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Spring Street (Los Angeles)

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Coordinates: 34°2′48″N 118°14′59″W / 34.04667°N 118.24972°W / 34.04667; -118.24972
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Spring Street Financial District
Spring Street looking north from Hotel Hayward
Spring Street (Los Angeles) is located in Los Angeles
Spring Street (Los Angeles)
Location354–704 S. Spring St., Los Angeles, California
Coordinates34°2′48″N 118°14′59″W / 34.04667°N 118.24972°W / 34.04667; -118.24972
Built1902
ArchitectMorgan, Walls & Morgan; Parkinson, John
Architectural styleChicago, Classical Revival, Moderne
NRHP reference No.79000489[1]
Added to NRHPAugust 10, 1979

The Spring Street Financial District, referred to as the Wall Street of the West,[2][3] is a historic district in Downtown Los Angeles. The historic district includes 23 financial structures, including the city's first skyscraper, and three hotels all located along a stretch of South Spring Street from just north of Fourth Street to just south of Seventh Streets. In the first half of the 20th Century, this stretch of Spring Street was the financial center of Los Angeles, with the important banks and financial institutions being concentrated there. At least ten of the buildings in the district were designed in whole or in part by John Parkinson, who designed many of the city's landmark buildings in the early 20th Century, including the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles City Hall, Bullocks Wilshire, and Union Station. Ten of the buildings in the district have been designated as Historic-Cultural Monuments by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission.

History

Continental Building, LA's first skyscraper

Early days

In the 1890s, the city's business center was further north near South Spring and Temple Streets. The street can claim credit as the birthplace of the motion picture business in Los Angeles. In 1898, Thomas Edison filmed a 60-second film titled "South Spring Street Los Angeles California", mounting a giant camera on a wagon to film the bustling action along South Spring Street.[3][4]

Wall Street of the West

In the early 1900s, the city center began spreading south, and the city's banks and financial institutions began concentrating along South Spring Street. The first two important buildings to make the move south were the Hellman and Continental Buildings, with the Continental Building being considered the city's first skyscraper.[5][6] In 1911, the Los Angeles Times boasted about the building boom on Spring Street:

The visitor to this city can at this moment observe skyscrapers in all stages of construction. It is a study which will provide the most comprehensible kind of answer to the query as to why Los Angeles is leading San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Baltimore, Detroit, Minneapolis, New Orleans, Boston, Buffalo and all other cities of anything near her in building activity as revealed by the monthly expenditures for construction work.[7]

The building boom along South Spring Street continued into the 1920s as the population and economy of Los Angeles boomed. South Spring Street remained the city's financial center even after World War II.

Decline of the district in the 1970s and 1980s

Decorations above entrance to E.F. Hutton Building

In the 1960s, many of the banks and financial institutions began moving to the western part of the downtown area, along Figueroa Street and Wilshire Boulevard.[2] By the early 1980s, South Spring Street had become known for "transients who sleep in doorways and urinate on sidewalks."[8] In 1982, the Los Angeles Times commented on the district's decline from "Wall Street of the West" to a blighted area with empty office buildings lining both sides of the street:

"When the banks and law firms moved to the 'Gold Coast' typified by Arco Towers, six blocks to the west, Spring Street plummeted to become a neighborhood of hoodlums, derelicts and winos—a neighborhood of echoing buildings full of absolutely nothing above the ground floor."[9]

Redevelopment projects and regentrification

Since the early 1980s, South Spring Street has been the subject of numerous redevelopment projects. In recent years, numerous art galleries have moved into the old financial district, which is now known as Gallery Row. Many of the old bank buildings have also been converted into upscale lofts. As wealthier residents have moved into the district's lofts, older residents and artists have complained about the increased rents. One artist who had lived in the district for years said:

The real problem with downtown lately, Gronk and his friends half-jokingly agreed is 'those people.' Westsiders. Trust-fund babies. New tenants who demand their bohemian pleasures be liberally sweetened with suburban amenities. Landlords who previously recruited artists to help make downtown 'safe' for gentrification, then jacked up their rents so only lawyers and screenwriters could afford it.[10]

