|National Train Station in Cambodia]]

⚫
[[Image:Monivong Boulevard.jpg|upright|thumb|Traffic on [[Monivong Boulevard]]]]
[[Phnom Penh International Airport]] is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Cambodia after [[Angkor International Airport]] in [[Siem Reap]]. It is located {{convert|7|km}} west of central Phnom Penh. Taxis, pick-ups, and minibuses leave the city for destinations all over the country, but are fast losing ground to cheaper and more comfortable buses. Phnom Penh also has a rail service.
[[Phnom Penh International Airport]] is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Cambodia after [[Angkor International Airport]] in [[Siem Reap]]. It is located {{convert|7|km}} west of central Phnom Penh. Taxis, pick-ups, and minibuses leave the city for destinations all over the country, but are fast losing ground to cheaper and more comfortable buses. Phnom Penh also has a rail service.


Cambodia's national [[flag carrier]], [[Cambodia Angkor Air]], launched in 2009, is headquartered in Phnom Penh and has its main hub there, with an additional hub at the Angkor International Airport.<ref name="caa"/> Budget flights from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Phnom Penh is operated by AirAsia, the region's leading low-cost carrier. [http://www.airasia.com]
Cambodia's national [[flag carrier]], [[Cambodia Angkor Air]], launched in 2009, is headquartered in Phnom Penh and has its main hub there, with an additional hub at the Angkor International Airport.<ref name="caa"/> Budget flights from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Phnom Penh is operated by AirAsia, the region's leading low-cost carrier. [http://www.airasia.com]


⚫
[[Image:Monivong Boulevard.jpg|thumb|200px|Traffic on [[Monivong Boulevard]]]]
There are two bus companies, Phnom Penh Public Transport and GST Express, running services to Sihanoukville, [[Kampong Chhnang (town)|Kampong Chhnang]], [[Udong]] and [[Takéo]].
There are two bus companies, Phnom Penh Public Transport and GST Express, running services to Sihanoukville, [[Kampong Chhnang (town)|Kampong Chhnang]], [[Udong]] and [[Takéo]].


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|}
|}


⚫
==Education==
⚫
The [[Royal University of Phnom Penh]] (RUPP) is the oldest and largest institution of [[Education in Cambodia|higher education]] in [[Cambodia]]. As of 2008, the university has over 10,000 students across three campuses, and offers a wide range of high-quality courses within the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, and the Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL). There are about fifty higher institutions in Cambodia, most of which have no small campuses. Several international charities, like [[A New Day Cambodia]], operate independent educational facilities in addition to public schools for students.


==Notable people==
==Sport==
⚫
{{Main|Sport in Cambodia}}
⚫
[[Image:OlympicStadiumPhnomPenhDerFussi.jpg|270px|thumb|left|[[Olympic Stadium]]]]
[[Image:Pradal.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Pradal Serey]] ''Khmer kick boxing'']]


⚫
The martial arts of [[Bokator]], [[Pradal Serey]] (Khmer kick boxing) and [[Khmer traditional wrestling]] have venues in Phnom Penh watched by dedicated spectators. Cambodia has increasingly become involved in modern sports over the last 30 years. As with the rest of the country, [[Football (soccer)|football]] and the [[martial arts]] are particularly popular.

⚫
The most prominent of venues in the city is the [[Phnom Penh National Olympic Stadium]] with a capacity of 50,000. Built in 1964, it is home to the [[Cambodian national football team]], although the country never hosted the [[Olympic Games]]. Noted clubs include [[Phnom Penh Empire]], [[Khemara]] and [[Military Police (Cambodian football club)|Military Police]].

⚫
Olympic Stadium is the largest sports center in the Phnom Penh District. Volleyball, basketball, and tai-kwon-do games are often hosted at the stadium. The National Sports Centre of Cambodia is famous for hosting swimming, boxing, and volleyball competitions

==Notable people==
[[Image:US Navy 071127-N-4010S-124 Sailors and Marines assigned to the Essex Expeditionary Strike Group were invited to the U.S. Embassy for the second annual Christmas lighting ceremony.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Christmas lights at the US Embassy in Phnom Penh]]
* [[François Chau]] (born 1959), actor
* [[François Chau]] (born 1959), actor
* [[Yim Guechse]] (born 1946), poet and author
* [[Yim Guechse]] (born 1946), poet and author
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* [[Rithy Panh]] (born 1964), film director
* [[Rithy Panh]] (born 1964), film director
* [[Sam Rainsy]] (born 1949), politician
* [[Sam Rainsy]] (born 1949), politician
* [[Mu Sochua]] (born 1954), politician
* [[Norodom Ranariddh]] (born 1944), politician
* [[Norodom Ranariddh]] (born 1944), politician
* [[Norodom Sihamoni]] (born 1953), king of Cambodia since 2004
* [[Norodom Sihamoni]] (born 1953), king of Cambodia since 2004
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*{{Cite book |title=Phnom Penh Then and Now|last1=Igout|first1=Michel|last2=Dubuisson|first2=Serge|year=1993|publisher=White Lotus|location=Bangkok|isbn=9789748495842|oclc=29795478}}
*{{Cite book |title=Phnom Penh Then and Now|last1=Igout|first1=Michel|last2=Dubuisson|first2=Serge|year=1993|publisher=White Lotus|location=Bangkok|isbn=9789748495842|oclc=29795478}}
*{{Cite book |title=Journey Through Phnom Penh: A Pictorial Guide to the Jewel of Cambodia|last1=LeBoutillier|first1=Kris|last2=Ariff|first2=Shahida|year=2004|publisher=Times Editions|location=Singapore|isbn=9789812325969|oclc=55501046}}
*{{Cite book |title=Journey Through Phnom Penh: A Pictorial Guide to the Jewel of Cambodia|last1=LeBoutillier|first1=Kris|last2=Ariff|first2=Shahida|year=2004|publisher=Times Editions|location=Singapore|isbn=9789812325969|oclc=55501046}}
*{{Cite book |title=AZU's Dreams of Cambodia. Phnom Penh|last1=Leroy|first1=Joakim|last2=Hoskin|first2=John|year=2005|publisher= AZU Editions Ltd|location= Hong Kong|isbn=9789889814021|oclc=62328690}}
*{{Cite book |title=AZU's Dreams of Cambodia. Phnom Penh|last1=Leroy|first1=Joakim|last2=Hoskin|first2=John|date=2005|publisher= AZU Editions Ltd|location= Hong Kong|isbn=9789889814021|oclc=62328690}}


==External links==
==External links==
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;Map
;Map
*[http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/province_map.html?name=Phnom%20Penh Phnom Penh Map]
*[http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/province_map.html?name=Phnom%20Penh Phnom Penh Map]
* [http://www.boent.eu/killingfields_en.html Ralf Bönt: In the Land of Impotence. A Trip to the Killing Fields of Cambodia]

{{Provinces of Cambodia}}
{{Provinces of Cambodia}}
{{List of Asian capitals by region}}
{{List of Asian capitals by region}}
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[[zh-min-nan:Phnom Penh]]
[[zh-min-nan:Phnom Penh]]
[[be-x-old:Пномпэнь]]
[[be-x-old:Пномпэнь]]
[[bo:ཕོམ་ཕེན།]]
[[bs:Phnom Penh]]
[[bs:Phnom Penh]]
[[bg:Пном Пен]]
[[bg:Пном Пен]]