Beaux Arts architecture as the district's enduring strength

Moderne exterior of the Title Insurance Building

The strength of the district remains its period architecture. Many of the Beaux Arts facades along Spring Street remain virtually intact, making the district a popular shooting location for motion picture and television productions seeking authentic period cityscapes.[3] In 1985, noted Los Angeles Times columnist Jack Smith pointed to the Spring Street Financial District as proof that "Los Angeles was never the cultural wasteland it was alleged to be."[11] He hailed the district's "financial palaces" as "a solid architectural achievement" which give the street "beauty, strength, unity and dignity."[11]

Buildings in the district

Notable buildings in the district (from north to south) include:[2]

The Hellman Building
NE corner of 4th and Spring – Built in 1902, the Hellman and Continental Buildings were the first major structures to anchor the Spring Street Financial District. The Hellman Building, now known as Banco Popular, is an eight-story brick and concrete structure designed by Alfred Rosenheim. In 1998, Gilmore Associates announced plans to convert the Hellman Building, the Continental Building, and the San Fernando Building into 230 lofts.[12][13][14][15] The converted buildings consisted of large, open lofts with high ceilings and no interior walls except for the bathrooms. The conversion was designed by architect Wade Killefer, who noted: "What lends these buildings to residential use is lots of windows and high ceilings, offering wonderful light."[14] The combined project became known as the Old Bank District lofts.[16]
The Continental Building
408 S. Spring Street – Built in 1902, the Continental Building was originally known as the Braly Building. The 12-story building was designed by John Parkinson and is considered the first "skyscraper" in Los Angeles. It was the tallest building in Los Angeles until 1907. It is known for its highly ornamental cornice and bands. The Continental Building was converted into lofts as part of Tom Gilmore's Old Bank District lofts project. It was designated a Historic Cultural Landmark (HCM #730) in 2002.
El Dorado Hotel
416 S. Spring Street – Originally known as the Hotel Stowell, the 12-story hotel was built in 1913 and designed by Frederick Noonan with a highly stylized and brightly colored facade, enameled brick and terra cotta. Batchelder tiles are used extensively in the hotel and lobby. Shortly after the hotel opened, Charlie Chaplin lived at the Stowell, which he described as "a middle-rate place but new and comfortable." Chaplin later told a story about receiving a telephone call while there concerning an appearance for which he was to be paid $25,000. Chaplin recalled: "My bedroom window opened out on the well of the hotel, so that the voice of anyone talking resounded through the rooms. The telephone connection was bad, 'I don't intend to pass up twenty-five thousand dollars for two weeks’ work!' I had to shout several times. A window opened above and a voice shouted back: 'Cut out that bull and go to sleep, you big dope!'" In 2008, the building was converted into lofts under the name "El Dorado Lofts."
Title Insurance Building
433 S. Spring Street – Built in 1928, the Title Insurance Building is a ten-story building designed by John and Donald Parkinson in the Zig-Zag Moderne style. The marble lobby includes a mural by Hugo Ballin. The Title Insurance Building was the subject of the district's first major redevelopment project. Architect-developer Ragnar C. Qvale acquired the building in 1979. He took the impressive Art Deco shell and converted the building into the Design Center of Los Angeles, which he leased to wholesale household furniture showrooms. Early 2011, the ground floor of the building became an art gallery and coffee shop, and took the logical name of Groundfloor Gallery & Café.[9] The Title Insurance Building was designated a Historic Cultural Landmark (HCM #772) in 2003.
Crocker Bank
453 S. Spring Street – Built in 1914, the 10-story building was designed by Parkinson and Bergstrom. The building was once the Los Angeles headquarters of Crocker Citizens National Bank. Now known as the Spring Arts Tower, the building is part of a movement to convert the old financial district into the city's "Gallery Row." The building's interior features original Art Deco designs, Art Nouveau details, sculptured brass, Italian marble, Batchelder tile, California alder and tiger oak. The building's tenants include artists, designers, architects, film production companies, and law firms. A nightclub called the "Crocker Club" is scheduled to open on the vault floor in 2008.[17]
Rowan Building
131 W. 5th Street – Built in 1910, the 11-story Rowan Building was originally known as the Chester Building, designed by Parkinson & Bergstrom in a mix of Beaux Arts and Classical styles. Ornate cast iron rosettes hang from the building's cornice, and elegant glazed terra cotta panels cover the facade. During its construction, the Times described it as a "mammoth" structure being built with the most massive steel girders and beams ever used on the West CoaStreet The building, built from 3000 tons of steel, was the largest office in Los Angeles in 1911.[7] During its construction, hundreds of people lined the street "to see the huge crane swinging these titanic metal units of the structural plan into place for the workmen with the air riveters."[7] Built by developer Robert A. Rowan, the Rowan Building once housed many of the city’s prominent law offices and stock brokerage firms. It has been known over the years as the Central Fire Proof Building Company and the Chester Building and has been converted into 206 live/work condominium units with retail space on the ground floor.[18] Many interior features including Carrara marble corridor walls and floors, mahogany windows, and detailed Art Deco elevator doors have been preserved.[19]
Alexandria Hotel
210 W. 5th Street – Built in 1906, the eight-story Alexandria Hotel is another building designed by John Parkinson. With 500 rooms, an elaborate wood lobby, and the glamorous Palm Court with its stained glass dome, the Alexandria was the most luxurious hotel in Los Angeles from the time it opened until the Biltmore opened in the mid-1920s.[20] Movie stars and other celebrities, including Mae West, Humphrey Bogart, Rudolph Valentino, Clark Gable, Greta Garbo, Sarah Bernhardt, Enrico Caruso and Jack Dempsey were guests. Charlie Chaplin kept a suite at the Alexandria and did improvisations in the lobby where Tom Mix reportedly rode his horse.[3][20] The carpet in the lobby was called the "million-dollar carpet", because there was purportedly a $1 million worth of business done there every day.[20] It was there that D.W. Griffith, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks met in 1919 to form United Artists.[3] U.S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson,[20] and many foreign dignitaries, including King Edward VIII, also stayed at the hotel while visiting Los Angeles. The hotel declined after the Biltmore opened and closed in 1934, with its chandelier and gold leaf covering of the mezzanine lobby being stripped and sold.[20] It reopened in 1937 but declined again in the 1950s, become a transient hotel with the Grand Ballroom being used as a training ring for boxers.[20] Today, the Alexandria has been converted to apartments.[21] The Palm Court in the Alexandria was designated a Historic Cultural Landmark (HCM #80) in 1971.
Security Building
510 S. Spring Street – Built in 1906, the 11-story steel-frame Security Building was designed in an Italianate style by Parkinson and Bergstrom. When it was built, it was the tallest building in Los Angeles, surpassing the Continental Building. It remained the city's tallest building until 1911. The Security Building has been converted to lofts operated under the name "The Lofts at the Security Building." The Security Building was designated a Historic Cultural Landmark (HCM #741) in 2003.
Los Angeles Theater Center
514 S. Spring Street – Built in 1916, the one-story building was designed by John Parkinson in a Greek-Revival style with Ionic columns. In addition to the columns, the building is known for its lobby with a large 50 by 100-foot (30 m) stained glass ceiling supported by heavy ornamental bronze cornices and marble walls.[22] It been known over the years as the Security Trust & Savings Building, the Security National Bank Building and the President Trading Company.[9][11][22] In 1985, the building reopened as the Los Angeles Theater Center, a venue with multiple theaters offering live theatrical productions.[23] The converted building has preserved the bank lobby with its stained glass ceiling. The Theater Center met with financial trouble and was forced to close. However, it was later re-opened by the City.[24]
Spring Arcade Building
541 S. Spring Street – Built in 1924, the 12-story, double-wing Arcade Building, designed by architects Kenneth MacDonald and Maurice Couchot, includes a cavernous midblock arcade connecting Spring Street with Broadway. Originally known as the "Mercantile Arcade Building," it was modeled on the Burlington Arcade in London, England. Is three-level, skylighted arcade has been called a space "as regal as almost any other interior space in the city."[9] The tower on top of the building once supported the antenna of the radio station KRKD ("RKD" = Arcade), from which Aimee Semple McPherson preached her message.[25] The ups and downs of the district were reflected in the sales of the Arcade Building. As the area fell into decline, it sold in 1977 for $300,000. Five years later, as redevelopment projects fueled speculation in Spring Street properties, it sold for $4.5 million—15 times its 1977 sale price.[9][26]
Lloyd's Bank
548 S. Spring Street – Built in 1913, the 12-story Lloyd's Bank was designed in the Commercial style by William Curlett & Son. The building has been converted into lofts and is now known as SB Lofts. The music video of I'll Be Over You was shot with the band, Toto, playing on the rooftop of this building.
Pacific Southwest Bank
NW corner of 6th and Spring – Built in 1910, the 11-story Pacific Southwest Bank was designed by Parkinson & Bergstrom in the Classical style with fluted columns. The building has been converted into lofts and is now known as SB Manhattan.
United California Bank
600 S. Spring Street – Built in 1961 and designed by Claud Beelman & Associates, this contemporary glass and concrete building is one of the few nonconforming intrusions in the Spring Street Financial District. It was the first skyscraper to be built after the city's building height limit was lifted. City planners hoped it would solidify Spring Street as the city's financial center, but an exodus of banks and financial institutions began in the 1960s.[27][28]
Hotel Hayward
601 S. Spring Street – Built in 1905, the nine-story Hotel Hayward was designed by Charles Whittlesey. There is a 14-story addition on the western side that was added in 1925 and designed by John and Donald Parkinson. The Hotel Hayward plays a part in the 2007 movie "Transformers," as the climactic battle between "Megatron" and "Optimus Prime" takes place on the street in front of The Hotel Hayward.
Los Angeles Stock Exchange