Revision as of 16:42, 2 October 2010

Phnom Penh
ភ្នំពេញ
City
Clockwise from top left: Royal Palace, Buddha Statue, OCIC tower, Phsar Thom Thmei, Silver Pagoda, Independence Monument,
Clockwise from top left: Royal Palace, Buddha Statue, OCIC tower, Phsar Thom Thmei, Silver Pagoda, Independence Monument,
Official seal of Phnom Penh
Seal
Nickname: 
Pearl of Asia (pre-1960s)
CountryCambodia
ProvincePhnom Penh
Settled1372
Became Capital1865
Subdivisions8 districts (khans)
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • Mayor & GovernorH.E. Keb Chutema កែប ជុគិមា
 • Vice GovernorsH.E. Than Sina, H.E. Map Sarin, H.E. Seng Tong
Area
 • Total375 km2 (145 sq mi)
Elevation
11.89 m (39.01 ft)
Population
 (May 2009)[1]
 • Total2,000,064
 • Density5,300/km2 (14,000/sq mi)
DemonymPhnom Penher
Time zoneUTC+7 (Cambodia)
Area code+855 (023)
WebsitePhnom Penh Website

Phnom Penh (Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ, another Romanization: Phnum Pénh. literally: "Hill of Penh" or more loosely "Penh's Hill") is the capital and largest city of Cambodia. Located on the banks of the Mekong River, Phnom Penh has been the national capital since the French colonized Cambodia, and has grown to become the nation's center of economic activities. Phnom Penh has grown to become the industrial, commercial, cultural, tourist and historical center of Cambodia.[2]

Once known as the "Pearl of Asia", it was considered one of the loveliest of French-built cities in Indochina[3] in the 1920s. Phnom Penh, along with Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, are significant global and domestic tourist destinations for Cambodia. Founded in 1434, the city is noted for its beautiful and historical architecture and attractions. There are a number of surviving French colonial buildings, such as the Royal Palace, Phsar Thmei, and other French style buildings along the grand boulevards.

Situated on the banks of the Tonlé Sap, Mekong and Bassac rivers, Phnom Penh is home to more than 2 million of Cambodia's population of over 14 million. It is the wealthiest and most populous city in Cambodia and is home to the country's political hub.

Etymology

Phnom Penh from east drawn in 1887

Phnom Penh takes its name from the present Wat Phnom or Hill Temple. Legend has it that in 1372, an old nun named Penh went to fetch water in the Mekong and found a dead Koki tree floating down the stream. Inside a hole of the Koki tree were four bronze and one stone Buddha statues.

Daun (Grandma) Penh brought the statues ashore and ordered people to pile up earth northeast of her house; she then used the Koki trunks to build a temple on the hill to house the five Buddha statues, and then named the temple after herself as Wat Phnom Daun Penh, which is now known as Wat Phnom, a small hill of 27 metres (89 ft) in height.

Phnom Penh was also previously known as Krong Chaktomuk (Khmer: ក្រុងចតុម្មុខ) meaning "City of Four Faces". This name refers to the junction where the Mekong, Bassac, and Tonle Sap rivers cross to form an "X" where the capital is situated. Krong Chaktomuk is an abbreviation of its ceremonial name which was given by King Ponhea Yat, which in full is "Krong Chaktomuk Mongkol Sakal Kampuchea Thipadei Sereythor Inthabot Borei Roth Reach Seima Maha Nokor".

This ceremonial name is composed from Pali, and loosely translates as "The place of four rivers that gives the happiness and success of Kampuja Kingdom, the highest leader as well as impregnable city of the God Indra of the enormous Kingdom".[4]

History

The Chan Chhaya Pavilion
Stupa in the Royal Palace
Pavilion in the Royal Palace
The exterior of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, Phnom Penh
File:Phsar thmey big.jpg
Phsah Thmei in the 1950s/1960s.