618 S. Spring Street – Built in 1929, the eleven-story exchange building was designed by Samuel Lunden in the Moderne style. Ground was broken in October 1929, just as the Great Depression hit, and when the Los Angeles Stock Exchange opened its doors there in 1931, the country was deep into the Depression. There are three bas-relief panels carved by Salvatore Cartaino Scarpitta into the granite above the building's entrance. The panels portray the elements of a capitalist economy. The large central panel, "Finance", displays capitalists. The "Production" panel shows an aircraft engine, a steel worker pouring molten metal and a worker stirring it. The "Research and Discovery" panel shows oil derricks, factories, a chemist conducting an experiment and a man kneeling in a library reading a book. The interior is wonderfully preserved, and has ancient Near East and Native Indian influences by the designer Julian Ellsworth Garnsey. On the entrance lobby's ceiling the Wilson Studio created four sculpted figures representing: Speed (Mercury), Accuracy (the archer), Permanence (a figure contemplating the universe), and Equality (the figure bearing scales). The highlight of the interior was its massive 90' x 74' balconied trading floor with a forty-foot ceiling and sixty-four booths. On fifth floor was a clearing-house with a statistics department, an auditorium, and a lecture room. Offices occupied floors six through nine, and the top two floors included: a club with a library, a card room, a billiard room, and reading rooms. The basement held a 2,660-sq. ft. printing room and a vault. In 1986, the exchange (by then part of the Pacific Stock Exchange) moved out of the building.[29] In the late 1980s, the Community Redevelopment Agency helped fund a night club that opened in the Exchange Building—called the Stock Exchange, but the club did not survive the 1980s. In late 2008, the building underwent extensive renovations and reopened in 2010 as Exchange LA nightclub. The visually dynamic building and interiors are frequently used for location filming, and has been featured in The Big Lebowski, The Social Network, and numerous television shows and commercials. Special events include corporate parties, product debuts, and fashion shows. The Stock Exchange Building was designated a Historic Cultural Landmark (HCM #205) in 1979.
E.F. Hutton Building
623 S. Spring Street – Built in 1931, the 12-story Zig-Zag Moderne E.F. Hutton Building once housed E.F. Hutton's big board. The Hutton and California Canadian Bank were the first office buildings to be converted into residences.[30] In 1984, the Community Redevelopment Agency converted the adjacent towers into 121 condominiums in a project called Premiere Towers. However, when most of the units failed to sell, the agency sold the project to a developer who offered the units for rental—in the process destroying property values for those who had purchased units.[31]
California Canadian Bank
625 S. Spring Street – Built in 1923, the 12-story Neo-Classical building includes terra cotta ornamentation on the top two levels. The building is now part of the Premiere Towers project with the E.F. Hutton Building.
Mortgage Guaranty Building
626 S. Spring Street – Built in 1913, the six-story Mortgage Guaranty Building (also known as the Sassony Building) has a decorative cornice and fluted columns. In 2004, the structure was converted into 36 apartments called "City Lofts" by developer Izek Shomof.[32]
Banks & Huntley Building
632 S. Spring Street – Built in 1930, the Banks & Huntley Building was designed by John and Donald Parkinson in the Moderne style. It is now known as The Nonprofit Center, housing the national and regional offices for MALDEF, a Latino civil rights organization. The building also rents space to other nonprofit organizations providing assistance to minority and underserved communities. The building has been restored to its original Art Deco design.[33] The Banks & Huntley Building was designated a Historic Cultural Landmark (HCM #631) in 1999.
Barclays Bank
639 S. Spring Street – Built in 1919, the 13-story Barclays Bank was designed by Morgan, Walls & Morgan. The Barclays Bank building was designated a Historic Cultural Landmark (HCM #671) in 1999.
A.G. Bartlett Building
651 S. Spring Street – Built in 1911, the Bartlett Building was originally known as the Union Oil Building and served as the headquarters of Union Oil Company until 1923.[7][34] The building was designed by Parkinson & Bergstrom.[7] It was also the place where Southwestern Law School got its start in 1911 with a few young men meeting three nights a week to study law with a tutor.[35]
Bank of America Building
650 S. Spring Street – Built in 1924, the 12-story Bank of America Building was designed by Schultze & Weaver. Its facade has Indian limestone and terra cotta in a style reminiscent of Louis Sullivan. The building has been converted into lofts and is now known as SB Spring.[36][37]
Financial Center Building
704 S. Spring Street – Built in 1923, the 13-story Financial Center Building was designed by S. Tilden Norton and Frederick Wallis. The facade has pressed brick and terra cotta.
I.N. Van Nuys Building
210 W. 7th Street – Built in 1911 by the Isaac Newton Van Nuys (a noted banker and owner of much of the San Fernando Valley), the Van Nuys Building is an 11-story building in Classical style with Italianate details. The Times reported in 1911 that the magnificent new building would be "the city's most expensive office building" at $1,250,000.[7] In the early 1980s, City redevelopment agencies spent $24.3 million to convert the Van Nuys Building into 299 units of housing for senior citizens and the handicapped.[8][9] The Van Nuys Building was designated a Historic Cultural Landmark (HCM #898) in 2007.