Phnom Penh first became the capital of Cambodia after Ponhea Yat, king of the Khmer Empire, moved the capital from Angkor Thom after it was captured by Siam a few years earlier. There is a stupa behind Wat Phnom that house the remains of Ponhea Yat and the royal family as well as the remaining Buddhist statues from the Angkorean era. There are also legends that tell how Phnom Penh was created like in the 1600s, Japanese immigrants settled on the outskirts of Phnom Penh.[5]

Phnom Penh remained the royal capital for 73 years-from 1432 to 1505. It was abandoned for 360 years-from 1505 to 1865-by subsequent kings due to internal fighting between the royal pretenders. Later kings moved the capital several times and established their royal capitals at various locations in Tuol Basan (Srey Santhor), Pursat, Longvek, Lavear Em and Oudong.

It was not until 1866, under the reign of King Norodom I, that Phnom Penh became the permanent seat of government and capital of Cambodia, and also where the current Royal Palace was built. Beginning in 1870, the French Colonialists turned a riverside village into a city where they built hotels, schools, prisons, barracks, banks, public works offices, telegraph offices, law courts, and health services buildings. In 1872, the first glimpse of a modern city took shape when the colonial administration contracted a French contractor, Le Faucheur, to construct the first 300 concrete houses for sales and rentals to the Chinese traders. A commonly known building built by the French is Phsah Thmei.

By the 1920s, Phnom Penh was known as the Pearl of Asia, and over the next four decades Phnom Penh continued to experience rapid growth with the building of railways to Sihanoukville and the Pochentong International Airport (now Phnom Penh International Airport). Phnom Penh under the period of Sihanouk’s rule seen the expansion and construction of many modern infrastructures.[6]

During the Vietnam War, Cambodia was used as a base by the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong, and thousands of refugees from across the country flooded the city to escape the fighting between their own government troops, the NVA/NLF, the South Vietnamese and its allies, and the Khmer Rouge. By 1975, the population was 2 million, the bulk of whom were refugees from the fighting. The city fell to the Khmer Rouge on April 17, 1975. Many of its residents, including those who were wealthy and educated, were forced to do labour on rural farms as "new people". Tuol Svay Prey High School was taken over by Pol Pot's forces and was turned into the S-21 prison camp, where Cambodians were detained and tortured. Pol Pot sought a return to an agrarian economy and therefore killed many people perceived as educated, "lazy", or political enemies. Many others starved to death as a result of failure of the agrarian society and the sale of Cambodia's rice to China in exchange for bullets and weaponry. The former high school is now the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, where Khmer Rouge torture devices and photos of their victims are displayed. Choeung Ek (The Killing Fields), 15 kilometers (9 mi) away, where the Khmer Rouge marched prisoners from Tuol Sleng to be murdered and buried in shallow pits, is also now a memorial to those who were killed by the regime.

The Khmer Rouge were driven out of Phnom Penh by the Vietnamese in 1979,[7] and people began to return to the city. Vietnam is historically a state with which Cambodia has had many conflicts, therefore this liberation was and is viewed with mixed emotions by the Cambodians. A period of reconstruction began, spurred by the continuing stability of government, attracting new foreign investment and aid by countries including France, Australia, and Japan. Loans were made from the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank to reinstate a clean water supply, roads and other infrastructure. The 1998 Census put Phnom Penh's population at 862,000;[8] and the 2008 census was 1.3 million.[1]

Geography

Phnom Penh is located in the south-central region of Cambodia, and is fully surrounded by the Kandal Province. The municipality is situated on the banks of the Tonlé Sap, Mekong, and Bassac rivers. These rivers provide potential freshwater and other natural resources to the city. Phnom Penh and the surrounding areas consists of the typical wet plain area for Cambodia. Phnom Penh rises 11.89m or (39 ft) which causes problems for the city of potential flooding by the monsoon season which sometimes over flow the banks of the river.

The city, located at 11°33′00″N 104°55′00″E / 11.55°N 104.91667°E / 11.55; 104.91667 (11°33' North, 104°55' East,[9]), covers an area of 375 square kilometres (145 sq mi), with some 11,401 hectares (28,172 acres) in the municipality and 26,106 hectares (64,509 acres) of roads. The agricultural land in the municipality amounts to 34.685 square kilometres (13 sq mi) with some 1.476 square kilometres (365 acres) under irrigation.

Climate

Phnom Penh has a tropical wet and dry climate. The climate is hot year-round with only minor variations. City temperatures range from 18° to 38 °C (64° to 100 °F) and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the Gulf of Thailand and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to March. The city experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.

The city has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, which temperatures can rise up to 40 °C (104 °F) around April and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can drop to 22 °C (72 °F). The best months to visit the city are November to January when temperatures and humidity are lower.

Climate data for Phnom Penh
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31
(88) 		33
(91) 		34
(93) 		35
(95) 		34
(93) 		33
(91) 		32
(90) 		32
(90) 		31
(88) 		31
(87) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		32.1
(89.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22
(71) 		22
(72) 		23
(74) 		24
(76) 		24
(76) 		24
(76) 		24
(76) 		24
(76) 		24
(76) 		24
(76) 		23
(74) 		22
(71) 		23.6
(74.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7.6
(0.30) 		10
(0.40) 		36
(1.40) 		79
(3.10) 		145
(5.70) 		147
(5.80) 		152
(6.00) 		155
(6.10) 		226
(8.90) 		251
(9.90) 		140
(5.50) 		43
(1.70) 		1,392
(54.80)
Source: weather.com [10]

Administration

Independence Monument, Phnom Penh
File:Cambodia-Vietnam-friendship-monument83.JPG
The Cambodia-Vietnam Friendship Monument
Wat Phnom


Administratively, Phnom Penh is a municipality standing at 375 square kilometres (145 sq mi) and is governed with a status that is equal to provinces of Cambodia. As such, it has a similar political structure to its provinces. The municipality is subdivided into 7 administrative divisions called Khans (districts) and of the 7 Khans, Dangkor, Meanchey and Russei Kaev are considered the outskirts of the city. All Khans are under the governance of the Phnom Penh Municipality. The Khans are further subdivided into 76 Sangkats (communes), and 637 Kroms.

The municipality is governed by the Governor who acts as the top executive of the city and manages the general affairs as well as overlooking the Municipal Military Police, Municipal Police and Bureau of Urban Affairs. Below the Governor is the First Vice Governor and 5 Vice Governors. The Chief of Cabinet who holds the same status as the Vice Governors, heads the Cabinet that consists of 8 Deputy Chiefs of Cabinet which in turn are in charge of the 27 Administrative Departments. Every khan (district) also has a head Chief. [4]

List of Phnom Penh Administrative Units
Name of district khan (since January 2003) Number of communes sangkat (since September 2006) Number of villages phum (since December 2006)
Chamkarmon 12 sangkats 95 kroms
Daun Penh 11 sangkats 134 kroms
Prampir Makara 8 sangkats 33 kroms
Tuol Kork 10 sangkats 143 kroms
Dangkor 15 sangkats 143 kroms
Meanchey 8 sangkats 30 kroms
Russei Kaew 12 sangkats 59 kroms

Demographics

Buddhist Institute in Phnom Penh


As of 2008, Phnom Penh had a population of 2,009,264 people, with a total population density of 5,358 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,877/sq mi) in a 375 km2 (145 sq mi) city area. The population growth in the city is 3.92%.

Phnom Penh is mostly inhabited by Cambodians (or Khmers) - they represent 90% of the population of the city. There are large minorities of Chinese, Vietnamese, and other small ethnic groups who are Thai, Budong, Mnong Preh, Kuy, Chong, and Chams. The state religion is Theravada Buddhism, more than 90% of the people in Phnom Penh are Buddhists with the Chams practicing Islam over the years since 1993, there has also been an increase in the practice of Christianity which was practically wiped out after 1975 when the Khmer Rouge took over. English and French are widely used in the city, but the official language is Khmer.

Economy

Phsar Thom Thmei currently under a massive restoration project
File:OCIC Tower.JPG
Completed in 2009, OCIC Tower is the headquarters for Canadia Bank.