Historic designation and walking tours

Due to the large percentage of historic bank and financial buildings that remain intact in the district, the area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The Los Angeles Conservancy offers walking tours of the Spring Street Financial District on the fourth Saturday of each month at 10 a.m.; the tour lasts approximately 2-1/2 hours and costs $10 for the general public (reduced rate for Conservancy members).[38]

  • Hellman Building
    Hellman Building
  • Title Insurance Building
    Title Insurance Building
  • Crocker Bank
    Crocker Bank
  • Los Angeles Theater Center
    Los Angeles Theater Center
  • Rowan Building
    Rowan Building
  • Alexandria Hotel
    Alexandria Hotel
  • Security Building
    Security Building
  • Arcade Building
    Arcade Building
  • Pacific Southwest Bank
    Pacific Southwest Bank
  • Hotel Hayward
    Hotel Hayward
  • Banks Huntley Building
    Banks Huntley Building
  • Mortgage Guarantee Building
    Mortgage Guarantee Building
  • Los Angeles Stock Exchange
    Los Angeles Stock Exchange
  • California Canadian Bank
    California Canadian Bank
  • Lloyd's Bank
    Lloyd's Bank
  • Bartlett Building
    Bartlett Building
  • Barclay's Bank
    Barclay's Bank
  • Bank of America
    Bank of America
  • Financial Center Building
    Financial Center Building
  • Van Nuys Building
    Van Nuys Building

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spring Street (Los Angeles).