Phnom Penh's is Cambodia's economic center as it accounts for a large portion of the Cambodian economy. Double-digit economic growth rates in recent years have triggered an economic boom in Phnom Penh, with new hotels, restaurants, bars, high rises, and residential buildings springing up around the city.

The main economy is based on commercial interests such as garments, trading, and small and medium enterprises. In the past few years the property business has been booming as real estate is now getting very expensive in the city. Tourism is also a major contributor in the capital as more shopping and commercial centers open, making Phnom Penh one of the major tourist destinations in the country along with Siem Reap and Sihanoukville.

The US$2.6 billion new urban development, Camko City, is meant to bolster the city landscape. The Bureau of Urban Affairs of Phnom Penh Municipality has plans to expand and construct new infrastructure to accommodate the growing population and economy. High rise buildings will be constructed at the entrance of the city and near the lakes and riverbanks. Furthermore, new roads, canals, and a railway system will be used to connect Camko City and Phnom Penh.[11]

Other projects include:

With booming economic growth seen since the 1990s, new shops have opened as well as western-style malls such as Sorya Shopping Center and the new Sovanna Shopping Center. Two international franchises have also opened up in Phnom Penh. Dairy Queen has already opened up inside Phnom Penh International Airport and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) has opened up a restaurant on Monivong Boulevard and plans to open more soon.[14] The same company that opened up KFC in Cambodia has now obtained franchise rights to open Pizza Hut in the country.[15] In addition, Swensen's ice cream restaurants was also opened in Sorya Shopping Center.

The Central market Phsar Thmei is a major tourist hot spot. The four wings of the yellow colored market are teeming with numerous stalls selling gold and silver jewellery, antique coins, clothing, clocks, flowers, food, fabrics and shoes. Phsar Thmei is also going under a major renovation project, with fresh paint on the exterior and interior, and the creation of newer stalls.

Cambodia Angkor Air has its head office in Phnom Penh.[16]

Culture

Phnom Penh is notable for Ka tieu Phnom Penh, its variation on rice-noodle soup. Phnom Penh also has its own dialect of Khmer. Speakers of the Phnom Penh dialect often elide syllables, which has earned it the reputation for being lazy speech. Phnom Penh is also known for its influence on New Khmer Architecture. The city is the most modern of Cambodian cities. It is both the economic and cultural center of Cambodia.

Festivals

Wat Preah Keo in Phnom Penh

Chaul Chnam Thmey 13–15 April

Phnom Penh gets lively for Cambodian New Year, with increasing numbers of tourists getting in on the action. This is usually the warmest part of the year, water gets thrown around adding to the party atmosphere along with dancing and music. The date changes year-by-year but this holiday always lasts three days or often stretches into the weekend. This festival marks the turn of the year based on the ancient Khmer calendar and also marks the end of the harvest done during the year

Water Festival November

One of the most largest gatherings in Phnom Penh this lively festival celebrates the reverse flow of the Tonlé Sap river. The holiday lasts three days as people flood into the city to enjoy the fireworks, colorful boat races, eating and partying. The boat racing dates back to ancient times marking the strengths of the powerful Khmer marine forces during the Khmer Empire.

Cityscape and Architecture

Preah Thineang Dheva Vinnichay Palace, also known as Throne Hall
Example of French colonial architecture in Phnom Penh
The Hotel Le Royal located in Phnom Penh
The National Museum was built in the early 1900's

The oldest structure is the Wat Phnom from the founding days of the city, constructed in 1373. The main tourist attractions are the Royal Palace with the Silver Pagoda, which dates to the mid 1800s; the National Museum, constructed during the French colonial era in the late 1800s in the classical Khmer style hosts a vast collection of Khmer antiquities; the Independence Monument (Khmer: Vimean Akareach), although modern from the 1950s, is also constructed in the ancient Khmer style.

The French, who were the colonial masters from the 1800s to the 1940s, also left their mark, with various colonial villas, French churches, boulevards, and the Art deco market Phsar Thom Thmei. A notable landmark of the colonial era is the Hotel Le Royal.

Starting with independence from the French in the 1950s and lasting until the era of the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s, Phnom Penh underwent tremendous growth as the capital city of a newly independent country. King Sihanouk was eager to present a new style of architecture and thus invigorate the process of nation building. A new golden era of architecture took off, with various projects and young Khmer architects, often educated in France, given opportunities to design and construct. This new movement was called "New Khmer Architecture" and was often characterised by a fusion of Bauhaus, European post-modern architecture, and traditional elements from Angkor. The most prominent architect was Vann Molyvann, who was nominated chief national architect by the king himself in 1956. Molyvann created landmark buildings such as the Preah Suramarit National Theatre and the Council of Ministers building, other architects helped construct the newly founded Royal Khmer University, the Institute of Foreign Languages and the National Sports Centre. With the growth of the upper and entrepreneurial middle class, new suburbs were built in the 1950s and 60's.

Although these buildings survived the Khmer Rouge era and the civil war, today they are under threat due to economic development and financial speculation. Villas and gardens from that era are being destroyed and redeveloped to make place for bigger structures. The landmark National Theatre by Molyvann was ripped down in 2008.[17] A movement is rising in Cambodia to preserve this modernist heritage. Old villas are sometimes being converted into boutique hotels, such as the Knai Bang Chatt.

Monuments and memorials to the genocide during the Khmer Rouge era in the 1970s are the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (a former high school used as a concentration camp) and on the outskirt of the city the Choeung Ek Genocide Center. The Cambodia-Vietnam Friendship Monument was commissioned by the Vietnamese communists as symbol of Khmer-Vietnamese "friendship" during the late 1970s following the liberation of Cambodia from the Khmer Rouge.

Newspapers and magazines

National Post Office of Phnom Penh
Riverbank view from the Mekong River

Dailies

Khmer

English

Chinese

Magazines

  • AsiaLIFE Guide Phnom Penh, a monthly English-language lifestyle magazine published in Phnom Penh.
  • Pocket Guide Cambodia publishes four separate guides aimed at English-speaking residents and visitors. Titles include Drinking & Dining, Out & About, After Dark, Door 2 Door as well as one Khmer-language guide called Sabay Sabay targeting the emerging young professional marketplace

French newspapers

Transport

Phnom Penh International Airport
National Train Station in Cambodia

Phnom Penh International Airport is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Cambodia after Angkor International Airport in Siem Reap. It is located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west of central Phnom Penh. Taxis, pick-ups, and minibuses leave the city for destinations all over the country, but are fast losing ground to cheaper and more comfortable buses. Phnom Penh also has a rail service.

Cambodia's national flag carrier, Cambodia Angkor Air, launched in 2009, is headquartered in Phnom Penh and has its main hub there, with an additional hub at the Angkor International Airport.[16] Budget flights from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Phnom Penh is operated by AirAsia, the region's leading low-cost carrier. [5]

Traffic on Monivong Boulevard

There are two bus companies, Phnom Penh Public Transport and GST Express, running services to Sihanoukville, Kampong Chhnang, Udong and Takéo.

Phnom Penh Sorya Transport Co. offers bus travel to several provincial destinations along the National Routes and to Ho Chi Minh City. Motorcycles are a popular form of quick travel in the city streets.

Although the city is 290 kilometres (180 mi) from the sea, it is a major port on the Mekong River valley, and it is linked to the South China Sea via a channel of the Mekong delta in Vietnam.

Local means of public transportation within the city most often include the cycle rickshaw, known in Khmer as "cyclo", and motorcycle taxis. Private forms of transportation include bicycles and automobiles.