References

  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c Tim Sitton (Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History) (July 1977). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Spring Street Financial District" (PDF). Los Angeles Conservancy web site.
  3. ^ a b c d e Cecilia Rasmussen (2000-06-11). "L.A. Then and Now: 'Wall Street of the West' Had Its Peaks and Crashes". Los Angeles Times.
  4. ^ South Spring Street Los Angeles California, Thomas Edison
  5. ^ Tim Sitton (Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History) (July 1977). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Spring Street Financial District, at page 8" (PDF). Los Angeles Conservancy web site. ("”The Continental Building (first known as the Braly Building) was considered the first ‘skyscraper’ in Los Angeles.”)
  6. ^ Cecilia Rasmussen (2000-06-11). "L.A. Then and Now: 'Wall Street of the West' Had Its Peaks, Crashes". Los Angeles Times. (saying of the Braly/Continental Building: “At 12 stories, it was the city’s first skyscraper…”)
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Millions in Skyscrapers: Staggering Sum Going into Metropolitan Blocks; Downtown Sky Line Daily Grows More Imposing;". Los Angeles Times. 1911-04-15.
  8. ^ a b Michelle V. Rafter (1997-11-05). "Spring Hopes Eternal: Visionaries think the blighted downtown L.A. Street can be turned into a center for entertainment and high-tech firms. Skeptics cite past failures". Los Angeles Times.
  9. ^ a b c d e f John Dreyfuss (1982-05-14). "Spring Street: On the Road to Respectability". Los Angeles Times. Cite error: The named reference "Road" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ Reed Johnson (2001-04-19). "L.A. at Large: Soul Searching on Spring Street; As developers lure wealthier residents downtown, the historic area's gritty and bohemian past collides with a glossy future". Los Angeles Times.
  11. ^ a b c Jack Smith (1985-05-06). "Cultural and architectural richness distinguish the old Spring Street financial district". Los Angeles Times.
  12. ^ Melinda Fulmer (1998-12-01). "Rental Units Are Proposed for Downtown; Housing: Gilmore Associates wants to turn a mostly vacant stretch of 4th Street into 250 market-rate apartments". Los Angeles Times.
  13. ^ Robert A. Jones (1998-12-06). "The Distant Sound of a Miracle". Los Angeles Times.
  14. ^ a b Karen Lindell (2001-03-04). "As more of L.A.'s historical buildings are converted to residential units, people are leaving the sprawl of suburbia for the diverse and vibrant heart of downtown". Los Angeles Times.
  15. ^ Jason Mandell (2003-11-17). "Old Bank Draws Five Years of Interest: Gilmore's Project Has Made Major Strides, but Much Work Remains". LA Downtown News Online. Archived from the original on 2003-12-03.
  16. ^ "Downtown L.A. Lofts". LA Loft.com.
  17. ^ "About Spring Arts Tower". Spring Arts Tower.
  18. ^ The Rowan Building History - ROWAN LOFTS - Los Angeles Downtown
  19. ^ "Rowan Building". Killefer Flammang Architects.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Terence M. Green (1975-06-22). "Alexandria Hotel Changes Owners". Los Angeles Times.
  21. ^ "The Alexandria". The Alexandria.
  22. ^ a b Ray Hebert (1982-08-27). "Arts to Flourish in Former Bank: Noted Structure on L.A.'s Spring Street Will Be Converted". Los Angeles Times.
  23. ^ Sylvie Drake (1986-09-25). "Stage Watch: Theatre Center Survival a Cliffhanger". Los Angeles Times.
  24. ^ The New Latc
  25. ^ USC Geography : LA Walking Tour : Historic Core : Arcade Building
  26. ^ "Arcade Building to Be Turned Into Loft-Style Apartments". Los Angeles Times. 2002-04-09.
  27. ^ Ray Hebert (1985-07-08). "No Tall Buildings: Aesthetics, Not Quakes, Kept Lid On". Los Angeles Times.
  28. ^ David M. Kinchen (1985-05-12). "Developers Bet on Comeback for Spring Street". Los Angeles Times.
  29. ^ "Los Angeles Stock Exchange: Finance; Research and Discover; Production". Public Art in Los Angeles.
  30. ^ Ray Hebert (1981-07-06). "Spring Street Gem Starts a Renewal: Former Office Edifice in in Financial District Converting into Housing". Los Angeles Times.
  31. ^ Bill Boyarsky (1990-06-20). "They're the Prisoners of Spring Street". Los Angeles Times.
  32. ^ http://www.downtownnews.com/articles/2004/09/20/development/estate04.txt
  33. ^ "Nonprofit Center". MALDEF.
  34. ^ "To Occupy Fine New Building: Union Oil Company Is Moving". Los Angeles Times. 1923-07-23.
  35. ^ Dorothy Townsend (1972-03-23). "Southwestern University: a Shirtsleeve Law School". Los Angeles Times.
  36. ^ "SB Properties". laloftrental.com. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  37. ^ "650 South Spring Building". emporis.com. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  38. ^ "Spring Street Financial District Walking Tour". Los Angeles Conservancy.
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