Highways

As the capital of Cambodia, a number of National Highways connect the city with various parts of the country:

National Highway Code Length Origin Terminal
National Highway 1 10001 167.10 km 103.83 mi Phnom Penh Vietnamese Border
National Highway 2 10002 120.60 km 74.94 mi Phnom Penh Vietnamese Border
National Highway 3 10003 202.00 km 125.52 mi Phnom Penh Sihanoukville
National Highway 4 10004 226.00 km 140.43 mi Phnom Penh Sihanoukville
National Highway 5 10005 407.45 km 253.18 mi Phnom Penh Thai Border
National Highway 6 10006 416.00 km 258.49 mi Phnom Penh Banteay Meanchey

Education

The Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP) is the oldest and largest institution of higher education in Cambodia. As of 2008, the university has over 10,000 students across three campuses, and offers a wide range of high-quality courses within the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, and the Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL). There are about fifty higher institutions in Cambodia, most of which have no small campuses. Several international charities, like A New Day Cambodia, operate independent educational facilities in addition to public schools for students.

Sport

Main article: Sport in Cambodia
File:OlympicStadiumPhnomPenhDerFussi.jpg
Olympic Stadium
Pradal Serey Khmer kick boxing

The martial arts of Bokator, Pradal Serey (Khmer kick boxing) and Khmer traditional wrestling have venues in Phnom Penh watched by dedicated spectators. Cambodia has increasingly become involved in modern sports over the last 30 years. As with the rest of the country, football and the martial arts are particularly popular.

The most prominent of venues in the city is the Phnom Penh National Olympic Stadium with a capacity of 50,000. Built in 1964, it is home to the Cambodian national football team, although the country never hosted the Olympic Games. Noted clubs include Phnom Penh Empire, Khemara and Military Police.

Olympic Stadium is the largest sports center in the Phnom Penh District. Volleyball, basketball, and tai-kwon-do games are often hosted at the stadium. The National Sports Centre of Cambodia is famous for hosting swimming, boxing, and volleyball competitions

Notable people

Christmas lights at the US Embassy in Phnom Penh

Sister cities

Notes

  1. ^ a b Cambodian 2008 census preliminary results, Statistics Japan 2-6, Tables 2.2-2.6
  2. ^ ref name="NIS2008"/
  3. ^ Peace of Angkor Phnom Penh. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  4. ^ Sopheak wordpress, [1]. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
  5. ^ Japan Times Online Researcher locates 17th-century Japanese village in Cambodia. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  6. ^ K-media, [2]. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
  7. ^ Vietnamese take Phnom Penh, History Today
  8. ^ General Population Census of Cambodia 1998, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  9. ^ "GNS: Country Files". Earth-info.nga.mil. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  10. ^ link "Weather for Phnom Penh". weather.com. Retrieved January 4, 2008. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  11. ^ People's Daily Online Cambodia unveils Phnom Penh development plan. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
  12. ^ "De Castle". De Castle. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  13. ^ "River Palace 31". Riverpalace.net. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  14. ^ "Qsr Brands On Kfc Expansion Plans In Cambodia". My Sinchew. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  15. ^ [3][dead link]
  16. ^ a b "Welcome". Cambodia Angkor Air. 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  17. ^ "Khmer Architecture Tours". Ka-tours.org. 2010-05-30. Retrieved 2010-06-27.

References

  • Igout, Michel; Dubuisson, Serge (1993). Phnom Penh Then and Now. Bangkok: White Lotus. ISBN 9789748495842. OCLC 29795478.
  • LeBoutillier, Kris; Ariff, Shahida (2004). Journey Through Phnom Penh: A Pictorial Guide to the Jewel of Cambodia. Singapore: Times Editions. ISBN 9789812325969. OCLC 55501046.
  • Leroy, Joakim; Hoskin, John (2005). AZU's Dreams of Cambodia. Phnom Penh. Hong Kong: AZU Editions Ltd. ISBN 9789889814021. OCLC 62328690.

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